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Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a neurotoxin found in puffer fish and other marine organisms. It has been used as an inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), which could selectively bind to the α-subunit on the outer vestibule of VGSCs, preventing sodium ions from entering the channel, resulting in pharmacological activities. As a typical sodium channel blocker, TTX shows a significant analgesic effect. TTX could selectively block Na+ channels without affecting other ion channels, therefore it could reduce the probability of adverse reactions caused by commonly used antiarrhythmic drugs. In addition, TTX has a significant role in detoxification and prevention of renal failure, so TTX has great potential as a medicine. The structure and physicochemical properties, mechanism of action, pharmacological activities and preparations of tetrodotoxin have been reviewed in this paper, so as to provide a general support for the evaluation of its druggability and application in the field of pharmacy.
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Objective: To analyze the global epidemiology of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 2020. Methods: The incidence and mortality data of RCC in the cooperative database GLOBOCAN 2020 of International Agency for Research on Cancer of WHO and the human development index (HDI) published by the United Nations Development Programme in 2020 were collated. The crude incidence rate (CIR), age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), crude mortality rate (CMR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and mortality/incidence ratio (M/I) of RCC were calculated. Kruskale-Wallis test was used to analyze the differences in ASIR or ASMR among HDI countries. Results: In 2020, the global ASIR of RCC was 4.6/100 000, of which 6.1/100 000 for males and 3.2/100 000 for females and ASIR was higher in very high and high HDI countries than that in medium and low HDI countries. With the rapid increase of age after the age of 20, the growth rate of ASIR in males was faster than that in females, and slowed down at the age of 70 to 75. The truncation incidence rate of 35-64 years old was 7.5/100 000 and the cumulative incidence risk of 0-74 years old was 0.52%. The global ASMR of RCC was 1.8/100 000, 2.5/100 000 for males and 1.2/100 000 for females. The ASMR of males in very high and high HDI countries (2.4/100 000-3.7/100 000) was about twice that of males (1.1/100 000-1.4/100 000) in medium and low HDI countries, while the ASMR of female (0.6/100 000-1.5/100 000) did not show significant difference. ASMR continued to increase rapidly with age after the age of 40, and the growth rate of males was faster than that of females. The truncation mortality rate of 35-64 years old was 2.1/100 000, and the cumulative mortality risk of 0-74 years old was 0.20%. M/I decreases with the increase of HDI, with M/I as 0.58 in China, which was higher than the global average of 0.39 and the United States' 0.17. Conclusion: The ASIR and ASMR of RCC presented significant regional and gender disparities globally, and the heaviest burden was in very high HDI countries.
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Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Carcinoma de Células Renales/epidemiología , Incidencia , Bases de Datos Factuales , China , Neoplasias Renales/epidemiología , Salud GlobalRESUMEN
Arrhythmia is an external manifestation of cardiac electrophysiological disorder. It exists in healthy people and patients with various heart diseases, which is often associated with other cardiovascular diseases. The contraction and diastole of myocardium are inseparable from the movement of ions. There are many ion channels in the membrane and organelle membrane of myocardium. The dynamic balance of myocardial ions is vital in maintaining myocardial electrical homeostasis. Potassium ion channels that have a complex variety and a wide distribution are involved in the whole process of resting potential and action potential of cardiomyocytes. Potassium ion channels play a vital role in maintaining normal electrophysiological activity of myocardium and is one of the pathogenesis of arrhythmia. Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has unique advantages in treating arrhythmia for its complex active components and diverse targets. A large number of TCM preparations have definite effect on treating arrhythmia-related diseases, whose antiarrhythmic mechanism may be related to the effect on potassium channel. This article mainly reviewed the relevant studies on the active components in TCM acting on different potassium channels to provide references for clinical drug use and development.
