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Overall rates of opioid use are low in adolescents; however, recent increases in mortality from overdose in adolescents have outpaced increases in the general population. This article highlights the importance of expanding evidence-based treatment for adolescent opioid use, especially medication, while also addressing key ethical considerations of harm reduction practices and how application of such practices with adolescents may differ from adults. Concepts related to adolescent populations are discussed, including autonomy, confidentiality, and brain development. Application of harm reduction practices should be age appropriate, express respect for patients' autonomy, include social support, and be accompanied by broader aims to minimize adolescent initiation, escalation, and overall harm caused by opioid use.
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Reducción del Daño , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides , Autonomía Personal , Humanos , Reducción del Daño/ética , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/prevención & control , Confidencialidad/ética , Apoyo Social , Factores de Edad , Analgésicos Opioides/efectos adversos , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapéutico , Sobredosis de Droga/prevención & control , EncéfaloRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Measurement-based care in behavioral health uses patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to screen for mental health symptoms and substance use and to assess symptom change over time. While PROMs are increasingly being integrated into electronic health record systems and administered electronically, paper-based PROMs continue to be used. It is unclear if it is feasible to administer a PROM on paper when the PROM was initially developed for electronic administration. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the feasibility of patient self-administration of a 2-part substance use screener-the Tobacco, Alcohol, Prescription medications, and other Substances (TAPS)-on paper. This screener was originally developed for electronic administration. It begins with a limited number of questions and branches to either skip or reflex to additional questions based on an individual's responses. In this study, the TAPS was adapted for paper use due to barriers to electronic administration within an urgent care behavioral health clinic at an urban health safety net hospital. METHODS: From August 2021 to March 2022, research staff collected deidentified paper TAPS responses and tracked TAPS completion rates and adherence to questionnaire instructions. A retrospective chart review was subsequently conducted to obtain demographic information for the patients who presented to the clinic between August 2021 and March 2022. Since the initial information collected from TAPS responses was deidentified, demographic information was not linked to the individual TAPS screeners that were tracked by research staff. RESULTS: A total of 507 new patients were seen in the clinic with a mean age of 38.7 (SD 16.6) years. In all, 258 (50.9%) patients were male. They were predominantly Black (n=212, 41.8%), White (n=152, 30%), and non-Hispanic or non-Latino (n=403, 79.5%). Most of the patients were publicly insured (n=411, 81.1%). Among these 507 patients, 313 (61.7%) completed the TAPS screener. Of these 313 patients, 76 (24.3%) adhered to the instructions and 237 (75.7%) did not follow the instructions correctly. Of the 237 respondents who did not follow the instructions correctly, 166 (70%) answered more questions and 71 (30%) answered fewer questions than required in TAPS part 2. Among the 237 patients who did not adhere to questionnaire instructions, 44 (18.6%) responded in a way that contradicted their response in part 1 of the screener and ultimately affected their overall TAPS score. CONCLUSIONS: It was challenging for patients to adhere to questionnaire instructions when completing a substance use screener on paper that was originally developed for electronic use. When selecting PROMs for measurement-based care, it is important to consider the structure of the questionnaire and how the PROM will be administered to determine if additional support for PROM self-administration needs to be implemented.
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BACKGROUND: Post-overdose outreach programs engage overdose survivors and their families soon after an overdose event. Staff implementing these programs are routinely exposed to others' trauma, which makes them vulnerable to secondary traumatic stress (STS) and compassion fatigue. The purpose of this study was to explore experiences of STS and associated upstream and downstream risk and protective factors among program staff. METHODS: We conducted a post-hoc analysis of semi-structured interviews with post-overdose outreach program staff in Massachusetts. Transcripts were analyzed using a multi-step hybrid inductive-deductive approach to explore approaches and responses to outreach work, factors that might give rise to STS, and compassion fatigue resilience. Findings were organized according to the three main constructs within Ludick and Figley's compassion fatigue resilience model (empathy, secondary traumatic stress, and compassion fatigue resilience). RESULTS: Thirty-eight interviews were conducted with staff from 11 post-overdose outreach programs in Massachusetts. Within the empathy construct, concern for others' well-being emerged as a motivator to engage in post-overdose outreach work - with staff trying to understand others' perspectives and using this connection to deliver respectful and compassionate services. Within the secondary traumatic stress construct, interviewees described regular and repeated exposure to others' trauma - made more difficult when exposures overlapped with staff members' personal social spheres. Within the compassion fatigue resilience construct, interviewees described the presence and absence of self-care practices and routines, social supports, and workplace supports. Job satisfaction and emotional detachment from work experiences also arose as potential protective factors. Interviewees reported inconsistent presence and utilization of formal support for STS and compassion fatigue within their post-overdose outreach teams. CONCLUSION: Post-overdose outreach program staff may experience secondary traumatic stress and may develop compassion fatigue, particularly in the absence of resilience and coping strategies and support. Compassion fatigue resilience approaches for post-overdose outreach staff warrant further development and study.
