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“Deficiency cause, cold accumulation, and qi stagnation” originates from Essentials from the Golden Cabinet (《金匮要略》), which is a guiding principle for the pathogenesis of women's diseases, pioneering the differentiation and treatment of women's diseases based on patterns, and having a profound influence on future generations. Following the classical principles and simplifying the complexities, this paper explored the pathogenesis and mechanism of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) from the perspective of “deficiency cause, cold accumulation, and qi stagnation”, and believed that depletion of essence and blood, long-term accumulation of internal cold, and qi constraint and blood stasis are the causes of PCOS, with depletion of essence and blood, and lack of nourishment of zang-fu (脏腑) organs as the root, and cold pathogen invasion, qi constraint and blood stasis as the branch. The main treatment principle is “treating deficiency with supplementation”, and dispelling pathogen while reinforcing healthy qi, along with “treatment of cold by warming” and “treatment of stagnation by dispersing”. This is of great significance for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinically, these methods can be used flexibly to guide treatment and formula selection for PCOS, with the goal of harmonizing qi and blood and regulating menstruation.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of maltol aluminum exposure on miR-193a-3p, demethylase AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5), phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and protein kinase B (AKT), and whether miR-193a-3p is involved in aluminum-induced cognitive impairment by regulating ALKBH5/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway. Methods Specific pathogen-free male SD rats were randomly divided into control group and low-, medium- and high- dose groups according to their body weight, with eight rats in each group. Rats in the low-, medium-, and high- dose groups were intraperitoneally injected with maltol aluminum solution at concentrations of 10.00, 20.00, and 40.00 μmol/kg body weight, respectively, while the rats in control group were given an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. Rats were injected for five days every week for three months. After injection, the novel object recognized test was used to assess the learning and memory ability of the rats. The relative expression of miR-193a-3p and B-cell lymphocytoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) and cysteine aspartate protease-3 (Caspase-3) mRNA in rat hippocampus was detected using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The relative protein expression of ALKBH5, PTEN, and AKT2 in the rat hippocampus was detected using Western blot. Results The discrimination index and the preference index of the new object recognition test of the rats in high-dose group were lower than those in control group and low-dose group (all P<0.05). The relative expression of miR-193a-3p and Bcl-2 mRNA in the hippocampus of the rats in high-dose group was lower than those in control group and low-dose group (all P<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of Bax in the high-dose group was higher than those in the control group and low-dose group (both P<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of Caspase-3 of the rats in the high-dose group was higher than that in the other three groups (both P<0.05). The relative protein expression of ALKBH5 in the hippocampus of the rats in the high-dose group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The relative expression of PTEN protein was higher than those in the control group and low-dose group (both P<0.05). The relative protein expression of AKT2 was lower than those in the control group and low-dose group (both P<0.05). Conclusion Sub-chronic aluminum exposure can inhibit the expression of miR-193a-3p in the hippocampus of rats, which may disrupt the ALKBH5/PTEN/AKT pathway and affect normal neuronal homeostasis and cellular function. This pathway may play an important role in aluminum-induced cognitive impairment.