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Humanos , Canales de Potasio , Medicina Tradicional China , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapéutico , Arritmias Cardíacas/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , IonesRESUMEN
CUDC-101, an effective and multi-target inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), histone deacetylase (HDAC), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), has been reported to inhibit many kinds of cancers, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, no studies have yet investigated whether CUDC-101 is effective against myeloma. Herein, we proved that CUDC-101 effectively inhibits the proliferation of multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and induces cell apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CUDC-101 markedly blocked the signaling pathway of EGFR/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and HDAC, and regulated the cell cycle G2/M arrest. Moreover, we revealed through in vivo experiment that CUDC-101 is a potent anti-myeloma drug. Bortezomib is one of the important drugs in MM treatment, and we investigated whether CUDC-101 has a synergistic or additive effect with bortezomib. The results showed that this drug combination had a synergistic anti-myeloma effect by inducing G2/M phase blockade. Collectively, our findings revealed that CUDC-101 could act on its own or in conjunction with bortezomib, which provides insights into exploring new strategies for MM treatment.
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Humanos , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Bortezomib/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Puntos de Control de la Fase G2 del Ciclo Celular , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/farmacología , Histona Desacetilasas/metabolismo , Células M , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Objective@#To understand the current situation and influencing factors of coping capacity in public health emergencies among college students in Shandong Province, and to provide reference for public health emergencies responses.@*Methods@#Using stratified random sampling method, 7 719 students from 6 colleges and universities in Shandong Province were selected and investigated with self designed questionnaire from April to May 2020. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of coping capacity in public health emergencies.@*Results@#The overall coping capacity of college students in Shandong Province to public health emergencies scored (46.22±8.47), with dimension from high to low being personal prevention before the event (15.65±2.75), post event cooperation and disposal (15.18±3.08), incident personal precaution (15.01±3.23). Multiple linear regression showed that gender, major, only child, parental education level, knowledge of public health emergencies, emergency drill exercises, and health education for public health emergencies were associated with coping capacity among college students in public health emergencies ( B =-1.53, -1.78, -2.08, 0.60, 0.81, 1.11, 1.38, 0.78, 1.65, 1.86, 9.14, 2.00, 2.62, P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#The overall coping capacity in public health emergencies among college students in Shandong is at a good level, but still needs to be improved through strengthening emergency education and family support.
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Grincamycins (GCNs) are a class of angucycline glycosides isolated from actinomycete Streptomyces strains that have potent antitumor activities, but their antitumor mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we tried to identify the cellular target of grincamycin B (GCN B), one of most dominant and active secondary metabolites, using a combined strategy. We showed that GCN B-selective-induced apoptosis of human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line NB4 through increase of ER stress and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Using a strategy of combining phenotype, transcriptomics and protein microarray approaches, we identified that isocitrate dehydrogenase 1(IDH1) was the putative target of GCN B, and confirmed that GCNs were a subset of selective inhibitors targeting both wild-type and mutant IDH1 in vitro. It is well-known that IDH1 converts isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), maintaining intracellular 2-OG homeostasis. IDH1 and its mutant as the target of GCN B were validated in NB4 cells and zebrafish model. Knockdown of IDH1 in NB4 cells caused the similar phenotype as GCN B treatment, and supplementation of N-acetylcysteine partially rescued the apoptosis caused by IDH1 interference in NB4 cells. In zebrafish model, GCN B effectively restored myeloid abnormality caused by overexpression of mutant IDH1(R132C). Taken together, we demonstrate that IDH1 is one of the antitumor targets of GCNs, suggesting wild-type IDH1 may be a potential target for hematological malignancies intervention in the future.