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Desgaste por Empatía , Sobredosis de Droga , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital , Resiliencia Psicológica , Humanos , Desgaste por Empatía/psicología , Personal de Enfermería en Hospital/psicología , Empatía , Massachusetts , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
Measurement based care (MBC), a practice that uses patient reported outcome measures (PROMs), is not widely used in behavioral health settings and little is known about the patient experience with MBC in safety-net settings. This study aimed to understand patient experiences completing PROMs on paper when presenting to an outpatient, behavioral health setting within a public safety-net hospital. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 participants in English and Spanish. Participants were 42 years old (SD = 12.7), mostly white (36.4%) and Black (31.8%). Thematic analysis was used to analyze findings. Overall, participants were engaged with PROMs and described them as helpful for themselves and their clinicians. Participants also expressed themes focused on PROMs user-friendliness, including formatting, time to complete measures, and participant characteristics such as attention and literacy. These findings are important to consider to ensure equitable access to MBC when implemented in behavioral health in the health safety-net setting.
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Medición de Resultados Informados por el Paciente , Proveedores de Redes de Seguridad , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Entrevistas como Asunto , Investigación Cualitativa , Satisfacción del PacienteRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Despite the benefits of measurement-based care (MBC) in the behavioral health setting, there have been difficulties in implementation and low saturation. Although barriers and facilitators to MBC implementation have been identified, research has generally only included the perspective of one stakeholder group. The current study aims to examine the similarities and differences-by stakeholder group-in the identified barriers to and facilitators of implementing MBC in the behavioral health setting. METHOD: A purposeful sampling approach was used to recruit and conduct interviews and focus groups with stakeholders (clinicians, clinic leaders, and administrative staff) from four behavioral health clinics at an academic medical center that is part of a larger healthcare system. The data coding process included a directed content analytic approach whereby the coding team used an iterative process to analyze deidentified transcripts starting with a codebook based on the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) constructs. RESULTS: A total of 31 clinicians, 11 clinic leaders, and 8 administrative staff participated in the interviews and focus groups. There was convergence among all stakeholder regarding which CFIR constructs were identified as barriers and facilitators, but there were differences in the specific thematic factors identified by stakeholders as barriers and facilitators within each of these implementation constructs. The barriers and facilitators that stakeholders identified within each CFIR construct were often connected to their specific role in implementing MBC. CONCLUSION: Collecting information on barriers and facilitators to MBC implementation from the multiple stakeholders involved in the process may enhance successful implementation of MBC given the variation between groups in identified thematic factors. Administrative staff perspectives, which have not been reported in the literature, may be of particular importance in planning for successful MBC implementation.
