Data-driven approaches linking wastewater and source estimation hazardous waste for environmental management.

Industrial enterprises are major sources of contaminants, making their regulation vital for sustainable development. Tracking contaminant generation at the firm-level is challenging due to enterprise heterogeneity and the lack of a universal estimation method. This study addresses the issue by focusing on hazardous waste (HW), which is difficult to monitor automatically. We developed a data-driven methodology to predict HW generation using wastewater big data which is grounded in the availability of this data with widespread application of automatic sensors and the logical assumption that a correlation exists between wastewater and HW generation. We created a generic framework that used representative variables from diverse sectors, exploited a data-balance algorithm to address long-tail data distribution, and incorporated causal discovery to screen features and improve computation efficiency. Our method was tested on 1024 enterprises across 10 sectors in Jiangsu, China, demonstrating high fidelity (R² = 0.87) in predicting HW generation with 4,260,593 daily wastewater data.

Epidemiologic features and therapeutic strategies of kerion: A nationwide multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: Kerion is a severe type of tinea capitis that is difficult to treat and remains a public health problem. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the epidemiologic features and efficacy of different treatment schemes from real-world experience. METHODS: From 2019 to 2021, 316 patients diagnosed with kerion at 32 tertiary Chinese hospitals were enrolled. We analysed the data of each patient, including clinical characteristics, causative pathogens, treatments and outcomes. RESULTS: Preschool children were predominantly affected and were more likely to have zoophilic infection. The most common pathogen in China was Microsporum canis. Atopic dermatitis (AD), animal contact, endothrix infection and geophilic pathogens were linked with kerion occurrence. In terms of treatment, itraconazole was the most applied antifungal agent and reduced the time to mycological cure. A total of 22.5% of patients received systemic glucocorticoids simultaneously, which reduced the time to complete symptom relief. Furthermore, glucocorticoids combined with itraconazole had better treatment efficacy, with a higher rate and shorter time to achieving mycological cure. CONCLUSIONS: Kerion often affects preschoolers and leads to serious sequelae, with AD, animal contact, and endothrix infection as potential risk factors. Glucocorticoids, especially those combined with itraconazole, had better treatment efficacy.

Water Scarcity Assessment of Hydropower Plants in China under Climate Change, Sectoral Competition, and Energy Expansion.

Hydropower plays a pivotal role in low-carbon electricity generation, yet many projects are situated in regions facing heightened water scarcity risks. This research devised a plant-level Hydropower Water Scarcity Index (HWSI), derived from the ratio of water demand for electricity generation to basin-scale available runoff water. We assessed the water scarcity of 1736 hydropower plants in China for the baseline year 2018 and projected into the future from 2025 to 2060. The results indicate a notable increase in hydropower generation facing moderate to severe water scarcity (HWSI >0.05), rising from 10% in 2018 to 24-34% of the national total (430-630 TWh), with a projected peak in the 2030s-2040s under the most pessimistic scenarios. Hotspots of risk are situated in the southwest and northern regions, primarily driven by decreased river basin runoff and intensified sectoral water use, rather than by hydropower demand expansion. Comparative analysis of four adaptation strategies revealed that sectoral water savings and enhancing power generation efficiency are the most effective, potentially mitigating a high of 16% of hydropower risks in China. This study provides insights for formulating region-specific adaptation strategies and assessing energy-water security in the face of evolving environmental and societal challenges.

Informing Urban Flood Risk Adaptation by Integrating Human Mobility Big Data During Heavy Precipitation.

Understanding the impact of heavy precipitation on human mobility is critical for finer-scale urban flood risk assessment and achieving sustainable development goals #11 to build resilient and safe cities. Using ∼2.6 million mobile phone signal data collected during the summer of 2018 in Jiangsu, China, this study proposes a novel framework to assess human mobility changes during rainfall events at a high spatial granularity (500 m grid cell). The fine-scale mobility map identifies spatial hotspots with abnormal clustering or reduced human activities. When aggregating to the prefecture-city level, results show that human mobility changes range between -3.6 and 8.9%, revealing varied intracity movement across cities. Piecewise structural equation modeling analysis further suggests that city size, transport system, and crowding level directly affect mobility responses, whereas economic conditions influence mobility through multiple indirect pathways. When overlaying a historical urban flood map, we find such human mobility changes help 23 cities reduce 2.6% flood risks covering 0.45 million people but increase a mean of 1.64% flood risks in 12 cities covering 0.21 million people. The findings help deepen our understanding of the mobility pattern of urban dwellers after heavy precipitation events and foster urban adaptation by supporting more efficient small-scale hazard management.

