Molecular basis of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2:p38 assembly.

p38 MAPK and MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) are key components of signaling pathways leading to many cellular responses, notably the proinflammatory cytokine production. The physical association of p38alpha isoform and MK2 is believed to be physiologically important for this signaling. We report the 2.7-A resolution crystal structure of the unphosphorylated complex between p38alpha and MK2. These protein kinases bind "head-to-head," present their respective active sites on approximately the same side of the heterodimer, and form extensive intermolecular interactions. Among these interactions, the MK2 Ile-366-Ala-390, which includes the bipartite nuclear localization signal, binds to the p38alpha-docking region. This binding supports the involvement of noncatalytic regions to the tight binding of the MK2:p38alpha binary assembly. The MK2 residues 345-365, containing the nuclear export signal, block access to the p38alpha active site. Some regulatory phosphorylation regions of both protein kinases engage in multiple interactions with one another in this complex. This structure gives new insights into the regulation of the protein kinases p38alpha and MK2, aids in the better understanding of their known cellular and biochemical studies, and provides a basis for understanding other regulatory protein-protein interactions involving signal transduction proteins.

Discovery and characterization of a substrate selective p38alpha inhibitor.

A novel inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38), CMPD1, identified by high-throughput screening, is characterized herein. Unlike the p38 inhibitors described previously, this inhibitor is substrate selective and noncompetitive with ATP. In steady-state kinetics experiments, CMPD1 was observed to prevent the p38alpha-dependent phosphorylation (K(i)(app) = 330 nM) of the splice variant of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2a) that contains a docking domain for p38alpha and p38beta, but it did not prevent the phosphorylation of ATF-2 (K(i)(app) > 20 microM). In addition to kinetic studies, isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanism of inhibition. While isothermal titration calorimetry analysis indicated that CMPD1 binds to p38alpha, CMPD1 was not observed to compete with ATP for p38alpha, nor was it able to interrupt the binding of p38alpha to MK2a observed by surface plasmon resonance. Therefore, deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) was employed to study the p38alpha.CMPD1 inhibitory complex, to provide new insight into the mechanism of substrate selective inhibition. The DXMS data obtained for the p38alpha.CMPD1 complex were compared to the data obtained for the p38alpha.MK2a complex and a p38alpha.active site binding inhibitor complex. Alterations in the DXMS behavior of both p38alpha and MK2a were observed upon complex formation, including but not limited to the interaction between the carboxy-terminal docking domain of MK2a and its binding groove on p38alpha. Alterations in the D(2)O exchange of p38alpha produced by CMPD1 suggest that the substrate selective inhibitor binds in the vicinity of the active site of p38alpha, resulting in perturbations to regions containing nucleotide binding pocket residues, docking groove residues (E160 and D161), and a Mg(2+) ion cofactor binding residue (D168). Although the exact mechanism of substrate selective inhibition by this novel inhibitor has not yet been disclosed, the results suggest that CMPD1 binding in the active site region of p38alpha induces perturbations that may result in the suboptimal positioning of substrates and cofactors in the transition state, resulting in selective inhibition of p38alpha activity.

Catalysis and function of the p38 alpha.MK2a signaling complex.

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) pathway is required for the production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha and IL-1) that mediate the chronic inflammatory phases of several autoimmune diseases. Potent p38 inhibitors, such as the slow tight-binding inhibitor BIRB 796, have recently been reported to block the production of TNFalpha and IL-1beta. Here we analyze downstream signaling complexes and molecular mechanisms, to provide new insight into the function of p38 signaling complexes and the development of novel inhibitors of the p38 pathway. Catalysis, signaling functions, and molecular interactions involving p38alpha and one of its downstream signaling partners, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2), have been explored by steady-state kinetics, surface plasmon resonance, isothermal calorimetry, and stopped-flow fluorescence. Functional 1/1 signaling complexes (Kd = 1-100 nM) composed of activated and nonactivated forms of p38alpha and a splice variant of MK2 (MK2a) were characterized. Catalysis of MK2a phosphorylation and activation by p38alpha was observed to be efficient under conditions where substrate is saturating (kcat(app) = 0.05-0.3 s(-1)) and nonsaturating (kcat(app)/KM(app) = 1-3 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)). Specific interactions between the carboxy-terminal residues of MK2a (370-400) and p38alpha precipitate formation of a high-affinity complex (Kd = 20 nM); the p38alpha-dependent MK2a phosphorylation reaction was inhibited by the 30-amino acid docking domain peptide of MK2a (IC50 = 60 nM). The results indicate that the 30-amino acid docking domain peptide of MK2a is required for the formation of a tight, functional p38alpha.MK2a complex, and that perturbation of the tight-docking interaction between these signaling partners prevents the phosphorylation of MK2a. The thermodynamic and steady-state kinetic characterization of the p38alpha.MK2a signaling complex has led to a clear understanding of complex formation, catalysis, and function on the molecular level.