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Ecosystem multifunctionality reflects the capacity of ecosystems to simultaneously maintain multiple functions which are essential bases for human sustainable development. Whereas viruses are a major component of the soil microbiome that drive ecosystem functions across biomes, the relationships between soil viral diversity and ecosystem multifunctionality remain under-studied. To address this critical knowledge gap, we employed a combination of amplicon and metagenomic sequencing to assess prokaryotic, fungal and viral diversity, and to link viruses to putative hosts. We described the features of viruses and their potential hosts in 154 soil samples from 29 farmlands and 25 forests distributed across China. Although 4,460 and 5,207 viral populations (vOTUs) were found in the farmlands and forests respectively, the diversity of specific vOTUs rather than overall soil viral diversity was positively correlated with ecosystem multifunctionality in both ecosystem types. Furthermore, the diversity of these keystone vOTUs, despite being 10-100 times lower than prokaryotic or fungal diversity, was a better predictor of ecosystem multifunctionality and more strongly associated with the relative abundances of prokaryotic genes related to soil nutrient cycling. Gemmatimonadota and Actinobacteria dominated the host community of soil keystone viruses in the farmlands and forests respectively, but were either absent or showed a significantly lower relative abundance in that of soil non-keystone viruses. These findings provide novel insights into the regulators of ecosystem multifunctionality and have important implications for the management of ecosystem functioning.
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The prevalence and clinical correlates of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bronchiectasis are not entirely clear. We aimed to profile the ARGs in sputum from adults with bronchiectasis, and explore the association with airway microbiome and disease severity and subtypes. In this longitudinal study, we prospectively collected 118 sputum samples from stable and exacerbation visits of 82 bronchiectasis patients and 19 healthy subjects. We profiled ARGs with shotgun metagenomic sequencing, and linked these to sputum microbiome and clinical characteristics, followed by validation in an international cohort. We compared ARG profiles in bronchiectasis according to disease severity, blood and sputum inflammatory subtypes. Unsupervised clustering revealed a Pseudomonas predominant subgroup (n = 16), Haemophilus predominant subgroup (n = 48), and balanced microbiome subgroup (N = 54). ARGs of multi-drug resistance were over-dominant in the Pseudomonas-predominant subgroup, while ARGs of beta-lactam resistance were most abundant in the Haemophilus-predominant subgroup. Pseudomonas-predominant subgroup yielded the highest ARG diversity and total abundance, while Haemophilus-predominant subgroup and balanced microbiota subgroup were lowest in ARG diversity and total abundance. PBP-1A, ksgA and emrB (multidrug) were most significantly enriched in Haemophilus-predominant subtype. ARGs generally correlated positively with Bronchiectasis Severity Index, fluoroquinolone use, and modified Reiff score. 68.6% of the ARG-clinical correlations could be validated in an independent international cohort. In conclusion, ARGs are differentially associated with the dominant microbiome and clinical characteristics in bronchiectasis.
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Bronquiectasia , Haemophilus , Adulto , Humanos , Pseudomonas , Estudios Longitudinales , Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico , Bronquiectasia/genética , Sistema Respiratorio , Antibacterianos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The applications of sulphate-reducing microorganisms (SRMs) in acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment systems have received extensive attention due to their ability to reduce sulphate and stabilize metal(loid)s. Despite great phylogenetic diversity of SRMs, only a few have been used in AMD treatment bioreactors. In situ enrichment could be an efficient approach to select new effective SRMs for AMD treatment. Here, we performed in situ enrichment of SRMs in highly stratified AMD sediment cores using different kinds of carbon source mixture. The dsrAB (dissimilatory sulfite reductase) genes affiliated with nine phyla (two archaeal and seven bacterial phyla) and 26 genera were enriched. Remarkably, those genes affiliated with Aciduliprofundum and Vulcanisaeta were enriched in situ in AMD-related environments for the first time, and their relative abundances were negatively correlated with pH. Furthermore, 107 dsrAB-containing metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered from metagenomic datasets, with 14 phyla (two archaeal and 12 bacterial phyla) and 15 genera. The relative abundances of MAGs were positively correlated with total carbon and sulphate contents. Our findings expanded the diversity of SRMs that can be enriched in AMD sediment, and revealed the physiochemical properties that might affect the growth of SRMs, which provided guidance for AMD treatment bioreators.