Economic risks hidden in local water pollution and global markets: A retrospective analysis (1995-2010) and future perspectives on sustainable development goal 6.

Pollution from untreated wastewater discharges depletes clean water supply for humans and the environment. It poses adverse economic impacts by determining agricultural yields, manufacturing productivity, and ecosystem functionality. Current studies mainly focus on quantity-related water scarcity assessment. It is unknown how low water quality amplifies local water stress and induces cascading economic risks globally. In this study, we estimated both quality and quantity-related water scarcity index (WSI), local economic water scarcity risk (WSR), and cascading virtual WSR evident in global trade markets across 40 major economies from 1995 to 2010. We find developing countries, e.g., India and China, witnessed fast growth in both quantity and quality-related WSI. Major developed economies, e.g., the US and Germany, experienced a modest increase in water stress but alleviated quality-related risks. Local economic risk (WSR) grew from $116B to $380B, with quality-related risks rising from 20 % to 30 %. Virtual economic WSR in global supply chains increased from $39B to $160B, with quality-related risks increasing from 19 % to 27 %. China became the top exporter of economic WSR, ranked above the US, France, and Japan, and the second-largest position as an importer, trailing only the US. We finally conducted scenario modeling by 2030, assuming different progresses on SDG 6 targets. The findings suggest that only the most ambitious progress in both water quality enhancement and efficiency improvement helps to alleviate ∼20 % economic WSR globally. Our findings underscore the necessity for strategies that integrate management of untreated wastewater flows, improved water use efficiency, and diversification of supply chain networks to enhance global economic resilience to water challenges in the future.

Economic Growth Facilitates Household Fuel Use Transition to Reduce PM2.5-Related Deaths in China.

Exposure to ambient and indoor particle matter (PM2.5) leads to millions of premature deaths in China. In recent years, indoor air pollution and premature deaths associated with polluting fuel cooking demonstrate an abrupt decline. However, the driving forces behind the mortality change are still unclear due to the uncertainty in household fuel use prediction. Here, we propose an integrated approach to estimate the fuel use fractions and PM2.5-related deaths from outdoor and indoor sources during 2000-2020 across China. Our model estimated 1.67 and 1.21 million premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 exposure in 2000 and 2020, respectively. We find that the residential energy transition is associated with a substantial reduction in premature deaths from indoor sources, with 100,000 (95% CI: 76,000-122,000) for urban and 265,000 (228,000-300,000) for rural populations during 2000-2020. Economic growth is the dominant driver of fuel use transition and avoids 21% related deaths (357,000, 315,000-402,000) from polluting fuel cooking since 2000, which offsets the adverse impact of ambient emissions contributed by economic growth. Our findings give an insight into the coupled impact of socioeconomic factors in reshaping health burden in exposure pathways.

Large Virtual Transboundary Hazardous Waste Flows: The Case of China.

The Basel Convention and prior studies mainly focused on the physical transboundary movements of hazardous waste (transporting waste from one region to another for cheaper disposal). Here, we take China, the world's largest waste producer, as an example and reveal the virtual hazardous waste flows in trade (outsourcing waste by importing waste-intensive products) by developing a multiregional input-output model. Our model characterizes the impact of international trade between China and 140 economies and China's interprovincial trade on hazardous waste generated by 161,599 Chinese enterprises. We find that, in 2015, virtual hazardous waste flows in China's trade reached 26.6 million tons (67% of the national total), of which 31% were generated during the production of goods that were ultimately consumed abroad. Trade-related production is much dirtier than locally consumed production, generating 26% more hazardous waste per unit of GDP. Under the impact of virtual flows, 40% of the waste-intensive production and relevant disposal duty is unequally concentrated in three Chinese provinces (including two least-developed ones, Qinghai and Xinjiang). Our findings imply the importance of expanding the scope of transboundary waste regulations and provide a quantitative basis for introducing consumer responsibilities. This may help relieve waste management burdens in less-developed "waste havens".

Quality matters: Pollution exacerbates water scarcity and sectoral output risks in China.