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Atención a la Salud , Humanos , Investigación Cualitativa , Grupos FocalesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Residential is a common treatment setting for youth with high-severity substance use disorders (SUD). This study evaluated the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms and medication for youth in residential SUD treatment. METHODS: Youth in Massachusetts state licensed and funded SUD residential programs completed questionnaires assessing demographics, primary substance of use, and psychopathology symptoms (Youth Self Report [YSR]/Adult Self Report [ASR]). De-identified medication lists were provided by the programs. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the sample. RESULTS: Among the 47 youth who participated, 51.1% were male, 72.3% white, 83% non-Hispanic, mean age 20.7 years. Opioids were the most common primary substance identified by youth (51.1%), and 75% had at least one clinically elevated subscale on the YSR/ASR. Most youth were prescribed at least one medication (89.4%) with a mean of 2.9 medications. CONCLUSION: Youth in SUD residential treatment frequently have clinically elevated psychiatric symptoms, and psychotropic medication was commonly prescribed.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Femenino , Tratamiento Domiciliario , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Psicopatología , Massachusetts/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess nationwide trends in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses and pharmacotherapy among patients with opioid use disorder and ADHD and to examine factors predicting receipt of stimulant medications among patients receiving medications for opioid use disorder (MOUDs). METHODS: A claims-based database of commercially insured patients ages 13-64 was used to conduct two analyses: an annual cross-sectional study of 387,980 patients diagnosed as having opioid use disorder (2007-2017) to estimate the prevalence of ADHD diagnoses and pharmacotherapy, and a retrospective cohort study of 158,591 patients receiving MOUDs to test, with multivariable regression, the association between patient characteristics and receipt of stimulant medication. RESULTS: From 2007 to 2017, the prevalence of ADHD diagnoses increased from 4.6% to 15.1% and the rate of ADHD pharmacotherapy increased from 42.6% to 51.8% among patients with opioid use disorder. Among all patients receiving MOUDs, 10.5% received at least one prescription stimulant during the study period. Female sex; residence in the southern United States; and ADHD, mood, and anxiety disorder diagnoses were associated with increased likelihood of stimulant receipt. Stimulant use disorder and other substance use disorder diagnoses were associated with decreased likelihood of stimulant receipt. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD diagnoses and pharmacotherapy among patients with opioid use disorder have increased. A minority of patients with ADHD and taking MOUDs received a stimulant. Further study is needed of the benefits and risks of ADHD pharmacotherapy for patients with opioid use disorder.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides , Adulto , Humanos , Femenino , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/diagnóstico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Estimulantes del Sistema Nervioso Central/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios Transversales , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/tratamiento farmacológico , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
GOALS: We described the demographics, inpatient utilization, and cost of services among patients hospitalized for putative cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) predating and postdating cannabis legalization in Massachusetts. BACKGROUND: As the recreational use of cannabis has been widely legalized nationally, the resulting shifts in clinical presentation, health care utilization, and estimated costs of CHS hospitalizations remain unclear in the postlegalization era. STUDY: We performed a retrospective cohort study among patients admitted to a large urban hospital between 2012 and 2021, before and after the date of cannabis legalization in Massachusetts (Dec 15, 2016). We examined the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted for putative CHS, the utilization of hospital services, and estimated inpatient costs pre and postlegalization. RESULTS: We identified a significant increase in putative CHS hospitalizations pre and post-cannabis legalization in Massachusetts (0.1% vs 0.02% of total admissions per time period, P < 0.05). Across 72 CHS hospitalizations, patient demographics were similar pre and postlegalization. Hospital resource utilization increased postlegalization, with increased length of stay (3 d vs 1 d, P < 0.005), and need for antiemetics ( P < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression confirmed that postlegalization admissions were independently associated with increased length of stay ( Β = 5.35, P < 0.05). The mean cost of hospitalization was significantly higher postlegalization ($18,714 vs $7460, P < 0.0005), even after adjusting for medical inflation ($18,714 vs $8520, P < 0.001) with intravenous fluid administration and endoscopy costs increased ( P < 0.05). On multivariate linear regression, hospitalization for putative CHS during postlegalization predicted increased costs ( Β = 10,131.25, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the postlegalization era of cannabis in Massachusetts, we found increased putative CHS hospitalizations, with a concomitant increased length of hospital stay and total cost per hospitalization. As cannabis use increases, the recognition and costs of its deleterious effects are necessary to incorporate into future clinical practice strategies and health policy.
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Síndrome de Hiperemesis Cannabinoide , Cannabis , Humanos , Cannabis/efectos adversos , Pacientes Internos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Hospitalización , Massachusetts/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Background: One mechanism to examine if major depressive disorder (MDD) is related to the development of substance use disorder (SUD) is by leveraging naturalistic data available in the electronic health record (EHR). Rules for data extraction and variable construction linked to psychometrics validating their use are needed to extract data accurately. Objective: We propose and validate a methodologic framework for using EHR variables to identify patients with MDD and non-nicotine SUD. Methods: Proxy diagnoses and index dates of MDD and/or SUD were established using billing codes, problem lists, patient-reported outcome measures, and prescriptions. Manual chart reviews were conducted for the 1-year period surrounding each index date to determine (1) if proxy diagnoses were supported by chart notes and (2) if the index dates accurately captured disorder onset. Results: The results demonstrated 100% positive predictive value for proxy diagnoses of MDD. The proxy diagnoses for SUD exhibited strong agreement (Cohen's kappa of 0.84) compared to manual chart review and 92% sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value. Sixteen percent of patients showed inaccurate SUD index dates generated by EHR extraction with discrepancies of over 6 months compared to SUD onset identified through chart review. Conclusions: Our methodology was very effective in identifying patients with MDD with or without SUD and moderately effective in identifying SUD onset date. These findings support the use of EHR data to make proxy diagnoses of MDD with or without SUD.
