RESUMEN
The contribution of the epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart, to cardiac regeneration has remained controversial due to a lack of suitable analytical tools. By combining genetic marker-independent lineage-tracing strategies with transcriptional profiling and loss-of-function methods, we report here that the epicardium of the highly regenerative salamander species Pleurodeles waltl has an intrinsic capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Following cryoinjury, CLDN6+ epicardium-derived cells appear at the lesion site, organize into honeycomb-like structures connected via focal tight junctions and undergo transcriptional reprogramming that results in concomitant differentiation into de novo cardiomyocytes. Ablation of CLDN6+ differentiation intermediates as well as disruption of their tight junctions impairs cardiac regeneration. Salamanders constitute the evolutionarily closest species to mammals with an extensive ability to regenerate heart muscle and our results highlight the epicardium and tight junctions as key targets in efforts to promote cardiac regeneration.
Asunto(s)
Uniones Estrechas , Urodelos , Animales , Mamíferos , Miocardio , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , Pericardio/patología , Pericardio/fisiología , Urodelos/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening disease, often leading to heart failure. Defining therapeutic targets at an early time point is important to prevent heart failure. METHODS: MicroRNA screening was performed at early time points after MI using paired samples isolated from the infarcted and remote myocardium of pigs. We also examined the microRNA expression in plasma of MI patients and pigs. For mechanistic studies, AAV9-mediated microRNA knockdown and overexpression were administrated in mice undergoing MI. FINDINGS: MicroRNAs let-7a and let-7f were significantly downregulated in the infarct area within 24â¯h post-MI in pigs. We also observed a reduction of let-7a and let-7f in plasma of MI patients and pigs. Inhibition of let-7 exacerbated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, induced a cardiac hypertrophic phenotype, and resulted in worsened left ventricular ejection fraction. In contrast, ectopic let-7 overexpression significantly reduced those phenotypes and improved heart function. We then identified TGFBR3 as a target of let-7, and found that induction of Tgfbr3 in cardiomyocytes caused apoptosis, likely through p38 MAPK activation. Finally, we showed that the plasma TGFBR3 level was elevated after MI in plasma of MI patients and pigs. INTERPRETATION: Together, we conclude that the let-7-Tgfbr3-p38 MAPK signalling plays an important role in cardiomyocyte apoptosis after MI. Furthermore, microRNA let-7 and Tgfbr3 may serve as therapeutic targets and biomarkers for myocardial damage. FUND: Ministry of Science and Technology, National Health Research Institutes, Academia Sinica Program for Translational Innovation of Biopharmaceutical Development-Technology Supporting Platform Axis, Thematic Research Program and the Summit Research Program, Taiwan.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , MicroARNs/genética , Infarto del Miocardio/genética , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismo , Proteoglicanos/metabolismo , Receptores de Factores de Crecimiento Transformadores beta/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Biomarcadores , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ecocardiografía , Terapia Genética/métodos , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico , Infarto del Miocardio/terapia , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Porcinos , Factores de Tiempo , Transducción Genética , Remodelación Ventricular/genética , Proteínas Quinasas p38 Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The impact of gut microbiota on the regulation of host physiology has recently garnered considerable attention, particularly in key areas such as the immune system and metabolism. These areas are also crucial for the pathophysiology of and repair after myocardial infarction (MI). However, the role of the gut microbiota in the context of MI remains to be fully elucidated. METHODS: To investigate the effects of gut microbiota on cardiac repair after MI, C57BL/6J mice were treated with antibiotics 7 days before MI to deplete mouse gut microbiota. Flow cytometry was applied to examine the changes in immune cell composition in the heart. 16S rDNA sequencing was conducted as a readout for changes in gut microbial composition. Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) species altered after antibiotic treatment were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Fecal reconstitution, transplantation of monocytes, or dietary SCFA or Lactobacillus probiotic supplementation was conducted to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of microbiota on the mice after MI. RESULTS: Antibiotic-treated mice displayed drastic, dose-dependent mortality after MI. We observed an association between the gut microbiota depletion and significant reductions in the proportion of myeloid cells and SCFAs, more specifically acetate, butyrate, and propionate. Infiltration of CX3CR1+ monocytes to the peri-infarct zone after MI was also reduced, suggesting impairment of repair after MI. Accordingly, the physiological status and survival of mice were significantly improved after fecal reconstitution, transplantation of monocytes, or dietary SCFA supplementation. MI was associated with a reorganization of the gut microbial community such as a reduction in Lactobacillus. Supplementing antibiotic-treated mice with a Lactobacillus probiotic before MI restored myeloid cell proportions, yielded cardioprotective effects, and shifted the balance of SCFAs toward propionate. CONCLUSIONS: Gut microbiota-derived SCFAs play an important role in maintaining host immune composition and repair capacity after MI. This suggests that manipulation of these elements may provide opportunities to modulate pathological outcome after MI and indeed human health and disease as a whole.
