RESUMEN
[reaction--see text] The semisynthetic conversion of nodulisporic acid A (1) into a set of three heterocyclic side chain derivatives provided compounds, highlighted by 6, with an improved spectrum of ectoparasiticidal activity and pharmacokinetic profile relative to the natural product.
Asunto(s)
Indoles/síntesis química , Insecticidas/síntesis química , Oxazoles/síntesis química , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Animales , Siphonaptera , GarrapatasRESUMEN
Nodulisporic acid A (NSA) has been shown previously to be safe in dogs and to deliver >90% flea control for 4 days following a single oral administration. Three newly prepared nodulisporamide derivatives were subsequently identified from an artificial membrane flea feeding system as exhibiting potency substantially greater than NSA. To determine if they have superior in vivo activity, these 3 nodulisporamides, as well as NSA, were evaluated in dogs at 15 mg/kg/os. Parasite challenges were made by placing 100 live Ctenocephalides felis fleas onto the dorsum of dogs every 48 hr and examining efficacy at each of those intervals over a 22-day period. Results showed that NSA produced >90% efficacy at day 2 and 81% efficacy at day 4, and its residual flea killing fell to approximately 50% by day 6 posttreatment. All dogs treated with the 3 new experimental nodulisporamides were 100% protected from flea challenges to day 8 posttreatment, and 2 of the compounds continued to produce >90% residual activity to 2 wk posttreatment. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that plasma profiles and half-lives of NSA and these 3 new compounds correlated closely with flea efficacy. These results demonstrate that specific substitutions to the pharmacophore of NSA can substantially increase the duration of activity against fleas.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/parasitología , Indoles/farmacología , Insecticidas/farmacología , Siphonaptera , Administración Oral , Amidas/sangre , Amidas/farmacocinética , Amidas/farmacología , Animales , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismo , Perros , Semivida , Indoles/sangre , Indoles/farmacocinética , Insecticidas/sangre , Insecticidas/farmacocinética , Masculino , Distribución AleatoriaRESUMEN
A series of 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)tryptamine derivatives was prepared and evaluated on a rat gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor assay. Some para-substituents on the 4-phenylbutyl side chain attached to the tryptamine nitrogen led to compounds with potent GnRH receptor binding. The study has helped define structural requirements for GnRH receptor binding for the 2-aryltryptamine GnRH antagonists.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de Hormonas/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Hormonas/farmacología , Receptores LHRH/metabolismo , Triptaminas/síntesis química , Triptaminas/metabolismo , Triptaminas/farmacología , Animales , Sitios de Unión/fisiología , Diseño de Fármacos , Femenino , Antagonistas de Hormonas/química , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Estructura Molecular , Ratas , Triptaminas/químicaRESUMEN
A series of heterocyclic 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)tryptamine derivatives was prepared and evaluated on a rat gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor assay. The carbon tether length and heterocyclic ring attached to the amino group of 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)tryptamine were varied. Several of these derivatives were potent GnRH antagonists with the most potent compound having an IC50 of 16 nM.
Asunto(s)
Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Antagonistas de Hormonas/metabolismo , Receptores LHRH/metabolismo , Triptaminas/síntesis química , Triptaminas/metabolismo , Animales , Sitios de Unión/fisiología , Diseño de Fármacos , Femenino , Antagonistas de Hormonas/química , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , RatasRESUMEN
Extensive development of the structure-activity relationships of a screening lead determined three important pharmacophores for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist activity. Incorporation of the 3,4,5-trimethylphenyl group at the 3-position, 2-(2(S)-azetidinyl)ethoxy group at the 4-position, and N-4-pyrimidinylcarboxamide at the 6-position of the quinolone core resulted in the identification of 4-(2-(azetidin-2(S)-yl)ethoxy)-7-chloro-2-oxo-3-(3,4,5-trimethylphenyl)-1,2-dihydroquinoline-6-carboxylic acid pyrimidin-4-ylamide (1) as a potent antagonist of the GnRH receptor. A 10(4)-fold increase in in vitro binding affinity is observed for the GnRH receptor as compared to the initial screening lead. Compound 1 exhibits nanomolar binding activity and functional antagonism at the human receptor and is 7-fold less active at the rhesus receptor. Intravenous administration of compound 1 to rhesus monkeys results in a significant decrease of the serum levels of downstream hormones, luteinizing hormone (79% decrease in area under the curve) and testosterone (92% decrease in area under the curve), at a dose of 3 mg/kg. Quinolone 1 is a potent nonpeptidyl antagonist for the human GnRH receptor that is efficacious for the suppression of luteinizing hormone and testosterone in primates.