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Microbiota , Sulfatos , Filogenia , Bacterias/genética , Archaea , ÁcidosRESUMEN
Wastewater discharged from clinical isolation and general wards at two hospitals in Singapore was examined to determine the emerging trends of antibiotic resistance (AR). We quantified the concentrations of 12 antibiotic compounds by analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), the class 1 integrase gene (intI1), and 16 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that confer resistance to 10 different clinically relevant antibiotics. A subset of 119 antibiotic-resistant isolates were phylogenetically classified and tested for the presence of ARGs encoding resistance to ß-lactam antibiotics (blaNDM, blaKPC, blaSHV, blaCTX-M), amikacin [aac(6')-Ib], co-trimoxazole (sul1, sul2, dfrA), ciprofloxacin (qnrA, qnrB), and the intI1 gene. Among these resistant isolates, 80.7% were detected with intI1 and 66.4% were found to carry at least 1 of the tested ARGs. Among 3 sampled locations, the clinical isolation ward had the highest concentrations of ARB and the highest levels of ARGs linked to resistance to ß-lactam (blaKPC), co-trimoxazole (sul1, sul2, dfrA), amikacin [aac(6')-Ib], ciprofloxacin (qnrA), and intI1 We found strong positive correlations (P < 0.05) between concentrations of bacteria resistant to meropenem, ceftazidime, amikacin, co-trimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin and abundances of blaKPC, aac(6')-Ib, sul1, sul2, dfrA, qnrA, and intI1 genes.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Aguas Residuales/microbiología , Amicacina/farmacología , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía Liquida , Ciprofloxacina/farmacología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Hospitales , Humanos , Integrasas/genética , Integrasas/aislamiento & purificación , Singapur , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/farmacología , beta-Lactamasas/genética , beta-Lactamasas/aislamiento & purificación , beta-Lactamas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of the two clutches on recording the condylar movement. METHODOLOGY: Ten subjects (6 women, 4 men; mean age 25.4 years) participated in the study. The mandibular movement, sagittal condylar inclination angle, and transversal condylar inclination angle of each subject were recorded with the CADIAX using the two clutches, respectively. The characteristics of the tracings of the protrusion, opening, and mediotrusion were analyzed with the t-test statistics at a = 0.05 level. The Kappa values were calculated for an assessment of the congruence of the tracings. RESULTS: The results showed that the contour, direction, and dimension of the tracings in the two clutches were approximately same, but the tracings determined by the functional occlusal clutch were more regular and congruent. In the group segment recorded with the tray clutch, opening/closing paths of one subject showed crossed and time curves of three subjects appeared peak-like changes of velocity, but none were statistically different (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The research suggests that the functional occlusal clutch should be preferred in the evaluation of the mandibular function, as the tracings with the tray clutch are more likely to produce false positive results.
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Diagnóstico por Computador/instrumentación , Cóndilo Mandibular/fisiología , Articulación Temporomandibular/fisiología , Adulto , Oclusión Dental , Femenino , Humanos , Registro de la Relación Maxilomandibular/instrumentación , Masculino , MovimientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Non-coding RNA molecules, such as microRNAs, may play an important role in carcinogenesis. Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs are involved in initiation and progression of various malignancies. However, little work has been done to compare the microRNA expression patterns in oral cancer. In this study, we constructed an animal model of oral squamous cell carcinoma to investigate expression profiles of microRNAs in oral carcinogenesis. METHODS: The animal model of oral squamous cell carcinoma was conducted by tri-weekly (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) painting with 5% DMBA in acetone. Six Syrian hamsters, including three from the treated group and three from the control group, were used as a training group for microRNA microarray analysis. All microarray data were analyzed by Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) and CLUSTER 3.0 software, and this result was further confirmed by qRT-PCR assay. RESULTS: Seventeen microRNAs were differentially expressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Five microRNAs (hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-200b, hsa-miR-221, hsa-miR-338, and mmu-miR-762) were significantly upregulated and twelve microRNAs (hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-29a, hsa-miR-124a, hsa-miR-125b, mmu-miR-126-5p, hsa-miR-143, hsa-miR-145, hsa-miR-148b, hsa-miR-155, hsa-miR-199a, and hsa-miR-203) were down-regulated in cancer tissues. The expression levels of hsa-miR-21 and hsa-miR-16 seen with Stem-loop qRT-PCR were also seen in microarray analysis in all samples. CONCLUSION: Our findings identified specific microRNA expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and suggested that microRNAs have a role in oral carcinogenesis.