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Antraquinonas/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glicósidos/farmacología , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Antraquinonas/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Estrés del Retículo Endoplásmico/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Glicósidos/metabolismo , Humanos , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/genética , Isocitrato Deshidrogenasa/metabolismo , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Mutación , Unión Proteica , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Pez CebraRESUMEN
Objective:To determine the mortality and changing trend of primary liver cancer by using the death data of Chinese mainland from 2004 to 2018. Methods:The death certificate data was collected from China National Mortality Surveillance System from 2004 to 2018. The crude mortality rate(CMR)and age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)of primary liver cancer in different ages, regions and living environments were calculated by Joinpoint regression model to analyze the basic situation and mortality trend. Results:From 2004 to 2018, there were 556 241 primary liver cancer deaths in China, with a CMR of 25.18/105 and an ASMR of 17.98/105. It suggested that the mortality of primary liver cancer was on a decreasing trend. During the 15 years, the ASMR of primary liver cancer was 15.56/105 in urban areas and 19.29/105 in rural areas. In urban areas, CMR was 32.89/105 in males and 12.14/105 in females, respectively; while in rural areas, CMR was 38.39/105 in males and 14.02/105 in females, respectively. The CMR in eastern, central and western urban regions was 22.25/105, 22.66/105 and 23.50/105, respectively. The CMR in the rural areas of these three regions was 27.82/105, 26.98/105 and 23.85/105, respectively. The patients were divided into four age groups: 0-19 years old, 20-39 years old, 40-59 years old, and more than 60 years old. The CMR of four groups in urban areas was 0.14/105, 2.59/105, 24.51/105 and 91.80/105. In rural areas, the CMR of four groups was 0.17/105, 4.05/105, 32.16/105 and 103.02/105. Conclusion:From 2004 to 2018, the mortality rate of liver cancer in China has a decreasing trend. However, the primary liver cancer death burden is still serious because of the large population base, severe aging population problem, and significant urban-rural and male-female disparities in China.
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Objective:To analyze bladder cancer mortality in China from 2004 to 2018. Methods:The dataset of bladder cancer mortality from 2004 to 2018, based on 605 national surveillance sites and regularly published by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, was collected and age-standardized according to the demographic structure of China in 2000. The crude mortality rate (CMR), the age-standard mortality rate (ASMR), and the ratio of ASMRs of rural to urban areas(RR)were calculated to analyze the distributions of the mortality of bladder cancer stratified by age, sex, region (rural/urban areas, eastern/central/western areas) or time. Results:The CMR of bladder cancer in China from 2004 to 2018 was 1.69/105, and the ASMR was 1.09/105. The temporal trend on the CMR of bladder cancer from 2004 to 2018 increased significantly (APC=2.91%,P<0.001), whereas the trend on the ASMR decreased a little (APC=-1.29,P=0.008). The temporal trend on the CMR of bladder cancer in the males increased (APC=3.29%,P<0.001), whereas the trend on the ASMR did not change. The temporal trend on the CMR of bladder cancer in the female increased (APC=2.12%,P<0.001), whereas the trend on the ASMR decreased (APC=-1.94,P=0.008). Both the CMR and ASMR of urban areas were higher than those of rural areas (P<0.05). However, the temporal trend on the ASMR of bladder cancer in the urban decreased significantly (APC=-2.05%,P=0.002), mainly exhibited in eastern and western urban. The ASMR of eastern urban areas was higher than that of western urban areas. The temporal trend on the ASMR of bladder cancer in the rural did not change (P>0.05), and no differences in the ASMR were detected between eastern, central and western rural areas. The gaps between rural and urban areas in the eastern (P<0.001) or western (P=0.002) region reduced. Although the temporal trend on the ASMR in urban people over 40 years old decreased significantly, the ASMR of urban people over 60 years old was much higher than that of other age groups in the urban or any age groups in rural areas. Conclusion:The age group over 60 years old in the urban is the major target population for bladder cancer prevention and treatment. Screening, diagnosis and treatment for bladder cancer in rural should be strengthened.
