In vivo determination of domestic quail (Coturnix japonica) muscle development by ultrasonography as a function of energy levels.

The aim was to evaluate the growth and meat production and some meat quality characteristics of domestic quail (Coturnix japonica) as a function of metabolizable energy (ME) levels in the diet and to adjust predicting equations in ratio to area pectoralis major muscle of the carcass through the ultrasound. Two hundred and seventy mixed sex quail from 7 to 49 days old were distributed in three treatments (7 to 21 days old, diets with 2700; 2900 and 3100 kcal ME/kg; from 21 to 49 days, diets with 2900, 3050 and 3200 kcal of ME/kg), with five replications per treatment. Ultrasonography was performed at 21; 35 and 49 days of age in the pectoralis major muscle to determine prediction equations through multiple linear regression. Feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) were linearly influenced (P < 0.05) by energy levels in both phases evaluated. Regarding sensory analysis, there was no interference of ME levels on sensory attributes. The equation for predicting breast area was Y = 0.00271*ME + 0.25411*Age-9.58002, R2 = 74.25%. It is concluded that increasing the energy level of the feed from 2700 to 3100 kcal ME/kg reduces FI and improves the FE of quail. The increase in carcass fat from 35 days of age does not harm the physical and sensory characteristics of the meat. The ultrasonography in vivo of the M. pectoralis major, considering the age and energy level of the diet, made it possible to predict the pectoral muscle are a with higher reliability.

Does the metabolizable energy influence the performance, carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of European quails from 28 to 42 days of age?

This study was conducted to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) requirement for quails (Cortunix cortunix cortunix) from 28 to 42 days of age. Four hundred and twenty quails were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments (2950, 3000, 3050, 3100 and 3150 kcal of ME/kg of feed), 7 replicates and 12 birds per experimental unit. Performance, relative weights of organs and viscera, carcass characteristics, meat quality, body composition and blood parameters of the birds were evaluated. There was a reduction in feed intake (ADFI) with the use of 3150 kcal ME/kg (p < 0.01), with a quadratic effect on feed efficiency (p < 0.01), estimating the energy requirement in the 3009.4 kcal ME/kg. The breast yield (BY) and the colour b* had an effect (p < 0.01), with better results for 2950 kcal ME/kg, while the meat texture reduced when the birds were fed with 3150 kcal ME/kg. HDL and LDL showed the quadratic effect (p < 0.01) when ME increased to 3111.6 and 3157.4 kcal/kg respectively. Very low density lipoprotein increased linearly (p < 0.01) in birds that received diets with 3000 kcal ME/kg. We conclude that the use of 3009.4 kcal of ME/kg for European quail meets the nutritional needs and provides an improvement in feed efficiency, without affecting the carcass parameters of the birds. Information regarding the nutritional requirements for European quails is still recent; therefore, it is essential to know the adequate levels of metabolizable energy, an important nutritional component for the maximum productive performance of birds.

Metabolizable energy and digestible lysine requirements of growing Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) / Exigência de energia metabolizável e lisina digestível para codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em crescimento

This study aimed to estimate metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible lysine (DL) requirements of Japanese quail in the starter (1 to 14 days) and grower (15 to 42 days) phases and investigate the influence of these dietary factors on body chemical composition, relative organ weights, and blood and bone parameters. The design was completely randomized with a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement (ME = 2830, 2970, 3110, and 3250 kcal × DL = 0.90%, 1.07%, 1.24%, and 1.41%), totaling 16 treatments, 3 replications per treatment, 50 birds per experimental unit in the starter phase (n = 2400 birds), and 35 birds per experimental unit in the grower phase (n = 1680 birds). In the starter phase, there was no interaction between factors on bird performance. Body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio had a quadratic response to ME and DL levels in starter diets. In this phase, there was an interaction effect on carcass ether extract content, femur Seedor index, and tibia Seedor index and a linear main effect of DL on the relative weight of the liver. In the grower phase, factors had a significant interaction effect on body weight gain and feed intake. Feed conversion ratio responded quadratically to both factors, and body weight, femur Seedor index, tibia Seedor index, and femur density were quadratically influenced by ME. Estimates derived from overlaid contour plots showed that Japanese quail require 3030 kcal ME and 1.221% DL in the starter phase and 3055 kcal ME and 1.202% DL in the grower phase.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou estimar as exigências nutricionais de energia metabolizável (EM) e lisina digestível (LD) para codornas Japonesas nas fases de cria (1 a 14 dias) e recria (15 a 42 dias) e verificar suas implicações na composição química corporal, peso relativo dos órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e ósseos. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (EM = 2.830, 2.970, 3.110 e 3.250 kcal x LD = 0,90; 1,07; 1,24 e 1,41%), perfazendo 16 tratamentos com 3 repetições cada, contendo 50 codornas por unidade experimental na fase de cria (totalizando 2.400 aves) e 35 codornas por unidade experimental na fase de recria (totalizando 1.680 aves). Não foi verificada interação entre os fatores sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas na fase de cria, sendo que as variáveis peso médio, ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar apresentaram efeito quadrático tanto para EM quanto para LD. Nesta fase, o extrato etéreo da carcaça e o índice de Seedor do fêmur e da tíbia exibiram interação significativa, e o peso relativo do fígado apresentou efeito linear da LD. Na fase de recria houve interação dos fatores para ganho de peso e consumo de ração. A conversão alimentar apresentou efeito quadrático de ambos os fatores e o peso médio foi influenciado de modo quadrático pela EM, que também influenciou de modo quadrático o índice de Seedor nos dois ossos e a densidade óssea do fêmur. Considerando as estimativas obtidas por meio dos gráficos de contornos sobrepostos, os níveis de 3.030 kcal de EM e 1,221% de LD foram estimados para a fase de cria e os níveis de 3.055 kcal de EM e 1,202% de LD foram estimados para a fase de recria.(AU)

