Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Future Distribution of Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826, in China Based on the MaxEnt Model.

Paederus fuscipes Curtis, 1826, belongs to the Coleoptera order, Staphylinidae family, and Paederus genus (Fabricius, 1775). It has a wide distribution and strong invasive and environmental adaptation capabilities. As a predatory natural enemy of agricultural and forestry pests, understanding its suitable habitat is crucial for the control of other pests. This study, for the first time, uses the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS software, combining known distribution information of P. fuscipes and climate environmental factors to predict the current and future suitable habitat distribution of this insect. The key environmental variables affecting the distribution of P. fuscipes have been identified as mean diurnal range (mean of monthly (max temp-min temp)) (bio2), isothermality (Bio2/Bio7) (*100) (bio3), minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), temperature annual range (bio5-bio6) (bio7), mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio9), mean temperature of the coldest quarter (bio11), precipitation of the wettest month (bio13), precipitation of the driest month (bio14), and precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) (bio15). The highly suitable areas for P. fuscipes in China are mainly distributed in the hilly regions of Shandong, the North China Plain, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain, with a total suitable area of 118.96 × 104 km2, accounting for 12.35% of China's total area. According to future climate change scenarios, it is predicted that the area of highly and lowly suitable regions will significantly decrease, while moderately suitable regions will increase (except for the 2090s, SSP2-4.5 scenario). These research findings provide important theoretical support for pest control and ecological conservation applications.

Predicting the potential distribution range of Batocera horsfieldi under CMIP6 climate change using the MaxEnt model.

Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Batocera) is an important wood-boring pest in China, mainly affecting natural forests, economic forests, urban gardens, and green landscapes. In this study, based on the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS, we combined 216 distribution records of B. horsfieldi with 11 selected key environmental variables to predict its potential suitable distribution under current climate data (1970-2000) and 3 climate emission scenarios from the Sixth Phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The results showed that monthly mean diurnal temperature ranges (bio2), isothermality (bio3), temperature seasonality (bio4), minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio8), mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio9), annual precipitation (bio12), precipitation of the wettest month (bio13), precipitation of the driest month (bio14), precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) (bio15), and altitude were the key environmental variables influencing the potential distribution of B. horsfieldi. In the future scenarios of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, the areas of high, moderate, and low suitable distribution areas have varied to different extents. However, under the SSP2-4.5 scenario (2050s), there is an observable increase in the areas of high, moderate, and low suitability. The total area of the suitable area reaches 160.88 × 104 km2 and is also shifting toward higher latitudes and altitudes. This study provides scientific reference for future pest control by predicting B. horsfieldi's potential distribution. A "graded response" detection and early warning system and prevention and control strategies can be formulated based on the potential suitable areas to address this pest challenge effectively.

Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on the Geographical Distribution of Leafhopper, Cicadella viridis in China through the MaxEnt Model.

Cicadella viridis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is an omnivorous leafhopper that feeds on plant sap. It significantly reduces the yield of agricultural and forestry crops while feeding or ovipositing on the host plant. In recent years, the rapid expansion of C. viridis has posed a serious threat to agricultural and forestry crops. To study the impact of climate change on the geographical distribution of the leafhopper, the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model and ArcGIS software, combined with 253 geographic distribution records of the pest and 24 environmental variables, were used, for the first time, to predict the potential distribution of C. viridis in China under conditions of climatic change. The results showed that the currently suitable areas for C. viridis are 29.06-43° N, 65.25-85.15° E, and 93.45-128.85° E, with an estimated area of 11,231,423.79 km2, i.e., 11.66% of China. The Loess Plateau, the North China Plain, and the Shandong Peninsula are the main suitable areas. The potential distribution of the leafhopper for the high and medium suitability areas decreased under each climate scenario (except RCP8.5 in the 2090s). Several key variables that have the most significant effect on the distribution of C. viridis were identified, including the mean annual temperature (Bio1), the standard deviation of temperature seasonality (Bio4), the minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), and the precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19). Our research provides important guidance for developing effective monitoring and pest control methods for C. viridis, given the predicted challenges of altered pest dynamics related to future climate change.

SMRT Sequencing Technology Was Used to Construct the Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) Transcriptome and Reveal Its Features.

Batocera horsfieldi (Hope) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is an important forest pest in China that mainly infests timber and economic forests. This pest primarily causes plant tissue to necrotize, rot, and eventually die by feeding on the woody parts of tree trunks. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of B. horsfieldi, this study employed single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and Illumina RNA-seq technologies to conduct full-length transcriptome sequencing of the insect. Total RNA extracted from male and female adults was mixed and subjected to SMRT sequencing, generating a complete transcriptome. Transcriptome analysis, prediction of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), coding sequences (CDs), analysis of simple sequence repeats (SSR), prediction of transcription factors, and functional annotation of transcripts were performed in this study. The collective 20,356,793 subreads (38.26 G, clean reads) were generated, including 432,091 circular consensus sequences and 395,851 full-length non-chimera reads. The full-length non-chimera reads (FLNC) were clustered and redundancies were removed, resulting in 39,912 consensus reads. SSR and ANGEL software v3.0 were used for predicting SSR and CDs. In addition, four tools were used for annotating 6058 lncRNAs, identifying 636 transcription factors. Furthermore, a total of 84,650 transcripts were functionally annotated in seven different databases. This is the first time that the full-length transcriptome of B. horsfieldi has been obtained using SMRT sequencing. This provides an important foundation for investigating the gene regulation underlying the interaction between B. horsfieldi and its host plants through gene editing in the future and provides a scientific basis for the prevention and control of B. horsfieldi.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the longhorn beetle, Batocerahorsfieldi (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) and its phylogenetic analysis with suitable longhorn beetles.

Mitochondrial genome analysis is an important tool for studying insect phylogenetics. The longhorn beetle, Batocerahorsfieldi, is a significant pest in timber, economic and protection forests. This study determined the mitochondrial genome of B.horsfieldi and compared it with the mitochondrial genomes of other Cerambycidae with the aim of exploring the phylogenetic status of the pest and the evolutionary relationships among some Cerambycidae subgroups. The complete mitochondrial genome of B.horsfieldi was sequenced by the Illumina HiSeq platform. The mitochondrial genome was aligned and compared with the existing mitochondrial genomes of Batoceralineolata and B.rubus in GenBank (MF521888, MW629558, OM161963, respectively). The secondary structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) was predicted using tRNAScan-SE server v.1.21 and MITOS WebSever. Thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) and two ribosomal RNA gene sequences of 21 longhorn beetles, including B.horsfieldi, plus two outgroups, Dryopsernesti (Dryopidae) and Heterocerusparallelus (Heteroceridae), were analyzed. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. In this study, we successfully obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of B.horsfieldi for the first time, which is 15 425 bp in length. It contains 37 genes and an A + T-rich region, arranged in the same order as the recognized ancestor of longhorn beetles. The genome of B.horsfieldi is composed of 33.12% A bases, 41.64% T bases, 12.08% C bases, and 13.16% G bases. The structure, nucleotide composition, and codon usage of the new mitochondrial genome are not significantly different from other longhorn mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Cerambycidae formed a highly supported single clade, and Vesperidae was either clustered with Cerambycidae or formed a separate clade. Interestingly, B.horsfieldi, B.rubus and B.lineolata were clustered with Monochamus and Anoplophora species in both analyses, with high node support. Additionally, the VesperidaeSpiniphilusspinicornis and Vesperussanzi and the 19 Cerambycidae species formed a sister clade in the Bayesian analysis. Our results have produced new complete mitogenomic data, which will provide information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic research, and provide a foundation for future relevant research.