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Objective:To analyze the trend of mortality from lung cancer in urban and rural areas of Chinese mainland from 2004 to 2018. Methods:Cancer cases from 2004 to 2018 coded as C33-C34 according to the International Classification of Diseases-10th Revision (ICD-10) were collected from the Chinese national mortality surveillance system. The crude mortality rate (CMR), age-standardized mortality (ASMR) and annual percentage change (APC) were calculated to analyze the mortality trend of lung cancer in rural and urban areas. Results:From 2004 to 2018, the CMR of lung cancer was 41.11/105, and the ASMR was 27.91/105, with no significant tendency of upward or downward. The CMR of lung cancer in urban areas was 46.03/105, and the ASMR was 30.33/105, with an APC of -0.82%. The CMR of lung cancer in rural areas was 38.54/105, and the ASMR was 26.66/105, with an APC of 1.73%. The difference between urban and rural CMR was significant. The CMR of lung cancer in urban eastern, central and western areas were 50.27/105, 44.59/105 and 40.64/105, respectively. The APC of eastern and central urban areas were -1.05% and -1.08%, respectively. The CMR of lung cancer in rural eastern, central and western areas were 45.82/105, 38.26/105 and 28.90/105, respectively, with an increasing trend. The CMR of lung cancer was significantly different between urban and rural areas of eastern, central and western areas of China. The CMR of lung cancer in urban males and females were 63.17/105 and 28.42/105, respectively. The CMR of lung cancer in rural males and females were 52.83/105 and 23.62/105, respectively. The ASMR of lung cancer in rural men and women increased by 1.18% and 1.09%, respectively. The ASMR of lung cancer in urban men and women decreased by 0.61% and 1.35%, respectively. The CMR of lung cancer between males and females in urban and rural was significantly different. The CMR rate of lung cancer increased with age, with the peak in the age group above 60 years old. The ASMR rate of lung cancer showed a decreasing trend in the group under 60 years old in both urban and rural areas. While in rural areas, the ASMR of lung cancer showed an increasing trend in the group over 60 years old. There were significant variations in lung cancer CMR between rural and urban areas in groups aged 0-19, 40-59, and over 60 years. Conclusion:The CMR of lung cancer in China is different between urban and rural areas from 2004 to 2018, which may be affected by smoking, ageing, industrialization and gender. Identifying high-risk populations, especially those in rural areas and providing early intervention can help to reduce the mortality rate of lung cancer.
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Objective:To obtain the temporal and spatial trends on prostate cancer mortality in China from 2004 to 2018. Methods:The data of prostate cancer mortality was collected from 605 national disease surveillance sites and age-standardized according to the demographic structure of China in 2000. The crude mortality rate (CMR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and the ratio of ASMRs of rural to urban areas(RR), were calculated to analyze the distributions of the mortality of prostate cancer stratified by age, sex, region (rural/urban areas, eastern/central/western areas) or time. Results:The temporal trend on the CMR of prostate cancer from 2004 to 2018 increased significantly (APC=5.23%,P<0.001), whereas the trend on the ASMR did not change (APC=0.65%,P=0.336). The ASMR of urban areas was higher than that of rural areas(P<0.05). The temporal trend on the ASMR of urban or rural did not change(P>0.05). The same trend was detected for the RR value (P>0.05). The ASMR of eastern urban areas was higher than that of the central or the western urban areas. The ASMR of eastern rural areas was higher than that of central and western areas. In the eastern areas, both the temporal trends for the ASMRs of the urban and the rural increased (The urban: APC=1.6%, P=0.015; the rural: APC=1.02%, P=0.013). However, the RR values for the East, the Center or the West did not change. The ASMR of the people over 60 years old was higher than that of the people under 60 years old. However, the temporal trends on the ASMRs of the group under 60 years old or the group over 60 years did not change (P>0.05). The ASMR of the people under 60 years old in 2018 was significantly lower than that in 2004(P=0.004). Conclusion:A significant correlation exists between the death of prostate cancer and age. The mortality of prostate cancer in urban is higher than that in rural. The current screening strategy for prostate cancer has a limited impact on the prognosis of prostate cancer patients in China. Stratified refinement of prostate cancer screening strategies for people aged over 60 years in urban areas and the causal prophylaxis of prostate cancer are priorities for future prostate cancer prevention and control.