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AIM:To investigate the effects of subchronic aluminum exposure on the expression of silent infor-mation regulator(Sirt1),Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap1),nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2),and microRNA-128-3p(miR-128-3p)in the hippocampus of rats.Additionally,we aimed to explore the mechanism of miR-128-3p and the Sirt1-Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways in aluminum-induced cognitive impairment in rats.METHODS:Thirty-two healthy 6-week-old SPF male SD rats,weighing(190±20)g,were randomly divided into four groups based on body weight:control group,low-dose(10 μmol/kg)group,medium-dose(20 μmol/kg)group,and high-dose(40 μmol/kg)group,with 8 rats in each group.The rat exposure model was established by intraperitoneal injection of maltol alumi-num.The Morris water maze test was used to assess the learning and memory ability of the rats.Western blot analysis was performed to measure the protein expression of Sirt1,Keap1 and Nrf2 in the hippocampus,while RT-qPCR was used to measure the expression of miR-128-3p in the hippocampus.The level of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in the cerebral cor-tex was detected using fluorescence staining in frozen sections.RESULTS:(1)In the positioning cruise experiment,the escape latency of the aluminum exposure group was significantly higher than that of the control group on the 3rd,4th,and 5th days(P<0.05).On day 6,the number of times the rats crossed the platform and the platform quadrant in the high-dose group was reduced compared to the control and low-dose groups(P<0.01).(2)The expression levels of Sirt1 and Nrf2 in the hippocampal tissues of all groups decreased gradually with increasing maltol aluminum exposure dose.The ex-pression level of Keap1 increased gradually with increasing maltol aluminum exposure dose.The expression level of miR-128-3p in the high-dose group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).(3)The content of gluta-thione peroxidase in the hippocampus of rats decreased with increasing exposure dose,while ROS levels gradually in-creased.CONCLUSION:Subchronic aluminum exposure can increase the expression of miR-128-3p in the rat hippo-campus and suppress the Sirt1-Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.This inhibition prevents the activation of the Sirt1-Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway,leading to a reduced antioxidant capacity.The imbalance in the antioxidant system in rats results in oxidative damage to nerve cells and a subsequent decline in cognitive function.
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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is a type of RNA over 200 nt long without any protein coding ability, which has been investigated relating to crucial biological function in cells. There are many key lncRNAs in tumor/normal cells that serve as a biological marker or a new target for tumor treatment. However, compared to some small non-coding RNA, lncRNA-based drugs are limited in clinical application. Different from other non-coding RNA, like microRNAs, most lncRNAs have a high molecular weight and conserved secondary structure, making the delivery of lncRNAs more complex than the small non-coding RNAs. Considering that lncRNAs constitute the most abundant part of the mammalian genome, it is critical to further explore lncRNA delivery and the subsequent functional studies for potential clinical application. In this review, we will discuss the function and mechanism of lncRNAs in diseases, especially cancer, and different approaches for lncRNA transfection using multiple biomaterials.
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Objective:To investigate the status of anticipatory grief among the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients, and to analyze its influencing factors.Methods:From April 2021 to July 2021, the main caregivers of 180 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in Xiangdong Hospital Affiliated to Hunan Normal University and Liling Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital in Hunan Province, were selected by convenience sampling method for the research object. The survey was carried out using the General Information Questionnaire, the Anticipatory Grief Scale and the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview, multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of anticipatory grief in the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients.Results:The total score of Anticipatory Grief Scale in the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients was 84.43±12.02, and the total score of Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview was 24.92 ± 7.98, which were positively correlated ( r = 0.557, P<0.01).In the multiple linear regression analysis, the caregiver ′s education level, age, gender, care burden and per capita monthly income and the patient ′s age were the influencing factors of anticipatory grief for the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients ( t values were -5.54-8.75, all P<0.05), which could explain 54.1% of the total variance. Conclusions:The anticipatory grief of the main caregivers of maintenance hemodialysis patients is at a relatively serious level. Medical care should pay more attention to the caregivers and their sadness in their communication, so as to detect problems in time, so as to take targeted measures to the current situation, which is effective to improve their level of grief and improve the quality of care.
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Objective To measure and analyze the behavioral changes of Rncat congenital cataract mice. Methods Normal BALB/c mice and KM mice were used as control group,and inbred and random mated Rncat congenital cataract mice were used as experimental group. Behavioral tests, including the open field test, coat-hanger test, forced swimming test,and tail suspension test,were conducted on the mice. Results Compared with the inbred Rncat congenital cataract mice,the residence time in the open field test,the immobility time in the forced swimming test and tail suspension test of the BALB/c mice, randomly-mated Rncat congenital cataract mice and KM mice were significantly different. Conclusions There are certain differences in behavioral performance between the Rncat congenital cataract mice and the other mice. Our findings may provide a useful reference for future researchers.