Asunto(s)
Azetidinas/síntesis química , Quinolonas/síntesis química , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Azetidinas/química , Azetidinas/farmacocinética , Azetidinas/farmacología , Unión Competitiva , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Macaca mulatta , Hipófisis/metabolismo , Quinolonas/química , Quinolonas/farmacocinética , Quinolonas/farmacología , Ensayo de Unión Radioligante , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A nonpeptidyl GnRH receptor antagonist (1), with a unique 2-arylindole core, was identified through the Merck in-house screening for binding affinity on the rat GnRH receptor. SAR studies directed toward the alkoxy-ethanolamine and 2-aryl groups resulted in a simpler lead structure with improved activity. This compound 50 exhibits a 60-fold improvement in binding activity over our initial lead 1.
Asunto(s)
Indoles/farmacología , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The discovery of the potency-enhancing effect of 5-substitutions on the novel 2-arylindoles as nonpeptidyl GnRH receptor antagonists led to the identification of several analogues with high affinities on the GnRH receptor. The syntheses and SARs of these 5-substituted-2-arylindole analogues are reported.
Asunto(s)
Indoles/farmacología , Receptores LHRH/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Ratas , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The effects of two beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists, (R)-4-[4-(3-cyclopentylpropyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]-N-[4-[2-[[2-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]benzenesulfonamide and (R)-N-[4-[2-[[2-hydroxy-2-(3-pyridinyl)- ethyl]amino]ethyl]phenyl]-1-(4-octylthiazol-2-yl)-5-indolinesulfonamide, on indices of metabolic and cardiovascular function were studied in anesthetized rhesus monkeys. Both compounds are potent and specific agonists at human and rhesus beta(3)-adrenergic receptors. Intravenous administration of either compound produced dose-dependent lipolysis, increase in metabolic rate, peripheral vasodilatation, and tachycardia with no effects on mean arterial pressure. The increase in heart rate in response to either compound was biphasic with an initial rapid component coincident with the evoked peripheral vasodilatation and a second more slowly developing phase contemporaneous with the evoked increase in metabolic rate. Because both compounds exhibited weak binding to and activation of rhesus beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in vitro, it was hypothesized that the increase in heart rate may be reflexogenic in origin and proximally mediated via release of endogenous norepinephrine acting at cardiac beta(1)-adrenergic receptors. This hypothesis was confirmed by determining that beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist-evoked tachycardia was attenuated in the presence of propranolol and in ganglion-blocked animals, under which conditions there was no reduction in the evoked vasodilatation, lipolysis, or increase in metabolic rate. It is not certain whether the beta(3)-adrenergic receptor-evoked vasodilatation is a direct effect of compounds at beta(3)-adrenergic receptors in the peripheral vasculature or is secondary to the release or generation of an endogenous vasodilator. Peripheral vasodilatation in response to beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonist administration was not attenuated in animals administered mepyramine, indomethacin, or calcitonin gene-related peptide(8-37). These findings are consistent with a direct vasodilator effect of beta(3)-adrenergic receptor agonists.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Rubor/inducido químicamente , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Lipólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Reflejo/efectos de los fármacos , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Anestesia , Animales , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Indometacina/farmacología , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Propanolaminas/farmacología , Propranolol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Pyridineethanolamine derivatives containing cyanoguanidine or nitroethylenediamine moieties were examined as human beta3 adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists. Notably, indoline derivatives 6a and 11 were potent beta3 AR agonists (beta3 EC50 = 13 and 19 nM, respectively), which showed good selectivity over binding to and minimal activation of the beta1 and beta2 ARs.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/síntesis química , Adenilil Ciclasas/efectos de los fármacos , Adenilil Ciclasas/metabolismo , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Animales , Células CHO , Membrana Celular/química , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Cricetinae , Diaminas/química , Etano/análogos & derivados , Etano/química , Guanidinas/química , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Nitroparafinas/química , Ensayo de Unión Radioligante , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Apicidin, a natural product recently isolated at Merck, inhibits both mammalian and protozoan histone deacetylases (HDACs). The conversion of apicidin, a nanomolar inhibitor of HDACs, into a series of side-chain analogues that display picomolar enzyme affinity is described within this structure-activity study.