Calcium and available phosphorus requirements of Japanese quails in early egg-laying stage.

An experiment was conducted to estimate the nutritional requirements of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) for Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the egg-laying stage (64-168 D). The experiment was an entirely randomized design, in a factorial scheme (Ca = 1.70, 2.40, 3.10, and 3.80% and aP = 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60%), with 3 replicates and 10 quails per experimental unit. No interactions were found for quail body weight and daily feed intake (DFI) (P > 0.05). However, body weight decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as the levels of Ca increased, whereas DFI exhibited a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) for both Ca and aP. The lowest values of DFI were estimated in 2.79 and 0.36% for Ca and aP, respectively. Egg production, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio per egg dozen presented significant interaction in which all of them had a quadratic effect (P < 0.05), with estimations for maximum yield in feed containing 2.74, 2.71, 2.75, and 2.74% Ca and 0.40, 0.39, 0.39, and 0.40% aP. The concentration of Ca in the eggshell increased linearly as per the levels of Ca studied, having a quadratic effect for aP levels, with a maximum point of 0.44%. In relation to the bone parameters, there was a linear interaction for Ca and aP in bone density and bone resistance (BR) of the femur, with a quadratic effect in BD estimating 2.84 and 0.50% for Ca and aP, respectively. In BR, the estimation was 3.27% Ca, with linear increase for aP. The BR of the tibiotarso increased linearly as per the Ca levels, obtaining the same Ca concentration response in this bone. As conclusion, when considering the estimations obtained through overlapped contour plots, the best responses to the effects of Ca and aP on productive characteristics were estimated at 2.68% Ca and 0.38% aP to produce feed for egg-laying Japanese quails.

Planejamento estratégico para eliminação da contaminação cruzada em fábrica de ração para suínos / Strategic planning for elimination of the crossed contamination in swine feed factory

A produção de rações está diretamente ligada à oferta de alimentos de qualidade para os animais e de produtos de origem animal para os consumidores, sendo que estes devem estar sem resíduos de medicamentos veterinários. Portanto, procedimentos como flushing, ordem de produção e higienização de equipamentos são essenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as principais causas de falhas nos procedimentos realizados para descontaminação da linha de produção em uma fábrica de rações para suínos, visando eliminar a contaminação cruzada entre os diferentes tipos de rações. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual os dados foram coletados por meio do método da pesquisa-ação, envolvendo ação conjunta dos pesquisadores e funcionários da fábrica de ração. Para identificar as causas de contaminação residual, foram analisados todos os equipamentos que pudessem ter a retenção de rações, e foram realizadas análises laboratoriais para verificação dos padrões de contaminação cruzada de janeiro de 2017 a abril de 2018. As análises laboratoriais demonstraram que 16,66% das amostras de 2017 ficaram com níveis residuais de medicamentos acima de 1%, enquanto em 2018 esse percentual subiu para 93,75%. Além disso, em diversos equipamentos foram encontrados resíduos de rações. Concluiu-se que os resultados obtidos com as ações estratégicas implantadas para solucionar o problema de contaminação cruzada na fábrica de ração de suínos foram satisfatórios. A causa fundamental diagnosticada de contaminação residual na linha de produção se refere ao layout da fábrica de ração estudada, principalmente por ser uma estrutura antiga e com equipamentos desgastados, fato que é potencializado pelas falhas na utilização de ferramentas de controle de qualidade...

