RESUMEN
AIMS: To conduct molecular tagging of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma asperellum strain T4 and elucidate its colonization patterns in soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: We constructed an expression vector harbouring a hygromycin B-resistant gene (hph) and an efficient green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene. By applying Agrobacterium AGL-1-mediated genetic transformation technology, we conducted molecular tagging of T. asperellum and monitored the colonization dynamics of T. asperellum in soil. The results of tracking five independent transformants of T. asperellum indicated that its expansion rates ranged from 4·7 to 6·8 cm week-1 . After inoculation in soil, the quantities of T. asperellum could be maintained at over 10 × 104 CFU per gram soil in the first year. In the third year after inoculation, the quantities of T. asperellum in soil were still higher than 1 × 103 CFU per gram soil. In addition, molecularly tagged T. asperellum in soil in the second year (i.e. 12 months) after inoculation could still reach the biocontrol effect on cucumber Rhizoctonia rot by more than 74%. CONCLUSION: Trichoderma asperellum strain T4 is capable of effectively colonizing in soil and surviving for more than 1 year. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study has provided the scientific basis for applying T. asperellum as the biocontrol fungus for prevention and control of plant diseases.
Asunto(s)
Agentes de Control Biológico , Microbiología del Suelo , Trichoderma/crecimiento & desarrollo , Trichoderma/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Agentes de Control Biológico/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Cucumis sativus/microbiología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/genética , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/prevención & control , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Rhizoctonia/efectos de los fármacos , Trichoderma/metabolismoRESUMEN
Embryonic stem (ES) cells transplanted into the early mouse embryo have the capacity to differentiate into all cell types of the nervous system. A simplified culture system has been developed in which single ES cells transform into neural progenitor cells that go on to form neurospheres. This system is ideally suited for mechanistic studies of the earliest stages of neurogenesis. In this model, signaling via fibroblast growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein family members is important for the first steps of neural progenitor differentiation.