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Objective To investigate regional spontaneous brain activity in mild cognition impairment (MCI) patients with amnesic (aMCI) and non-amnesic (naMCI).Methods Twenty-five aMCI patients,21 naMCI patients and 15 normal controls (NC) underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging.The regional homogeneity (ReHo) map of the whole brain was obtained by calculating the similarity of each voxel with its nearest 26 voxel time series.The differences of ReHo map across the whole brain among three groups were compared.Results In aMCI group,ReHo values were lower in right frontal lobe and higher in left middle temporal gyrus and left cerebellum compared with NC (P<0.05,Alphasim correction).In naMCI group,ReHo values were higher in anterior cingulate cortex and right middle frontal gyrus and lower in right parahippocampa gyrus,right middle temporal gyrus as well as right precuneus compared with NC (P<0.05,Alphasim correction).Compared with naMCI,the ReHo values were significantly higher in left prefrontal gyrus,left middle temporal gyrus and lower in right cerebellum (P<0.05,Alphasim correction).Conclusion There are differences in spontaneous brain activity of left prefrontal gyrus,left middle temporal gyrus and right cerebellum between aMCI and naMCI,which may be used to differentiate brain function between aMCI and naMCI patients.
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BACKGROUND: Neurosyphilis is caused by the invasion of Treponema pallidum into the central nervous system. General paresis (GP) is a type of neurosyphilis. The main manifestation of general paresis is dementia; however, this is different from the other types of dementia, which can be cured by adequate doses of penicillin in the early stage. Neurosyphilis is the "great imitator" because it can mimic many types of medical disorders. In addition, the manifestations of neurosyphilis are not typical. Psychiatric disorders as a cause of general paresis have become more common due to the use of antibiotics. Patients with a psychiatric manifestation are often misdiagnosed. The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of general paresis between patients misdiagnosed as having a primary psychiatric disease and patients diagnosed correctly upon seeing a doctor. The results may assist clinicians in the early identification of neurosyphilis with a mental disorder. METHOD: The demographic and clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, and neuroimaging and neuropsychological characteristics were analysed in 55 general paresis patients with psychiatric disorders, including 29 patients misdiagnosed as primary psychiatric disease and 26 patients diagnosed as having general paresis after being seen once by a doctor. RESULT: All of the patients had positive assay results for cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA). Only 43.3 % of misdiagnosed patients and 30.8 % of general paresis patients had positive results for the CSF rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test; 96.4 % patients had abnormal neuroimaging. Mood disturbances were the most common psychiatric disorder in the general paresis patients, especially agitation, between the two groups (patients with general paresis who were misdiagnosed as having primary psychiatric disease and patients who had never been misdiagnosed) (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Our findings reinforce the importance of performing serologic testing for syphilis. This should be a part of the evaluation of patients with psychiatric disorders, especially patients with cognitive impairment. When the syphilis serology is positive, the patient should be examined thoroughly for neurosyphilis by lumbar puncture. Brain imaging could also aid the physician in discriminating these patients from those with a functional mental disorder.
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Neurosífilis/diagnóstico , Neurosífilis/fisiopatología , Treponema pallidum/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos del Conocimiento/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Demencia/diagnóstico , Demencia/etiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuroimagen , Neurosífilis/sangre , Reaginas , Pruebas SerológicasRESUMEN
Objective We aimed to use 1H-MRS to characterize metabolite concentrations in the bilateral hippo?campus in GPI patient. Methods Metabolite ratios in the bilateral hippocampus were compared between patients with GPI (n=52) and Normal Control (NC) (n=38). Clinical neurological tests were measured in all subjects and were correlat?ed to the metabolite concentrations. Results The GPI patients showed significantly lower concentrations of N-acetylas?partate(NAA)/creatine(Cr) ratios in the bilateral hippocampus region compared to the NC subjects. There was significant?ly difference in the NAA/Cr ratios between the mild GPI dementia and the severe GPI dementia groups on the left hippo?campus region. We found that the NAA/Cr ratios concentrations were positively correlated with Mini Mental state Exami?nation (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale (MoCA) scores in the left hippocampus region and the mI/Cr ra?tios concentrations were positively correlated. Conclusions GPI Patients have neuronal dysfunction in the bilateral hippo?campus. The severity of cognitive impairments is associated with the severity of the damage in the left side.