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9,10-Dimetil-1,2-benzantraceno/farmacología , Carcinógenos/farmacología , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/inducido químicamente , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , MicroARNs/genética , Neoplasias de la Boca/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias de la Boca/genética , Animales , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/patología , Cricetinae , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Neoplasias de la Boca/patologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of estrogen on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression in rat masseter muscle. METHODS: Sixty twelve-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: Sham surgery group (control group), ovariectomy group (OVX group), ovariectomy with estradiol valerate replacement treatment group (OVX/EV group). Half of the animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks respectively, then the masseter muscle was removed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was employed to study the HSP70 expression in masseter muscle. RESULTS: Compared to control group and OVX/EV group, the expression of HSP70 was significantly lower at 8 weeks in OVX group (P < 0.05). There were no significantly difference between the HSP70 expression of control group and that of OVX/EV group. CONCLUSION: Estrogen may affect HSP70 expression in rat masseter muscle, and estrogen replacement therapy may prevent HSP70 reduction.
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Estrógenos , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico , Animales , Estradiol/análogos & derivados , Femenino , Humanos , Músculo Masetero , Ovariectomía , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in dentinogenic ghost cell tumor (DGCT) and ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma (GCOC). METHODS: The expressions of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were examined in 15 DGCT cases and 9 GCOC cases by immunohistochemistry. Their mRNA expression in one DGCT case and one GCOC case were investigated by RT-PCT.MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein activities in the two cases were analyzed by gelatin zymography. RESULTS: MMP-9 and TIMP-1 expressions elevated greatly in GCOC, and there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in TIMP-1 expression between GCOC and DGCT.Pro-MMP-9, MMP-9 activated form, pro-MMP-2, and MMP-2 activated forms were detected in the GCOC case, while pro-MMP-9 and MMP-9 activated form were very faint in the DGCT case. The mRNA level of MMP-9 elevated obviously in the GCOC case, which was similar to that of TIMP-1. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 may influence the behaviour of GCOC.
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Dentina , Neoplasias Mandibulares/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasas de la Matriz/metabolismo , Tumores Odontogénicos/metabolismo , Inhibidores Tisulares de Metaloproteinasas/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Humanos , Neoplasias Mandibulares/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tumores Odontogénicos/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Objective To explore the correlations between monocyte immunodepression andthe levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen (Fg) in patients with severe acute stroke. MethodsThis prospective study involved 53 consecutive patients admitted in the neurological intensive care unit(NICU) within 24 h after stroke onset. Blood samples were collected serially on days 1, 2, 4, 6 and 14after stroke to determine monocytic HLA-DR expression using flow cytometry. CRP and Fg weredetected on day 2 after the admission, and Graph_Pad PRISM 4.0 software was used to analyze thecorrelations among the variables. Thirty-nine concurrent patients admitted in the general ward, whocomplained dizziness without magnetic resonance imaging evidence of acute stroke, were enrolled toserve as the control group. Results The levels of CRP and Fg in the stroke group were significantlyhigher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The CRP and Fg levels were both found to inverselycorrelate to monocytic HLA-DR expression at different observational points. The correlations of CRP andFg to HLA-DR expression were the most obvious on day 2 and 4 after admission (r=-0.419, P=0.001;r=-0.434, P=0.001), respectively. Conclusion Immunosuppression of the monocytes in patients withsevere acute stroke is probably associated with the inflammatory reaction after stroke.
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OBJECTIVE: To localize the gene (s) responsible for autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta in a Chinese family. METHODS: A Chinese family which was diagnosed as autosomal dominant hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta (AD) was studied. Venous blood from nineteen family members was collected and genomic DNA was extracted from the blood. Eight short tandem repeats (STRs) spanning five hereditary AI candidate genes were selected and linkage analysis between the genetic markers and the disease loci was performed. RESULTS: Genotype of the eight STRs were acquired, the linkage analysis result can not support that the gene for AI pedigrees was linked to ENAM, AMBN, TUF1, KLK4 or MMP-20. CONCLUSION: The results can not support all proposed candidate gene regions as causal for autosomal dominant hypocalcified AI in this family. These linkage findings provide further evidence for genetic heterogeneity among families with autosomal dominant AI and indicate that, at least, some forms of autosomal dominant AI are not caused by a gene in the five most commonly reported AI candidate genes.