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Factores Biológicos/farmacología , Bovinos , Línea Celular , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Eimeria tenella/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Fusarium/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Péptidos Cíclicos/síntesis química , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Recently isolated at Merck, apicidin inhibits both mammalian and protozoan histone deacetylases (HDACs). The conversion of apicidin, a nonselective nanomolar inhibitor of HDACs, into a series of picomolar indole-modified and parasite-selective tryptophan-replacement analogues is described within this structure-activity study.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Animales , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Factores Biológicos/farmacología , Bovinos , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Técnicas Químicas Combinatorias , Eimeria tenella/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Fusarium/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Indoles/química , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Péptidos Cíclicos/síntesis química , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triptófano/químicaRESUMEN
Apicidin's indole was efficiently converted into a series of N-substituted quinolone derivatives by indole N-alkylation followed by a two-step, one-pot, ozonolysis/aldol condensation protocol. The new quinolones exhibited good parasite selectivity and potency both at the level of their molecular target, histone deacetylase, and in their whole cell antiproliferative activity in vitro.
Asunto(s)
Antiprotozoarios/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas , Indoles/síntesis química , Péptidos Cíclicos/química , Quinolonas/síntesis química , Animales , Antimaláricos/síntesis química , Antimaláricos/química , Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antiprotozoarios/química , Antiprotozoarios/farmacología , Unión Competitiva , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Celulares , Pollos , Eimeria tenella/citología , Eimeria tenella/efectos de los fármacos , Eimeria tenella/metabolismo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Células HeLa , Histona Desacetilasas/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacología , Hígado/metabolismo , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Quinolonas/química , Quinolonas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The profile of in vitro and in vivo biology of a human beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, (S)-N-[4-[2-[[3[(2-amino-5-pyridinyl)oxy]-2-hydroxy-propyl]amino]-eth yl]-phenyl]-4-isopropylbenzenesulfonamide, L-750355, is described. Using cloned human and rhesus beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors, expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, L-750355 was shown to be a potent, albeit partial, agonist for the human (EC(50)=10 nM; % maximal receptor activation=49%) and rhesus (EC(50)=28 nM; % maximal receptor activation=34%) beta3-adrenoceptors. Furthermore, L-750355 stimulates lipolysis in rhesus adipocytes in vitro. L-750355 is a weak partial agonist (EC(50)=3.2 microM; % maximal receptor activation=33% ) for the human beta1-adrenoceptor but exhibits no agonist activity for rhesus beta1- or beta2-adrenoceptors of either human or rhesus origin. Administration of L-750355 to anesthetized rhesus monkeys, as a series of rising dose intravenous infusions, evokes dose-dependent glycerolemia and tachycardia with no change in mean arterial blood pressure or plasma potassium. The dose-response curve for L-750355-induced glycerolemia lies to the left of that for tachycardia. Propranolol, at a dose (0.3 mg/kg, i.v. ) that attenuates isoproterenol-induced changes in heart rate and glycerolemia, abolished L-750355-induced tachycardia but had no effect on L-750355-induced glycerolemia.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Aminopiridinas/farmacología , Glicerol/sangre , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Taquicardia/sangre , Albuterol/farmacología , Animales , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Humanos , Isoproterenol/farmacología , Lipólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Lipólisis/fisiología , Macaca mulatta , Propranolol/farmacología , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/fisiología , Taquicardia/inducido químicamenteRESUMEN