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Current literature lacks clear examples of how to engage with communities in the development of opioid misuse interventions for diverse populations and across various settings. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Helping to End Addiction Long-term® Initiative (HEAL) Prevention Cooperative (HPC) research projects work collaboratively with communities to develop and adapt their opioid misuse interventions to increase both feasibility and sustainability. Ten HPC projects were selected to receive NIH funding and are required to have partnerships with communities where their intervention is being conducted. This paper applies the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-adapted Public Participation Framework to examine the levels of community engagement used by each of these 10 HPC projects (Clinical and Translational Science Awards Consortium Community Engagement Key Function Committee Task Force on the Principles of Community Engagement, 2015). Using this framework, this paper illustrates the range of community engagement approaches and levels that the HPC projects rely on to develop, adapt, and adopt opioid prevention interventions across diverse populations and settings. This paper also lays a foundation for future examinations of the role of community engagement in intervention implementation and effectiveness and the level of community engagement that is necessary to improve intervention effectiveness.
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Conducta Adictiva , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides , Humanos , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/prevención & control , Analgésicos Opioides , Participación de la ComunidadRESUMEN
We aim to review the association between childhood-onset mental health conditions and increased risk for early substance use including opioid misuse and opioid use disorders (OUD). The association between mental health conditions and opioid misuse suggests youth with mental health conditions may benefit from opioid prevention efforts that concurrently address mental health. To aid in the identification of youth with mental health conditions who could benefit from interventions, we will review opportunities and challenges associated with screening for mental health symptoms or substance use in settings where youth at high risk for mental health conditions present. We will also review how research projects within the National Institutes of Health's Helping to End Addiction Long-term (HEAL) Prevention Cooperative are addressing mental health within opioid misuse and OUD prevention interventions for youth.
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Conducta Adictiva , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides , Adolescente , Humanos , Niño , Salud Mental , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/prevención & control , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Opioides/etiología , Analgésicos OpioidesRESUMEN
Research highlights the increasing overlap of autism spectrum disorder and substance use disorders in young people. However, no behavioral treatments exist addressing this comorbidity despite great need. A team of clinicians developed an integrated behavioral protocol addressing substance use in youth with autism spectrum disorder. The multidisciplinary team developed 12 youth, 7 parent, and 3 joint modules based on established evidence-based therapies shown to have effectiveness separately addressing autism spectrum and substance use. Two cases are discussed to illuminate this integrated intervention. Adaptations to the protocol were made during feedback from patients and their parents. Further research is needed to determine the effectiveness of this preliminary protocol.
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INTRODUCTION: A record number of drug overdose (OD) deaths occurred in the United States in 2021. We know little regarding the impact of patient drug OD deaths on providers within health care settings. The aim of this study was to assess provider preparedness and experience with patient drug OD death. METHODS: The study distributed an email invitation to individuals in the Provider Clinical Support System database in December 2020 to complete an anonymous web-based survey. We used multiple choice questions to assess provider demographics, preparedness to cope with patient OD death, and experience with patient OD death. The study evaluated stress associated with patient OD death using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. We summarized responses using descriptive statistics. Associations between high stress after patient OD death and the impact of the death on clinical practice and the helpfulness of individuals and processes were assessed using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact tests. RESULTS: Among the 12,204 individuals who read the email invitation, 1064 opened the survey link, and 523 completed the survey. Participants were predominantly physicians (40.2 %) and counselors (25 %), 70 % female, 78.4 % white, with a mean age of 52 years. Among the participants 26.4 % felt at least very well prepared to cope with an OD death, and 27.7 % felt at least very well prepared to support a colleague with a patient OD death. Most respondents (55.1 %) had a history of a patient OD death. Many patient OD deaths were not discussed by providers with other colleagues, but when providers did discuss these deaths providers identified colleagues as being very helpful. Compared to providers with low stress after patient OD death, those with high levels of stress were more likely to refer patients to a higher level of care (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Many providers did not feel prepared themselves to cope with a patient OD death or support a colleague following this type of event. Patient OD deaths were a common experience, and providers did not frequently discuss their patient's deaths with others. A patient OD death can change clinical decision-making for providers experiencing high levels of stress related to the OD death.
