Prevalence of Enteropathogens in Outpatients with Acute Diarrhea from Urban and Rural Areas, Southeast China, 2010-2014.

Acute diarrhea is an important public health issue. Here, we focused on the differences of enteropathogens in acute diarrhea between urban and rural areas in southeast China. Laboratory- and sentinel-based surveillance of acute diarrhea (≥ 3 loose or liquid stools/24 hours) was conducted at 16 hospitals. Fecal specimens were tested for bacterial (Aeromonas sp., Campylobacter sp., diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Plesiomonas shigelloides, non-typhoidal Salmonella, Shigella sp., Vibrio sp., and Yersinia sp.) and viral (adenovirus, astrovirus, Norovirus, Rotavirus, and Sapovirus) pathogens. Descriptive statistics were used. Between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, 4,548 outpatients with acute diarrhea were enrolled (urban, n = 3,220; rural, n = 1,328). Pathogens were identified in 2,074 (45.6%) patients. Norovirus (25.7%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10.2%), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (8.8%), group A Rotavirus (7.0%), and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (5.6%) were the most common pathogens. Enteropathogens were less common in urban than in rural areas (42.0% versus 54.4%, P < 0.001). In urban areas, EAEC and ETEC were more common in high-income than in middle-income regions. Interventions targeting the most common enteropathogens can substantially reduce the burden of acute diarrhea in southeast China.

[Expression and identification of mGITRL by Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system].

AIM: To express the mouse glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor ligand (GITRL) protein with Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system. METHODS: GITRL gene was obtained by double digestion using EcoR I and Sal I and cloned into the baculovirus transfer vector pFastBacHTA. Then the pFastBacHTA was transformed into competent 10BacTM E.coli cells. The transposition occurred between pFastBacHTA and bacmid and a recombinant bacmid was obtained. The positive clones were picked out and the recombinant bacmid was isolated, and then complete transfected into Tn cells for producing complete recombinant baculovirus. The baculoviral stock was amplified and the GITRL protein was expressed. RESULTS: The presence of GITRL gene containing the recombinant bacmid was verified by PCR and gene sequencing. The cytopathic effect (CPE) displayed in the transfected Tn cells assumed that the transfection was successful. Western blot analysis showed that the molecular weight of mGITRL protein was about 20 KD. CONCLUSION: The GITRL protein is expressed successfully with Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system, which may lay the foundation for further study on biological activity and function of GITRL protein.