Pollution exacerbates a region's water scarcity by making water unfit for different uses and reducing freshwater availability. Local water scarcity may lead to economic output losses, and the risk can be transmitted to downstream sectors through reduced input supplies. Previous studies focus on quantity-based water scarcity assessment. It is still unknown how water quality constraints may amplify economic risks of local water-use sectors and distant economies. Here we introduce an integrated method and assess the impacts of both quantity and quality-based local physical water scarcity risks (LWSR) and virtual water scarcity risks (VWSR) in domestic trade system in China. We find in 2017 quality-based LWSR and VWSR in China are ∼593 and ∼240 billion US$. Inclusion of water pollution constraints almost doubles the risks of economic losses due to insufficient clean water supply. We then identify critical regions and sectors that are highly risky or vulnerable to the supply chains. We find water pollution makes risky VWSR exporters more centralized in a few Northern provinces where available freshwater resources are already limited, e.g. the agriculture sector in Hebei province. VWSR importers span broadly, but water pollution increases concentrations of upstream suppliers that face local water scarcity for most provinces, decreasing overall resilience of China's domestic trade network. Our results underscore the needs to alleviate overall scarcity risks by conserving physical water resources and improving water quality simultaneously.

The dynamics of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and economic development: evidence from the top 28 greenhouse gas emitters.

Previous studies have done more research on the relationship between carbon emission reduction, energy consumption, and economic growth in specific countries or regions, which rarely consider the issue of heterogeneity between countries or regions, and also lack the refinement of energy consumption categories. Using panel data from 2000 to 2017, this paper divided the top 28 global carbon emission countries into developed countries and developing countries, and explores co-integration and causality between renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emission. Results suggested that there is a two-way causal relationship between carbon emissions and economic growth in all economies. There is a two-way causal relationship between economic growth in developed countries and consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy, while there is no significant relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in developing countries. There is a two-way causal relationship between carbon emissions and renewable energy in all economies, but there are significant differences; there is a two-way causal relationship between carbon emissions in developed countries and non-renewable energy, and only one-way causality exists in developing countries.

Prediction of small-scale piles by considering lateral deflection based on Elman Neural Network - Improved Arithmetic Optimizer algorithm.

Piles (kinds of geotechnical structures) are used for resisting various lateral loads including earthquakes and inclined loads. Hence, these structures' behavior under lateral load should be studied. Therefore, this investigation studies the lateral deflection (LD) of piles under different situations. 192 physical models were carried out by consideration of the most important factor on the lateral deflection amounts in dried sandy soils. Besides, a model of the Elman Neural Network (ENN) - Improved Arithmetic Optimizer (IAO) algorithm was suggested for predicting the piles' lateral deflection. For the intention of comparison, the Elman Neural Network model and Particle Swarm Optimization - Artificial Neural Network were utilized in lateral deflection amounts estimation. For evaluating the proposed model validity, some parameters like Variance Account For, determination coefficient, and Root Mean Squared Error were estimated. The results showed the ENN-IAO method is more reliable for lateral deflection prediction in a small-scale pile in comparison to the ENN method and PSO-ANN model.

Antimicrobial and mechanism of antagonistic activity of Bacillus sp. A2 against pathogenic fungus and bacteria: The implication on honey's regulatory mechanism on host's microbiota.

Honey is thought to act against microbes and regulates microbiota balance, and this is mainly attributed to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide, high osmolarity, and nonperoxidase factors, for example, lysozyme and botanical sources of nectar, while the effect of honey's probiotic is recently considered. The study of honey as source of beneficial microbes is understudied. The purpose of this study was to screen for the beneficial microorganisms in honey with antagonistic property against important pathogens and the mechanism of antimicrobial activity and thus play a beneficial role as probiotics. The results showed that one out of the fourteen bacterial isolates had antimicrobial activity and was identified as Bacillus Sp. A2 by 16S rRNA sequence and morphology. Antimicrobial activity of the isolate against C. albicans, E. coli, and S. aureus was confirmed by Agar well diffusion and liquid coculture assays, and the propagation of those microbes was significantly inhibited after treatment with the isolate Bacillus sp. A2 (p < .05) in comparison with untreated negative control and positive control (fluconazole, chloramphenicol, L. plantarum). The morphological changes including the distorted shape with indentations and leakages (SEM), damaged cell membrane, and cell wall with the disintegration and attachment of the Bacillus sp. A2 (TEM) in treated C. albicans were observed. Meanwhile, reactive oxygen species accumulation and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential were detected in treated C. albicans. These results revealed that the isolate Bacillus sp. A2 from honey has significant antimicrobial activity (p < .05) against C. albicans in comparison with untreated negative control and positive control L. plantarum, which depends on the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage, and the cell apoptosis. We concluded that the Bacillus sp. A2 possess the antimicrobial property, which may contribute to regulation of host's microbiota as a beneficial microbe or probiotic.

RNase 1, 2, 5 & 8 role in innate immunity: Strain specific antimicrobial activity.