As part of our investigation into the development of orally bioavailable beta(3) adrenergic receptor agonists, we have identified a series of pyridylethanolamine analogues possessing a substituted thiazole benzenesulfonamide pharmacophore that are potent human beta(3) agonists with excellent selectivity against other human beta receptor subtypes. Several of these compounds also exhibited an improved pharmacokinetic profile in dogs. For example, thiazole sulfonamide 2e (R = 4-F(3)C-C(6)H(4)) is a potent full beta(3) agonist (EC(50) = 3.6 nM, 94% activation) with >600-fold selectivity over the human beta(1) and beta(2) receptors, which also displays good oral bioavailability in several mammalian species, as well as an extended duration of action.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Administración Oral , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacocinética , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Células CHO , Clonación Molecular , Cricetinae , Perros , Glicerol/sangre , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Ensayo de Unión Radioligante , Ratas , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Tiazoles/química , Tiazoles/farmacocinética , Tiazoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives containing a 4-(hexylureido)benzenesulfonamide were examined as human beta3 adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists. Notably, 4,4-biphenyl derivative 9 was a 6 nM full agonist of the beta3 AR. Naphthyloxy compound 18 (beta3 EC50 = 78 nM) did not activate the beta1 and beta2 ARs at 10 microM, and showed >1000-fold selectivity over binding to the beta1 and beta2 ARs.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/síntesis química , Amidas/síntesis química , Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Péptidos/síntesis química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Amidas/química , Diseño de Fármacos , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Molecular , Péptidos/química , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2/metabolismo , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/antagonistas & inhibidores , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Medicinal chemistry efforts were initiated to identify the key constituents of the nodulisporic acid A (1) pharmacophore that are integral to its potent insecticidal activity. New semisynthetic derivatives delineated 1 into 'permissive' and 'nonpermissive' regions and led to the discovery of new nodulisporamides with significantly improved flea efficacy.
Asunto(s)
Indoles/química , Indoles/síntesis química , Insecticidas/síntesis química , Animales , Diseño de Fármacos , Indoles/farmacología , Insecticidas/química , Insecticidas/farmacología , Estructura Molecular , Siphonaptera , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
A series of thiazole benzenesulfonamide-substituted 3-pyridylethanolamines was prepared and evaluated for their human beta3 adrenergic receptor agonist activity. Incorporation of aryl and heteroaryl substitution in the 4-position of the thiazole ring resulted in a number of highly potent and selective beta3 agonists. Results of preliminary in vivo evaluation of several of these compounds is described.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/síntesis química , Etanolaminas/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Tiazoles/síntesis química , Agonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Animales , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Humanos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , BencenosulfonamidasRESUMEN
Compounds containing a 1,2,3-triazole-substituted benzenesulfonamide were prepared and found to be potent and selective human beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists. The most interesting compound, trifluoromethylbenzyl analogue 12e (beta3 EC50 = 3.1 nM with >1500-fold selectivity over binding to both beta1- and beta2 receptors), stimulates lipolysis in the rhesus monkey (ED50 = 0.36 mg/kg) and is 25% orally bioavailable in the dog.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3 , Administración Oral , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Células CHO , Cricetinae , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Perros , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Infusiones Parenterales , Isoproterenol/farmacología , Lipólisis/efectos de los fármacos , Macaca mulatta , Unión Proteica , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 3/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Sulfonamidas/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Taquicardia/inducido químicamente , Triazoles/síntesis química , Triazoles/metabolismo , Triazoles/farmacocinética , BencenosulfonamidasRESUMEN
A series of 3-arylquinolones was prepared and evaluated for their ability to act as gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists. A variety of substitution patterns of the 3-aryl substituent are described. The 3,4,5-trimethylphenyl substituent (23h) was found to be optimal.
Asunto(s)
Hormona Liberadora de Gonadotropina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinolonas/farmacología , Quinolonas/química , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
As a part of our investigation into the development of orally bioavailable beta3 adrenergic receptor agonists, we have identified a series of substituted oxazole derivatives that are potent beta3 agonists with excellent selectivity against other beta receptors. Several of these compounds showed excellent oral bioavailability in dogs. One example, cyclopentylethyloxazole 5f is a potent beta3 agonist (EC50 = 14 nM, 84% activation) with 340-fold and 160-fold selectivity over beta1 and beta2 receptors, respectively, and has 38% oral bioavailability in dogs.