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Amelogénesis Imperfecta , Proteínas del Esmalte Dental , Genotipo , Humanos , LinajeRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of 17beta-estradiol on the intracellular calcium of masticatory muscles myoblast. METHODS: Myoblasts from maxillofacial skeletal muscle of one week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured. Fluo-4-AM as the Ca2+ indicator and the laser confocal microscope system were used to observe the effects of estrogen on the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in the normal pH condition and the acid condition (pH = 6.7). RESULTS: In the normal pH condition, when 17beta-estradiol (10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) mol/L) were added to cells cytoplasmic Ca2+ immediately increased then decreased right away, and in the end came into a new Ca2+ homeostasis in the base line. In the acid condition, 17beta-estradiol (10(-9), 10(-8), 10(-7) mol/L) made the cytoplasmic Ca2+ decreased immediately then came into a new Ca2+ homeostasis under the base line. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that estrogen may maintain the skeletal cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in a lower level and reduce the cytoplasmic Ca2+ accumulation to keep the normal functions of masticatory muscles myoblast.
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Calcio , Estradiol , Compuestos de Anilina , Animales , Femenino , Técnicas In Vitro , Músculos Masticadores , Mioblastos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , XantenosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulatory mechanism of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes of condyle in fetal mouse. METHODS: Chondrocytes of condyle in fetal mouse were separated and cultured in vitro, the influence of PTHrP on proliferation and differentiation was observed. RESULTS: After two weeks' culture in 0.01 nmol/L, 0.1 nmol/L, 1 nmol/L, 10 nmol/L human PTHrP, there was significant difference in the number of cartilage nodule formed between experiment group and control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in 0.01 nmol/L group (P>0.05). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly intensified in experiment group and control group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, it was found that this function of promotion was lessened after anti-PTHR antibody used. CONCLUSION: It can be seen that PTHrP, via its receptor, can promote proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes of condyle, which resemble its modulation mechanism in epiphyseal growth plate cartilage intramembrane in mandibule.
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Condrocitos , Proteína Relacionada con la Hormona Paratiroidea , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Placa de Crecimiento , Humanos , RatonesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To measure the permeability of human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc and cartilage to provide basic parameter for oral biomechanics and tissue engineering, and analyze its mechanisms of pathology and load-release. METHODS: Confined compression method was used to measure the permeability (k value) of four cadavers' TMJs, which were sampled into three parts: disc, condyle and glenoid fossa with different diameters (2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm). All 128 samples were tested with correspond diameter indenter. RESULTS: Larger the sample diameter was, higher the k value became. The highest k value appeared in the disc while the lowest appeared in glenoid fossa. CONCLUSION: In normal condition, TMJ can suffer huge load by decreasing its permeability. Disc is weakest for the higher permeability, it's easy-damaged region is an initiated factor of TMJ disease.
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Cartílago , Disco de la Articulación Temporomandibular , Humanos , Permeabilidad , Ingeniería de TejidosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a model of temporomandibular disorders established by transzygomatic arch traction of the mandibular ramus in rabbits. METHODS: Fifteen adult New Zealand rabbits were subjected to traction in the postero-superior direction unilaterally using elastic force and six rabbits used as the control. Histopathologic change of the disc, joint space and cartilage was observed through Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. RESULTS: Anterior disc displacement or disc deformity in four experimental rabbits was observed on the traction side 2 weeks after operation. At 4 weeks, fibrous adhesions in joint compartment were found in five experimental rabbits. The condyles or articular eminences of some experimental rabbits showed irregularities on the cartilage surface. In the 6 th week, bad disc deformity in four rabbits and severe fibrous adhesions in five rabbits was observed on the traction side, and subchondralbone and calcified cartilage became irregular. In control group, All articular structures were normal. CONCLUSIONS: A animal model of temporomandibular disorders can be established by transzygomatic arch traction of the mandible.
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Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Mandíbula/patología , Trastornos de la Articulación Temporomandibular , Animales , Conejos , Tracción , CigomaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the positional changes of condyle and mandible in children treated successfully with Fränkel function regulator. METHODS: 30 Angle's class II patients including 15 boys and 15 girls treated with Fränkel function regulator were selected. Superimposition of the pretreatment and posttreatment lateral cephalograms of all the patients was done on the stable bone structure of the anterior cranial base and mandible. Cartesian coordinate system was used to measure the positional changes of condyle and mandible over time by computer. RESULTS: There was significant inferior displacement of condyle, gonion and pogonion after treatment with reference to stable bone structure of anterior cranial base. Anterior displacement of pogonion in boys was also significant. There was significantly superior and posterior displacement of condyle and posterior displacement of gonion after treatment with reference to stable bone structure of mandible. CONCLUSION: Fränkel function regulator can stimulate condylar growth and do favor to mandibular remolding.