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Objective:To characterize the trends in the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer in Jing'an District of Shanghai, thus optimizing the prophylactic options for this malignancy. Methods:Data from Shanghai Cancer Registration and Reporting System were used to analyze the colorectal cancer prevalence in Jing'an District from 1993 to 2017. Joinpoint software was used to analyze the trends in the standardized incidence rate and mortality rate by calculating the annual percentage of change (APC) and the average annual percentage of change (AAPC). Results:A total of 13 580 new cases of colorectal cancer were reported in Jing'an District during 1993 and 2017, with an average crude incidence rate of 52.94/105 and a standardized incidence rate of 24.77/105. The total number of deaths was 7 572, with an average crude mortality rate of 29.52/105 and a standardized mortality rate of 12.20/105. The standardized incidence rate of colorectal cancer in Jing'an District from 1993 to 2017 showed an increasing trend (AAPC=1.64%,P<0.001), and the standardized incidence rate of colorectal cancer in both sexes increased (AAPC: 2.10% in men, 1.04% in women). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) did not change significantly. The incidence rate of colorectal cancer increased in men in both age groups of 50 to 74 years and 75 years and older, with an AAPC of 2.07% and 3.32%, respectively. However, this was not evident in women of all age groups. The mortality rate of colorectal cancer in men aged 0-49 years, as well as in men and women at 50-74 age groups, decreased significantly, with an AAPC of -7.46%,-1.13%, and -2.72%, respectively. The mortality rate of colorectal cancer in men of 75 years or older showed no significant trend, while that in women of 75 years or older increased (AAPC=2.30%). Conclusion:The overall standardized incidence rate of colorectal cancer in Jing'an District from 1993 to 2017 was increased, and ASMR did not change significantly. Public health prophylactic options are suggested, including improvement of lifestyle/physical activity and eradication of precancerous lesion polypus in males aged ≥50 years to reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer, and enforcement of second-grade prophylaxis in females aged ≥75 years to decrease the mortality of colorectal cancer.
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Objective:To analyze the incidence and epidemic characteristics of local cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Yangpu District of Shanghai, China, and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Methods:Descriptive epidemiological methods were applied to analyze the epidemic data of all the patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Yangpu District of Shanghai, China. Results:A total of 9 local cases (7 males and 2 females) were documented in Yangpu District from January 30, 2020 to February 29, 2020. The average age was (48.56±13.85) years old. According to the body mass index, the patients with overweight and obesity accounted for 44.44% of the total cases. All the patients had fever at the onset and radiological findings of pneumonia by CT examination. They were diagnosed during January 24 and February 8, 2020. The median incubation period of the COVID-19 was 9 days and the median course was 22 days. Six cases had travel history in the epidemic areas and the other 3 cases had history of contact with confirmed cases. There were two familial clusters, both of which were husband-wife relationships. One cluster had a clear temporal sequence of onset, while the other one might be co-exposed or mutually infected. No new local case infected with SARS-CoV-2 was evident since February 8, 2020. Conclusion:All the local COVID-19 cases in Yangpu District have clear epidemiological exposure history. It warrants further attention to the family clustering SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Currently, containment of imported cases is crucial for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic.
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Since the pandemic outbreak of the COVID-19, there had been about 121 million confirmed cases and more than 2.6 million deaths, which had significantly affected the economies and health resources in more than 233 countries and regions. Currently, no effective therapeutic option is available for the COVID-19, andimplementation of public health interventions suffers inconvenience. Consequently, the development of COVID-19 vaccines remains crucial. This review updates the current research progression, advantages and disadvantages of inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine, recombinant virus-vectored vaccine, DNA vaccine, and RNA vaccine for the COVID-19. It warrants joint research and development of vaccines on multiple platforms, which would facilitate better control and prevention of the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Objective:To compare the effects of Baiyaojian before and after fermentation on intestinal flora and expression of Occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal mucosa of mice with ulcerative colitis (UC), and to explore the mechanism of Baiyaojian and Galla Chinensis in the treatment of UC. Method:Totally 50 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 mice in each group, one group was randomly selected as blank group, and the other 4 groups were treated with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to induce UC model. After modeling, mice in the blank group and model group were given normal saline, and treatment groups were given Mesalazine (0.8 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>), Galla Chinensis decoction (1.8 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and Baiyaojian decoction (2.7 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>) by intragastric administration for 7 days. The 16S rRNA sequencing technology was used to detect the changes of intestinal flora in mouse feces. The histopathological changes of colon tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the expression of Occludin