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Sobredosis de Droga , Médicos , Humanos , Femenino , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Sobredosis de Droga/epidemiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Conduct Disorder (CD) is highly comorbid with Bipolar Disorder (BP) and this comorbidity is associated with high morbidity and dysfunction. We sought to better understand the clinical characteristics and familiality of comorbid BP + CD by examining children with BP with and without co-morbid CD. METHODS: 357 subjects with BP were derived from two independent datasets of youth with and without BP. All subjects were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and neuropsychological testing. We stratified the sample of subjects with BP by the presence or absence of CD and compared the two groups on measures of psychopathology, school functioning, and neurocognitive functioning. First-degree relatives of subjects with BP +/- CD were compared on rates of psychopathology in relatives. RESULTS: Subjects with BP + CD compared to BP without CD had significantly more impaired scores on the CBCL Aggressive Behavior (p < 0.001), Attention Problems (p = 0.002), Rule-Breaking Behavior (p < 0.001), Social Problems (p < 0.001), Withdrawn/Depressed clinical scales (p = 0.005), the Externalizing Problems (p < 0.001), and Total Problems composite scales(p < 0.001). Subjects with BP + CD had significantly higher rates of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (p = 0.002), any SUD (p < 0.001), and cigarette smoking (p = 0.001). First-degree relatives of subjects with BP + CD had significantly higher rates of CD/ODD/ASPD and cigarette smoking compared to first-degree relatives of subjects without CD. LIMITATIONS: The generalization of our findings was limited due to a largely homogeneous sample and no CD only comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: Given the deleterious outcomes associated with comorbid BP + CD, further efforts in identification and treatment are necessary.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Trastorno Bipolar , Trastorno de la Conducta , Niño , Humanos , Adolescente , Trastorno de la Conducta/epidemiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Trastorno Bipolar/psicología , Déficit de la Atención y Trastornos de Conducta Disruptiva/epidemiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/epidemiología , Agresión/psicología , Comorbilidad , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Despite the frequent comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) and psychiatric disorders, it remains unclear if screening for substance use in behavioral health clinics is a common practice. The aim of this review is to examine what is known about systematic screening for substance use in outpatient behavioral health clinics. METHODS: We conducted a PRISMA-based systematic literature search assessing substance use screening in outpatient adult and pediatric behavioral health settings in PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO. Quantitative studies published in English before May 22, 2020 that reported the percentage of patients who completed screening were included. RESULTS: Only eight articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Reported prevalence of screening ranged from 48 to 100%, with half of the studies successfully screening more than 75% of their patient population. There were limited data on patient demographics for individuals who were and were not screened (e.g., gender, race) and screening practices (e.g., electronic versus paper/pencil administration). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review suggest that successful screening for substance use in behavioral health settings is possible, yet it remains unclear how frequently screening occurs. Given the high rates of comorbid SUD and psychopathology, future research is necessary regarding patient and clinic-level variables that may impact the successful implementation of substance use screening. Trial registry A methodological protocol was registered with the PROSPERO systematic review protocol registry (ID: CRD42020188645).
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Pacientes Ambulatorios , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adulto , Humanos , Niño , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , ComorbilidadRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk for developing a substance use disorder (SUD, alcohol or drug abuse or dependence) in individuals with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Subjects with high-functioning ASD were derived from consecutive referrals to a specialized ambulatory program for ASD at a major academic center from 2007 to 2016. Age-matched controls and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comparison subjects were derived from three independent studies of children and adults with and without ADHD using identical assessment methodology. Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the prevalence of SUD (alcohol or drug use disorder). Age of onset of SUD was analyzed with linear regression models. Our sample included 230 controls, 219 subjects with ADHD, and 230 subjects with ASD. The mean age for the ASD subjects was 20.0 ± 10.3 years. Among ASD subjects, 69% had a lifetime prevalence of ADHD, and the ASD subjects had significantly higher rates of other psychiatric psychopathology compared to ADHD and control subjects (p < 0.001) ASD subjects were at significantly decreased risk for developing a SUD compared to ADHD (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.22, p < 0.001) and control subjects (HR = 0.62, p = 0.04). The age of onset of a SUD was significantly older in ASD subjects, mean age 21.7 years, when compared to ADHD and control subjects (both p < 0.005). Individuals with ASD are at decreased risk to develop a SUD, and when they do, the onset is significantly later than ADHD and controls.