The increase in microbial resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents is driving research for the discovery of new antibiotics and antifungal agents. The greatest challenge in this endeavor is to find antimicrobial agents with broad antimicrobial activity and low toxicity. Antimicrobial peptides, for example, RNases, are one of the promising areas. The production of RNases increases during infection, but their role is still being explored. Whereas the enzymatic activity of RNases is well documented, their physiological function is still being investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of RNase 1, 2, 5, and 8 against E. coli strains, S. aureus, Streptococcus thermophilus, P. aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. The results demonstrated that RNases have a strain-specific antimicrobial activity. RNase 1 had the highest antimicrobial activity compared to other RNases. All the microorganisms screened had varying levels of susceptibility to RNases, except P. aeruginosa and E. coli DR115. RNase 1 showed dose-dependent activity against C. albicans. The RNase killed Candida albicans by lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential but did not damage the cell membrane. We concluded that strain-specific antimicrobial activity is one of the physiological roles of RNases.

In vitro synergy of azole antifungals and methotrexate against Candida albicans.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effective of azoles and MTX for patients with invasive candidiasis. METHODS: We used the disk diffusion assay and the checkerboard assay to evaluate the in vitro interactions between MTX and antifungals. In addition, we used the transmission electron microscopy to observe the ultrastructure of the effect of MTX and fluconazole on Candida albicans. RESULTS: The rates of synergy for the combination of MTX with fluconazole (FLC), itraconazole (ITC), and voriconazole (VRZ) were 91.3%, 65.2%, and 87% in checkerboard testing. No antagonism was found between methotrexate and azole antifungals in any of the strains. Furthermore, MTX treated C. albicans showed extensive cell wall vacuolations and the inhibition of blastospores growth, as observed using transmission electron microscopy. There was an apparent destruction of the cell membrane and cell wall resulting in the destruction of cytoplasm, a phenomenon observed when MTX was combined with azoles. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that the combination of azoles and MTX is effective for patients with invasive candidiasis, which on the other hand, will reduce the side effects of the drugs.

Probiotics as antifungal agents: Experimental confirmation and future prospects.

Fungal burden throughout the world is very high and it keeps escalating due to increasing numbers of immunocompromised individuals. In contrast, the drugs used in management of fungal infections are so few some with high toxicity. Furthermore, highly resistant fungal pathogens are emerging for example Candida auris, Candida glabrata, Candida gullemondii and Aspergillus species among others. Thus now, more than ever, there is a need for combined efforts and an all round search for possible solutions to curb these problems. Therefore, the role of probiotics in management of fungal infections is indispensable. In fact, the antimicrobial activity of probiotics has been screened with promising results against microbial pathogens. Although, recent reports indicated that probiotics may also contribute to protect against fungal infections, the research done in checking antifungal activity of probiotics has used varied technology. This calls for harmonization of the methods used to screen and confirm the antimicrobial activity of probiotics and other candidate microorganisms. We therefore sought to address issues of disparity in probiotic research and their outcomes. Thus this paper is in order as it comprehensively reviews' publications, provides a summary of the methods and future prospects of probiotics as antifungal agents.

Toxicological Risk by Inhalation Exposure of Air Pollution Emitted from China's Municipal Solid Waste Incineration.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration has developed rapidly in China. However, the air pollution-related health risks attributable to MSW incinerators are still far from known. In this context, an MSW incineration emission inventory was compiled using plant-level activity data and localized emission factors. Subsequently, Gaussian Plume Model and Risk Quotients Model were utilized to calculate the spatialized hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). Altogether, 76449 tons (t) of NO X, 25725 t of SO2, 16937 t of CO, 9279 t of HCl, 5629 t of particulate matter, 33 t of Cr, 33 t of Pb, 20 t of Hg, 6 t of Cd, 4 t of Ni, 0.4 t of As, and 94 g-toxic equivalent quantity of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans were emitted in 2015. The national average HI was 1.88 × 10-2, which was far lower than the acceptable level (HI ≤ 1). However, the national average CR was 5.71 × 10-6, which was approximately five times higher than the acceptable level (CR ≤ 1 × 10-6). The spatial heterogeneity of health risks was observed. The results enrich spatial dimensions of prior estimates and provide policy implications from the aspects of accelerating technology upgrades, strengthening emission standards, optimizing site selection and enhancing risk communication.

Analysis of the molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma using a bioinformatics approach.