and ZO-1 in colon tissue of mice were compared by immunohistochemistry. Result:Compared with the blank group, the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora in UC mice were significantly decreased, and the colonic tissue was thickened with congestion and obvious ulcers, and the expression levels of Occludin and ZO-1 were significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic><0.01). After treatment with Galla Chinensis and Baiyaojian, the abundance and diversity of flora were improved. At the phylum level, relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.01), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.01) in Galla Chinensis group. In Baiyaojian group, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria increased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.01), while the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes decreased, but there was no significant difference. At the genus level, the relative abundance of <italic>Bacteroides</italic>, <italic>Allobaculum </italic>and <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> decreased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.01), the relative abundance of <italic>Roseburia</italic>, <italic>Prevotella</italic>, <italic>Oscillospira</italic> and <italic>Paraprevotella</italic> increased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01) in Galla Chinensis group. In Baiyaojian group, the relative abundance of <italic>Bacteroides</italic> and <italic>Allobaculum</italic> decreased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), and the relative abundance of <italic>Prevotella</italic>, <italic>Oscillospira</italic>, <italic>Roseburia</italic> and <italic>Ruminococcus</italic> increased significantly (<italic>P</italic><0.01). Compared with model group, colon tissue of Galla Chinensis group and Baiyaojian group was recovered obviously, congestion was alleviated, only scattered ulcers were seen. The expression of Occludin and ZO-1 increased, and the expression level of Baiyaojian group was higher than that of Galla Chinensis group. Conclusion:The effect of Baiyaojian is better than Galla Chinensis in the treatment of UC. The mechanism may be through regulating the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora, improving the disorder of intestinal flora and increasing the expression of ZO-1 and Occludin and protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier function for alleviating intestinal inflammation.
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Objective@#To evaluate response to public health emergencies in colleges and universities and associated factors, and to provide references for emergency response mechanisms in colleges.@*Methods@#Using stratified random sampling, recruited 7 719 students in 6 universities in Shandong Province during April May 2020, and analyzed the data with SPSS 25.0 software.@*Results@#About 65.5% of college students reported response to public health emergencies in their college, 67.7% of the students reported that colleges have emergency plans, 53.9% of the students reported that colleges have carried out simulated emergency training, and 64.7% of the students reported that colleges have carried out health education. Evaluation from students for responding to public health emergencies in colleges and universities scored(24.15±4.59), of which measures and policies related to epidemic control were highest(4.05±0.81), while mental health education or counselling services were lowest (3.95±0.85). Gender, grade, major, type of household registration, emergency response measures, emergency response plan, emergency simulation training, health education were associated with the evaluation of the measures by college students(t/F=5.04,43.83,79.92,-3.40,26.86,34.83,29.35,35.01,P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#While recognizing the overall performance on public health responses in universities, college students believe certain limitations still exist; colleges and universities should continuously improve the emergency prevention and control system of public health emergencies in response to the effectiveness and deficiencies in the prevention and control process.
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The severe acute syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)is responsible for the global pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19). Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 is of great significance to the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic. The spike(S)protein of SARS-CoV-2 is a major target of protective immunity. The mutations of S protein impact the transmission and pathogenic capacity of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2)is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 S protein and mediates viral entry into target cells. The genetic polymorphisms of the ACE2 gene may lead to the difference of incidence of COVID-19 among different populations. Protease can promote the infection of SARS-Cov-2 by activating the S protein. This review summarized the current understanding of the function and genetic variants of S protein, ACE2, and the related proteases. The synergistic effect of these three molecules on the susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 infection was further discussed.
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At present, there is little research on the new teaching mode for the practice course of epidemiology. Based on the situation, this paper mainly discussed how the MOOC (Massive Open Online Course)-based multi-teaching mode was applied to the practice course of Epidemiology. The structure of this multi- teaching mode consisted of case base construction, class preparation, class presentation and learning evaluation. Thus, MOOC, flipped Class Mode and other new teaching modes were integrated into traditional face-to-face teaching. In addition, this paper also demonstrated the implementation of the multi-teaching mode in the teaching of preventive medicine. It is worth exploring how to integrate MOOC into the teaching of the practice course of epidemiology in the future.
