RESUMEN
The main challenge in milk production has been to maintain a focus on efficient processes that enhance production outcomes while aligning with animal welfare and sustainability and being valued by society. As an alternative to improve cow welfare in production and provide better handling of the waste generated by the activity, the system called the compost-bedded pack barn (CBP) has been widely adopted in countries with temperate climates and higher milk production. This CBP has been attracting global interest, including from countries with tropical and subtropical climates, such as Brazil, where many producers have started to use it due to the response in terms of milk productivity. A CBP can be designed either in (a) an open facility with natural ventilation or a positive-pressure ventilation system or (b) totally closed facilities, equipped with negative-pressure ventilation systems and permanent thermal control. The latter system is being implemented in Brazil, despite insufficient knowledge about its efficiency. The objective of this study was, through a review, to gather and describe the most recent information on the use of open and closed CBP systems for dairy cattle housing, mainly covering how it is applied in tropical climate regions. To achieve the proposed objective, this review study included the following topics related to CBPs: (i) implementation, (ii) bedding, (iii) general construction and architectural characteristics, and (iv) ambient thermal conditioning. Knowledge gaps and directions for future research are also identified here.
RESUMEN
Crude glycerine is a residue generated from the production of biodiesel. As there was an increase in the demand for biodiesel observed in recent years, there was also a concomitant increase in the production of glycerin, and this by-product is not being used by industries. Thus, new alternatives can be viable, such as the use in dairy cows food. The use of glycerin in the animal diet has shown to be a viable alternative to nutritional and economic aspects. Our aim in this review was to demonstrate the use of glycerin in dairy cow diets and the possible effects on its milk production. In several studies it is possible to observe that the crude glycerin can be included in the diet of ruminant animals without causing negative effects on their metabolism, ruminal fermentation and milk production. Studies on the deleterious effects of the inclusion of crude glycerin with high methanol content in the dairy cow diet should be performed.(AU)
A glicerina bruta é um resíduo oriundo da produção de biodiesel. Com o aumento da demanda por biodiesel nos últimos anos, houve também um aumento na produção de glicerina, um co-produto que não é utilizado pelas indústrias. Assim, novas alternativas podem ser viáveis, como o uso na alimentação de vacas leiteiras. O uso da glicerina na dieta dos animais demonstra ser uma alternativa viável no que diz respeito aos aspectos nutricionais e econômicos. Nosso objetivo nesta revisão foi abordar a utilização da glicerina em dietas de vacas leiteiras e seus possíveis efeitos sobre a produção de leite. Em vários estudos, é possível observar que a glicerina bruta pode ser incluída na dieta de ruminantes sem causar efeitos negativos sobre o metabolismo, fermentação ruminal e produção de leite. Estudos sobre os efeitos deletérios da inclusão de glicerina em bruto com alto teor de metanol na dieta de vacas leiteiras devem ser realizados.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Bovinos , Alimentación Animal , Glicerol/administración & dosificación , Biocombustibles , Administración de ResiduosRESUMEN
Crude glycerine is a residue generated from the production of biodiesel. As there was an increase in the demand for biodiesel observed in recent years, there was also a concomitant increase in the production of glycerin, and this by-product is not being used by industries. Thus, new alternatives can be viable, such as the use in dairy cows food. The use of glycerin in the animal diet has shown to be a viable alternative to nutritional and economic aspects. Our aim in this review was to demonstrate the use of glycerin in dairy cow diets and the possible effects on its milk production. In several studies it is possible to observe that the crude glycerin can be included in the diet of ruminant animals without causing negative effects on their metabolism, ruminal fermentation and milk production. Studies on the deleterious effects of the inclusion of crude glycerin with high methanol content in the dairy cow diet should be performed.
A glicerina bruta é um resíduo oriundo da produção de biodiesel. Com o aumento da demanda por biodiesel nos últimos anos, houve também um aumento na produção de glicerina, um co-produto que não é utilizado pelas indústrias. Assim, novas alternativas podem ser viáveis, como o uso na alimentação de vacas leiteiras. O uso da glicerina na dieta dos animais demonstra ser uma alternativa viável no que diz respeito aos aspectos nutricionais e econômicos. Nosso objetivo nesta revisão foi abordar a utilização da glicerina em dietas de vacas leiteiras e seus possíveis efeitos sobre a produção de leite. Em vários estudos, é possível observar que a glicerina bruta pode ser incluída na dieta de ruminantes sem causar efeitos negativos sobre o metabolismo, fermentação ruminal e produção de leite. Estudos sobre os efeitos deletérios da inclusão de glicerina em bruto com alto teor de metanol na dieta de vacas leiteiras devem ser realizados.