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Antibacterianos/toxicidad , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/inmunología , Infarto del Miocardio/microbiología , Miocardio/inmunología , Animales , Bacterias/inmunología , Bacterias/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Disbiosis , Ácidos Grasos/administración & dosificación , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Trasplante de Microbiota Fecal , Femenino , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Lactobacillus/inmunología , Lactobacillus/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Monocitos/trasplante , Infarto del Miocardio/inmunología , Infarto del Miocardio/metabolismo , Infarto del Miocardio/patología , Miocardio/metabolismo , Miocardio/patología , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Células RAW 264.7RESUMEN
Rationale: Lapatinib (LAP) is a crucial alternative to trastuzumab upon the onset of drug resistance during treatment of metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. Like trastuzumab, LAP is commonly used alongside anthracyclines as a combination therapy, due to enhanced anti-cancer efficacy. However, this is notably associated with cardiotoxicity so it is imperative to understand the mechanisms driving this cardiotoxicity and develop cardioprotective strategies. To this end, here we utilize human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs), which exhibit several characteristics representative of in vivo cardiomyocytes that make them breakthrough models to study drug toxicity. Methods: We investigated LAP- and doxorubicin (DOX)-induced toxicity in hPSC-CMs and evaluated the involvement of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS). The significance of iNOS-mediated cardiotoxicity was furthermore evaluated in animal studies. Results: LAP synergistically increased DOX toxicity in hPSC-CMs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. At concentrations that were otherwise non-apoptotic when administered separately, LAP significantly potentiated DOX-induced hPSC-CM apoptosis. This was accompanied by increased iNOS expression and pronounced production of NO. iNOS inhibition significantly reduced hPSC-CM sensitivity to LAP and DOX co-treatment (LAP-plus-DOX), leading to reduced apoptosis. Consistent with our observations in vitro, delivery of an iNOS inhibitor in mice treated with LAP-plus-DOX attenuated myocardial apoptosis and systolic dysfunction. Moreover, inhibition of iNOS did not compromise the anti-cancer potency of LAP-plus-DOX in a murine breast cancer xenograft model. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that iNOS inhibition is a promising cardioprotective strategy to accompany HER2-inhibitor/anthracycline combination therapies. Furthermore, these results support the promise of hPSC-CMs as a platform for investigating cardiotoxicity and developing cardioprotectants as a whole.
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Antineoplásicos/efectos adversos , Cardiotoxicidad , Doxorrubicina/efectos adversos , Lapatinib/efectos adversos , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Ratones , Modelos Biológicos , Miocardio/patología , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), characterized by their pluripotency and capacity for self-renewal, are driven by a complex gene expression program composed of several regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms collaborate to maintain the delicate balance of pluripotency gene expression and their disruption leads to loss of pluripotency. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of the key pillars of mESC pluripotency by elaborating on the various essential transcription factor networks and signaling pathways that directly or indirectly support this state. Furthermore, we consider the latest developments in the role of epigenetic regulation, such as noncoding RNA signaling or histone modifications.
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Epigénesis Genética , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Células Madre Embrionarias de Ratones/metabolismo , Activación Transcripcional , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Proliferación Celular , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Código de Histonas , Ratones , Células Madre Embrionarias de Ratones/citología , ARN no Traducido/genética , ARN no Traducido/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Human clinical trials of protein therapy for ischemic diseases have shown disappointing outcomes so far, mainly because of the poor circulatory half-life of growth factors in circulation and their low uptake and retention by the targeted injury site. The attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) extends the circulatory half-lives of protein drugs but reduces their extravasation and retention at the target site. To address this issue, we have developed a drug capture system using a mixture of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel and anti-PEG immunoglobulin M antibodies, which, when injected at a target body site, can capture and retain a variety of systemically injected PEGylated therapeutics at that site. Furthermore, repeated systemic injections permit "reloading" of the capture depot, allowing the use of complex multistage therapies. This study demonstrates this capture system in both murine and porcine models of critical limb ischemia. The results show that the reloadable HA/anti-PEG system has the potential to be clinically applied to patients with ischemic diseases, who require sequential administration of protein drugs for optimal outcomes.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Isquemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Vasculares/terapia , Animales , Complemento C3/química , Extremidades/patología , Humanos , Ácido Hialurónico/química , Hidrogeles/química , Inmunoglobulina M/química , Isquemia/patología , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Neovascularización Fisiológica , Polietilenglicoles/química , PorcinosRESUMEN
OPINION STATEMENT: Despite significant advances in the treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD), it remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Undoubtedly, methods for regenerating the injured human heart are urgently needed, and whilst exciting progress has been made from utilizing stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration, several major challenges still remain. In particular, one major safety issue is the occurrence of potentially life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias after cell therapy. Several drivers may be responsible for this, ranging from the potential inherent arrhythmogenicity of delivered stem cells to that of the underlying IHD. Therefore, it is imperative to thoroughly assess the risk-to-benefit ratio of such treatments prior to the clinical application. As such, despite the considerable progress made in stem cell therapy over the past decades, many obstacles still lie ahead.