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Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad , Trastorno del Espectro Autista , Trastorno Autístico , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Adulto , Niño , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/psicología , Psicopatología , ComorbilidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: While prior research suggests that individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) are generally more difficult to engage in research, little is known about the research engagement of adolescents and young adults (AYA) in SUD treatment as it compares to peers seen in general behavioral health settings. This study aimed to systematically compare engagement in virtual research recruitment between AYA in SUD treatment and AYA in behavioral health (BH) treatment. METHODS: Study staff contacted patients ages 16-30 at three outpatient clinics to recruit them for a naturalistic longitudinal online study. Staff documented whether patients answered the phone, expressed interest in the study, answered questions regarding eligibility, and enrolled in the study. RESULTS: Overall, 18% (n = 117) of those contacted by phone enrolled in the study. The rate of AYA reached did not significantly differ between those in SUD treatment (51%) and those in BH treatment (55%). Among those who were reached, those in SUD and BH treatment did not significantly differ (all p > 0.05) in rates of being interested in the study (SUD: 58%; BH: 49%), completing the phone screen (SUD: 46%; BH: 41%) or enrolling in the study (SUD: 33%; BH: 35%). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we found that engaging AYA in SUD treatment in virtual naturalistic longitudinal research was no more difficult than engaging AYA seen in general behavioral health settings. Future research should examine generalizability of engagement in naturalistic research to other study designs and explore the continuity of this effect into study retention and completion.
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Psiquiatría , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Estudios Longitudinales , Terapia Conductista , Atención a la SaludRESUMEN
Objective: Trait anger has been shown to be predictive of emotion-focused coping and alcohol use. Yet, the connection between cannabis use and trait anger remains poorly characterized. The present study sought to investigate the relationship between cannabis use and self-reported trait anger in youth seeking substance use treatment. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on youth (n=168) aged 14-26 presenting for an initial evaluation at an outpatient substance use treatment program. Patients self-reported trait anger score (TAS) and lifetime, recent, and Diagnostic and Statistics Manual-5th Edition diagnostic status of cannabis use were assessed. Clinician-coded psychiatric and substance use patterns were collected, along with urine carboxy delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration levels. Additional measures of anxiety, depression, and demographic variables were assessed. Results: Higher self-reported TAS were associated with cannabis use, cannabis use disorder (CUD), and more recent and frequent cannabis use. The presence of a CUD was independently associated with TAS after controlling for the presence of other substance use disorders and co-occurring depression and anxiety disorders. Higher urine THC concentration levels were associated with higher TAS. Conclusions: Findings support an association between heavy, chronic cannabis use and elevated self-reported trait anger at intake. There may be important neurological consequences of heavy, chronic cannabis use that impact anger regulation. It is also plausible that trait anger maybe a predisposing factor for elevated cannabis use. Better controlled prospective research is needed to help determine directionality. Treatment programs should target both cannabis use and anger regulation in youth.
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Adolescence is a developmental stage defined in part by risk-taking. Risk-taking is critical to normal development and has important benefits including trying new activities and exploring new relationships. Risk-taking is also associated with the initiation of substance use. Because substance use often begins in adolescence, much focus has been on primary prevention with the goal of preventing initial substance use. Secondary or tertiary prevention approaches, such as counselling to eliminate substance use or offering treatment, are common approaches for adolescents with problematic substance use or a substance use disorder. While this is important, for some adolescents, treatment or cessation of use may not be desired. In these cases, Healthcare Practitioners (HCPs) can offer clear advice that incorporates harm reduction. Harm reduction, which is often applied for adults who use substances, reduces the negative impacts associated with drug use without requiring abstinence. Harm reduction is crucial to keeping adolescents safe and healthy and can offer opportunities for future engagement in treatment. The objective of this review is to describe strategies for integrating harm reduction principles in clinical settings that are developmentally appropriate. A patient-centered, harm reduction approach can validate perceived benefits of substance use, offer strategies to minimise harm, and advise reduction of use and abstinence.KEY MESSAGES:Substance use often begins in adolescence and traditional approaches are often rooted in prevention framework.Harm reduction should be incorporated for adolescents with problematic substance use or a substance use disorder.This review offers strategies for integration of harm reduction principles tailored towards adolescents.