The animal ́s feed production is directly connected to the supply of quality feed to the animals and to animal products for the consumers, which may be free of veterinary medicines. Therefore, procedures like flushing, production order and equipments cleaning are essential. The purpose of this work was to verify the main failures causes in the performed procedures to production line ́s decontamination in an animal ́s feed factory for swines, looking to eliminate the crossed contamination among the different animal ́s feed types. It is a case study, in which the data were collected through the action-research method, involving joint action of the researchers and employees of the feed mill. To identify the causes of residual contamination, all the equipments, that could have animal ́s food retention were analyzed and laboratory analyzes were performed to verify the patterns of the crossed contamination from January 2017 to April 2018. The laboratory analyzes showed that 16.66% of the samples of 2017 presented residual levels over 1% while in 2018 this percentual incresead to 93.75%. Besides, in several equipments animal ́s feed residues were found. It was concluded that the results obtained with the strategic actions implemented to solve the problem of cross-contamination in the pig feed mill were satisfactory. The fundamental cause diagnosed of residual contamination in the production line is about the layout of the studied animal ́s feed factory, mainly because it is an old factory with worn out equipment, fact that is potentialized by failures in the tools utilizated for quality control. Therefore, the preventive maintenance of the equipments and theirs constant adjustments, becomes necessary to eliminate the crossed contamination ́s elimination among the different types of produced animal ́s food and theirs maintenance of the quality, ensuring the food security, besides regular trainings about good manufacturing practices to the collaborators.

Planejamento estratégico para eliminação da contaminação cruzada em fábrica de ração para suínos / Strategic planning for elimination of the crossed contamination in swine feed factory

A produção de rações está diretamente ligada à oferta de alimentos de qualidade para os animais e de produtos de origem animal para os consumidores, sendo que estes devem estar sem resíduos de medicamentos veterinários. Portanto, procedimentos como flushing, ordem de produção e higienização de equipamentos são essenciais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as principais causas de falhas nos procedimentos realizados para descontaminação da linha de produção em uma fábrica de rações para suínos, visando eliminar a contaminação cruzada entre os diferentes tipos de rações. Trata-se de um estudo de caso, no qual os dados foram coletados por meio do método da pesquisa-ação, envolvendo ação conjunta dos pesquisadores e funcionários da fábrica de ração. Para identificar as causas de contaminação residual, foram analisados todos os equipamentos que pudessem ter a retenção de rações, e foram realizadas análises laboratoriais para verificação dos padrões de contaminação cruzada de janeiro de 2017 a abril de 2018. As análises laboratoriais demonstraram que 16,66% das amostras de 2017 ficaram com níveis residuais de medicamentos acima de 1%, enquanto em 2018 esse percentual subiu para 93,75%. Além disso, em diversos equipamentos foram encontrados resíduos de rações. Concluiu-se que os resultados obtidos com as ações estratégicas implantadas para solucionar o problema de contaminação cruzada na fábrica de ração de suínos foram satisfatórios. A causa fundamental diagnosticada de contaminação residual na linha de produção se refere ao layout da fábrica de ração estudada, principalmente por ser uma estrutura antiga e com equipamentos desgastados, fato que é potencializado pelas falhas na utilização de ferramentas de controle de qualidade...(AU)

The animal ́s feed production is directly connected to the supply of quality feed to the animals and to animal products for the consumers, which may be free of veterinary medicines. Therefore, procedures like flushing, production order and equipments cleaning are essential. The purpose of this work was to verify the main failures causes in the performed procedures to production line ́s decontamination in an animal ́s feed factory for swines, looking to eliminate the crossed contamination among the different animal ́s feed types. It is a case study, in which the data were collected through the action-research method, involving joint action of the researchers and employees of the feed mill. To identify the causes of residual contamination, all the equipments, that could have animal ́s food retention were analyzed and laboratory analyzes were performed to verify the patterns of the crossed contamination from January 2017 to April 2018. The laboratory analyzes showed that 16.66% of the samples of 2017 presented residual levels over 1% while in 2018 this percentual incresead to 93.75%. Besides, in several equipments animal ́s feed residues were found. It was concluded that the results obtained with the strategic actions implemented to solve the problem of cross-contamination in the pig feed mill were satisfactory. The fundamental cause diagnosed of residual contamination in the production line is about the layout of the studied animal ́s feed factory, mainly because it is an old factory with worn out equipment, fact that is potentialized by failures in the tools utilizated for quality control. Therefore, the preventive maintenance of the equipments and theirs constant adjustments, becomes necessary to eliminate the crossed contamination ́s elimination among the different types of produced animal ́s food and theirs maintenance of the quality, ensuring the food security, besides regular trainings about good manufacturing practices to the collaborators.(AU)