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Objective To explore the plasma levels of soluble CD40 (sCD40) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in the patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and those with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Methods The levels of plasma sCD40 and sCD40L were measured in 20 patients with AD, 35 patients with aMCI, and 32 cognitively normal controls (NC) using commercially available ELISAs. The cognitive function of AD and aMCI patients was mea?sured by mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Results There were significant differences in plasma sCD40 among AD, aMCI and NC groups (P<0.05) as the medians (the upper and lower quartiles) of plasma levels were 123.3 (97.4, 149.5) pg/mL, 102.9 (63.6, 124.0) pg/mL and 70.66 (51.0, 90.8) pg/mL, respectively. There were significant differences in plasma sCD40L among AD, aMCI and NC groups (P<0.05) as plasma levels were 537.0 (316.0, 1134.0) pg/mL, 316.0 (190.0,546.0) pg/mL and 167.0 (107.5,478.0) pg/mL. A negative correlation between the plasma concentrations of sCD40L and the MMSE scores was found in aMCI patients (r=-0.736, P<0.001). Conclusions There are relevant chang?es of plasma sCD40 and sCD40L levels in patients with AD and aMCI. The present results suggest that plasma levels of sCD40 and sCD40L may be appropriate biomarkers for AD patients and indicate that CD40-CD40L signaling may be in?volved in AD pathophysiology.
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Objective To investigate the cognitive characteristics and vascular risk factor between early onset de?pression and late onset depression in late life depression and provide a clue to elucidate the cause of cognitive impairment in late life depression. Method Fifty-six late life depression patients were recruited in our hospital, including 29 early on?set depression patients and 27 late onset depression patients. 25 controls were recruited from Guangzhou community. Cog?nitive evaluation were conducted in all the patients and controls, including MMSE, memory, attention, language, visuospa?tial abilities,executive function and Framingham vascular risk assessment, and analyze the cognitive and vascular risk be?tween the patients. Result There were statistically significant differences in overall cognitive assessment MMSE(24.8 ± 2.9,22.8±3.5,P=0.030), symbol digit modalities test(SDMT)(29.8±10.5, 22.9±11.8, P=0.028), clock drawing test(CDT) (3.6 ± 0.8, 2.9 ± 1.3, P=0.006) and trail making test(TMT) (60.4 ± 20.6, 74.7 ± 28.8, P=0.027) between late onset depression and early onset depression. In addition, the score of vascular risk assessment was significant between late onset depression and early onset depression(14.6±2.7,12.3±2.2,P=0.001). Conclusion Compare with early onset depression, late onset de?pression has much severe cognitive impairments and increased vascular risk factors.
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Objective To establish the baseline data of body weight, main organ weights, hematological and biochemical indexes in SPF congenital cataract mice. Methods Body weight, main organs weights, hematological and biochemical indexes of the congenital cataract mice were determined at 28 days and 56 days of age, respectively. Normal KM mice in the same age were taken as control. Results There were no statistically significant differences in all indexes of the mice at 28 days of age. Compared with the 56?day old normal KM mice: (1) Statistically significant differences were found in the body weight, and weights of the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and testis ( P<0?05 or P<0?01; ( 2 ) Statistically significant differences were found in hematological indexes WBC, PLT, MPV, LYMP, PDW for female mice and MPV, PDW for male mice (P<0?01);(3) Among the biochemical indexes, there were also statistically significant differences in UREA, ALP, TP, UA, TG, GLU for female and ALT, ALP, TP, ALB, UA, GLU for male mice. Conclusions There are statistical differences in the body weight, main organ weights, hematological indexes and biochemical indexes between the congenital cataract mice and normal KM mice at 56 days of age. These results may provide a useful reference for future research.