The aim of this study was to explore the underlying molecular mechanism related to the process and progression of osteosarcoma (OS). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, as well as transcription factor, tumor-associated gene and tumor suppressor gene analyses were performed to investigate the functions of DEGs. Next, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and module analysis was further assessed by cluster analysis with the overlapping neighborhood expansion (Cluster ONE) cytoscape plug-in. A total of 359 upregulated and 614 downregulated DEGs were identified to be differentially expressed between OS samples and normal controls. Pathways significantly enriched by DEGs included the focal adhesion and chromosome maintenance pathways. Significant GO terms were cell adhesion, cell cycle and nucleic acid metabolic processes. The upregulated PPI network was constructed with 170 nodes and the downregulated PPI network was constructed with 332 nodes. Breast-ovarian cancer gene 1 (BRCA1), melanocyte-stimulating hormone 2 (MSH2), cyclin D1 (CCND1) and integrin α5 (ITGA5) were identified to be hub proteins in PPI. In conclusion, the dysregulated genes played key roles in the progression of OS. Cell adhesion is a significant biological process in OS development, and the genes BRCA1, MSH2, CCND1 and ITGA5 may be potential targets in the therapy of OS.

MicroRNA-335 and -543 suppress bone metastasis in prostate cancer via targeting endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Skeletal metastasis is the major problem in the management of prostate cancer (PCa). Even though the regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the control of tumor metastases has been well described in numerous types of cancer, the importance in bone metastasis of PCa remains largely unknown. In the present study, the differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between the primary PCa and bone metastatic PCa samples by comparing their expression profiling using miRNA microarray, and 4 miRNAs (miR­335, ­543, ­196 and ­19a) were noted to be significantly downregulated in bone metastasis compared with primary PCa. Among those, the downregulation of 2 miRNAs (miR­335 and ­543) was confirmed in a total of 20 paired primary PCa and bone metastasis samples using reverse transcription­quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Using the online target prediction tool, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was found to be a shared target of miR­335 and ­543, which was further verified using the luciferase assay. By examining the expression pattern of eNOS in primary PCa and skeletal metastatic samples, the mRNA and protein expression levels of eNOS were markedly upregulated in the metastatic samples. Furthermore, exogenous overexpression of miR­335 and ­543 significantly downregulated the expression level of eNOS, and substantially compromised the ability of migration and invasion in vitro. These findings suggested that miR­335 and ­543 are associated with bone metastasis of PCa and indicated that they may have important roles in the bone metastasis, which may also be clinically used as novel biomarkers in discriminating the different stages of human PCa and predicting bone metastasis.

Photonic microwave phase shifter based on dual-sideband phase-control technique.

An all-optical photonic microwave phase shifter that can realize a continuous 0°-360° phase shift is presented. The phase-shifting operation is implemented by controlling the phase of the two RF phase-modulation sidebands while keeping the optical carrier phase fixed. The use of two RF modulation sidebands, instead of a single sideband used in most conventional phase shifters, has the advantage of high-output RF signal power, and consequently high signal-to-noise ratio performance. Experimental results demonstrate the full -180° to +180° phase shift over a wide microwave frequency range from 11 to 26.5 GHz, and 14 dB increase in the output RF signal power compared to a conventional phase shifter.

Genome-wide expression and methylation profiles reveal candidate genes and biological processes underlying synovial inflammatory tissue of patients with osteoarthritis.

AIM: The aim of the study was to identify osteoarthritis (OA)-related biological markers and processes. METHODS: The gene expression profile GSE46750 including 12 normal and 12 inflammatory synovial membrane samples, as well as the DNA methylation profile GSE43269, including 18 normal samples and 23 OA samples, were used. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were screened. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis together with protein-protein interaction (PPI) and microRNA (miRNA) regulatory networks of DEGs or DMGs were performed. Integrated analysis of DEGs and DMGs was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 662 DEGs, including 419 up- and 243 down-regulated genes as well as 198 DMGs, including 115 hypomethylated and 83 hypermethylated genes, were screened. GO terms and pathways enriched by up-regulated DEGs were mainly related to immune and inflammatory response. Down-regulated DEGs were entirely enriched in the cell cycle. Genes such as CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) and MAD2L1 (MAD2 mitotic arrest deficient-like 1) were highlighted in PPI and the miRNA regulatory network. In addition, 14 overlapping genes between DEG and DMG lists, including CCL3L3 (chemokine C-C motif ligand 3) and IL-8 (interleukin 8) were obtained. Most of them were up-regulated and enriched in the immune and inflammatory response. CONCLUSION: Cell cycle and its related genes, including CDK1 and MAD2L1 (down-regulated), may contribute to the development of OA. Methylation, particularly hypomethylation of genes including IL-8 and CCL3L3 could make positive effects on OA progress. However, further studies are still needed to confirm our results.