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Cyclic peptide drugs have gradually become an emerging research direction due to their some favorable properties such as high-efficiency binding affinity, high selectivity, lower toxicity, and stable metabolism. In recent years, the number of cyclic peptide drugs under clinical research has continued to increase. Unlike the previous cyclic peptide drugs, which were mostly derived from natural products and their derivatives, these cyclic peptide drugs are designed by genetically encoded display technologies which are based on rational design and in vitro evolution (such as BT1718, PTG-300, POL6326, etc). Among them, phage display technology has some advantages such as mature research system, low cost, and simpler operation that make it well recognized and praised by the majority of researchers in this field. Here, we reviewed the recent progress of applying phage display technology to explore diverse cyclic peptide libraries, which, we believe, will contribute more valuable candidate cyclic peptide drugs in clinical research.
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Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Spontaneous functional recovery occurs after ischemic stroke, but it is very limited. Therefore, it is urgent to find a strategy to promote functional recovery after stroke in clinical setting. Gray matter damage has received extensive attention owing to the important roles of the gray matter in synaptic plasticity, cognitive, and motor function. However, stroke also causes white matter damage, which accounts for half of the infarct volume and can be aggravated by blood brain barrier damage. Disruption of white matter integrity, which is characterized by death of oligodendrocytes (OLs), loss of myelin, and axonal injury, greatly contributes to impaired neurological function. Impaired proliferation and differentiation of OL precursor cell (OPC, NG2-glia cells) play an important role in limited functional recovery after ischemic stroke and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2) is a key factor controlling NG2-glia cells differentiation. It has been reported that the number of NG2-glia cells in the peri-infarction area significantly increases after ischemic stroke and glial growth factor (GGF2) administration promotes the proliferation and differentiation of NG2-glia cells as well as functional recovery after spinal cord injury. On the basis of the important roles of GGF2 in functional recovery and those of ID2 in NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation, we propose that after binding with the ErBb receptor on the surface of NG2-glia cells, GGF2 promotes NG2-glia cell proliferation and differentiation, thereby repairing BBB and white matter integrity and promoting neural functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
Asunto(s)
Isquemia Encefálica/fisiopatología , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Neurregulina-1/metabolismo , Neuroglía/metabolismo , Recuperación de la Función/fisiología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/fisiopatología , Animales , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/complicaciones , Sustancia Gris/metabolismo , Sustancia Gris/fisiopatología , Humanos , Neuroglía/citología , Oligodendroglía/metabolismo , Accidente Cerebrovascular/complicacionesRESUMEN
To retrospectively analyze the application trend of cohort study in the field of liver cancer in past 27 years and to look forward to the future development trend. Chinese and English papers reporting the cohort studies of liver cancer conducted in the mainland of China since 1991 were included. The literature management software was used to analyze the publication time, institution, type and objective of the studies and the follow-up performance. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS 21.0. The number and quality of the papers reporting liver cancer-related cohort studies increased significantly in past 27 years and a core English journal group of this field has formed. The average annual growth rates of Chinese and English papers published were 20.4 and 35.2 respectively. About 52.3 of the Chinese papers and 73.5 of the English papers were published in past five years and the quality of these papers was high. The Chinese papers published on Chinese core journals accounted for 49.2, and the English papers published on SCI periodicals (IF>3) accounted for 47.3. For the study objective, those published on the domestic journals mainly focused on the pathogenesis of hepatoma (41.5), studies with large sample size was the common form. The SCI studies mainly focused on the prognosis of liver cancer (40.7). High-quality SCI papers are more interested in the studies of prognosis, and survival analysis was the common form. The application of cohort study in the field of liver cancer gradually increased in China. Large-scale study and prognosis analysis were conducted commonly. However, it is necessary to further improve the researchers' understanding of cohort study, improve the follow-up quality, and increase the application of scientific evaluation methods, such as survival analysis, for the better solving of clinical problems.