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Maloclusión Clase II de Angle/terapia , Aparatos Ortodóncicos Funcionales , Aparatos Activadores , Cefalometría , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of collagen I, II , X, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and their roles during initiation of condylar cartilage of the fetal mouse. METHODS: Coronary sections of mandible of mouse embryo aged from 14th to 18th day were studied under light microscope after stained by immunohistochemical method with antibody of types I, II, X collagen and ALP. RESULTS: On the 14th day of mouse embryo, it was found that mesenchymal cells condensation continuous with the periosteum. Type I collagen and ALP were positive behind the terminal of the ossifying mandibular periosteum where future condylar will form. On the 15th day, positive staining for types I, II collagen was found in mesenchymal cells around hypertrophic cells and type X collagen was detected in hypertrophic cells. ALP was positive in both mesenchymal cells and hypertrophic cells. On the 16th day, type I collagen was observed from periosteal osteogenic cells and mesenchymal cells of the fibrous cell layer to the upper hypertrophic cell layer while Type II collagen was restricted from the lower polymorphic cell layer to the bottom of the hypertropic cell layer. Type X collagen was positive in the hypertrophic cell layer. ALP was positive in periosteal osteogenic cells and hypertrophic chondral cells, but not in the polymorphic cell layer. CONCLUSION: Development of condylar cartilage is different from that of limb bone. Types I, II, X collagen are expressed in the condylar chondrocyte on the early stage of endochondral ossification. The histology evidence supports the conjecture that condylar cartilage is derived from differentiated mesenchymal cells of the preperiosteum or periosteum of the mandible where ALP is positively expressed.
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Fosfatasa Alcalina , Cartílago , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Condrocitos , Colágeno , Colágeno Tipo I , Mandíbula , Cóndilo Mandibular , Ratones , OsteogénesisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between neck lymph node metastasis and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression at the invasive tumor front of oral squamous cell carcinomas(OSCC). METHODS: Immunohistochemistry LsAB technique was used to observe the expression of MMP-2 at the invasive tumor front and center of OSCC, and the correlation between the expression of MMP-2 in OSCC and neck lymph node metastasis were respectively analyzed by statistics. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that MMP-2 existed in all 71 cases, which the expression of MMP-2 at the OSCC front was more significant than that of MMP-2 at the OSCC center (P < 0.01), and related to neck lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of MMP-2 at the OSCC front could be considered as an index of judging the present of neck lymph node metastasis of OSCC.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundario , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/biosíntesis , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/enzimología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Metástasis Linfática , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias de la Boca/enzimología , Invasividad NeoplásicaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the presence of HPV infection of oral mucosa proliferative lesions in children and determine the associations of HPV types with oral mucosa lesions in children. METHODS: Immunohistochemical method and in situ hybridization techniques were applied to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in biopsies taken from clinical lesions in oral mucosa of 30 children. RESULTS: The most frequent lesions detected were SCP (66.7%), followed by CA and FEH. The HPV viral antigen was present in 73.3% (22/30) of the oral benign epithelial proliferative lesions in children. A high frequency HPV was found in CA (6/6) and SCP (15/20) by means of IHC. In the ISH positive case, high risk HPV 16/18 was observed in 77.3% (17/22). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a high prevalence of HPV infection in children's oral mucosa proliferative lesions, and high-risk HPV16/18 are predominant in children's oral mucosa proliferative lesions.
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Hiperplasia Epitelial Focal/virología , Papillomaviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Condiloma Acuminado/virología , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Lactante , Masculino , Mucosa Bucal/virología , Papiloma/virologíaRESUMEN
A practical system of B-ultrasonic is here introduced. By a special medical video card, the video image is digitized and captured dynamically or statically into computer. This system realizes a variety of functions such as the B-ultrasonic video image's acquisition and display, as well as the editing, processing, managing, storage, printing, It can build the database of patient's case history automatically. Together with other medical image workstation the system can be built as a PACS system of the hospital. And it can also act as an independent system.