Multispectral and thermal infrared data, visual scores for severity of common rust symptoms, and genotypic single nucleotide polymorphism data of three F2-derived biparental doubled-haploid maize populations.

Three F2-derived biparental doubled haploid (DH) maize populations were generated for genetic mapping of resistance to common rust. Each of the three populations has the same susceptible parent, but a different resistance donor parent. Population 1 and 3 consist of 320 lines each, population 2 consists of 260 lines. The DH lines were evaluated for their susceptibility to common rust in two years and with two replications in each year. For phenotyping, a visual score (VS) for susceptibility was assigned. Additionally, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) derived multispectral and thermal infrared data was recorded and combined in different vegetation indices ("remote sensing", RS). The DH lines were genotyped with the DarTseq method, to obtain data on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After quality control, 9051 markers remained. Missing values were "imputed" by the empirical mean of the marker scores of the respective locus. We used the data for comparison of genome-wide association studies and genomic prediction when based on different phenotyping methods, that is either VS or RS data. The data may be interesting for reuse for instance for benchmarking genomic prediction models, for phytopathological studies addressing common rust, or for specifications of vegetation indices.

Use of remote sensing for linkage mapping and genomic prediction for common rust resistance in maize.

Breeding for disease resistance is a central component of strategies implemented to mitigate biotic stress impacts on crop yield. Conventionally, genotypes of a plant population are evaluated through a labor-intensive process of assigning visual scores (VS) of susceptibility (or resistance) by specifically trained staff, which limits manageable volumes and repeatability of evaluation trials. Remote sensing (RS) tools have the potential to streamline phenotyping processes and to deliver more standardized results at higher through-put. Here, we use a two-year evaluation trial of three newly developed biparental populations of maize doubled haploid lines (DH) to compare the results of genomic analyses of resistance to common rust (CR) when phenotyping is either based on conventional VS or on RS-derived (vegetation) indices. As a general observation, for each population × year combination, the broad sense heritability of VS was greater than or very close to the maximum heritability across all RS indices. Moreover, results of linkage mapping as well as of genomic prediction (GP), suggest that VS data was of a higher quality, indicated by higher -logp values in the linkage studies and higher predictive abilities for genomic prediction. Nevertheless, despite the qualitative differences between the phenotyping methods, each successfully identified the same genomic region on chromosome 10 as being associated with disease resistance. This region is likely related to the known CR resistance locus Rp1. Our results indicate that RS technology can be used to streamline genetic evaluation processes for foliar disease resistance in maize. In particular, RS can potentially reduce costs of phenotypic evaluations and increase trialing capacities.

Occurrence and Distribution of Physiological Races of Exserohilum turcicum in Maize-Growing Regions of Mexico.

Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) is a common foliar disease of maize in Mexico that is caused by the fungal pathogen Exserohilum turcicum. The most effective management strategy against TLB is monogenic race-specific resistance. Among the 140 E. turcicum isolates from symptomatic leaves collected from maize fields in Mexico, 100 were obtained from tropical (Veracruz) and temperate areas (Estado de México) between 2010 and 2019, and 40 isolates were obtained from tropical (Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, and Chiapas), subtropical (Nayarit, Jalisco, and Guanajuato), and temperate areas (Estado de Mexico, Hidalgo, and Puebla) collected in 2019. All the isolates caused TLB symptoms on the positive control (ht4), showing that they were all pathogenic. Six physiological races of E. turcicum (2, 3, 23, 3N, 23N, and 123N) were identified based on resistant or susceptible responses displayed by five maize differential genotypes (A619Ht1, A619Ht2, A619Ht3, B68HtN, and A619ht4). The most common was race 23, accounting for 68% of the isolates, followed by races 23N, 123N, 3, 2, and 3N at 15, 8, 6, 2, and 1%, respectively. Race 123N was able to infect the greatest number of maize differential genotypes used in the study. Race 123N was detected in Sinaloa and Estado de México. Race 3 was detected in Nayarit and Jalisco. Race 2 was detected in Jalisco, Estado de México, and Veracruz, and race 3N was detected in Tamaulipas. Race 23 was equally dominant in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, while race 123N was more common in the tropical environment, and race 23N was more common in the tropical and temperate environments. There was no evidence for shifts in the races between 2010 and 2019.

Asociación de tamizaje de riesgo nutricional y riesgo nutricional en el enfermo crítico con días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos / Association of nutritional risk screening and nutritional risk in the critically ill with days of mechanical ventilation in critical patients / Associação de triagem de risco nutricional e risco nutricional em pacientes críticos com dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes críticos

Resumen: Introducción: A causa del estado proinflamatorio y de catabolismo que los caracteriza, los pacientes críticos tienen un riesgo elevado de presentar malnutrición, lo cual puede, en combinación con otros factores, contribuir a la disfunción de los músculos respiratorios e incrementar la duración de la ventilación mecánica. La herramienta NUTRIC modificada ha mostrado su capacidad de identificar aquellos pacientes críticos con mayor riesgo nutricional y de correlacionarse con los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la puntuación NRS y NUTRIC con los días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos. Material y métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva observacional de 60 pacientes hospitalizados en la UCIA donde se comparó la puntuación NRS y NUTRIC con los días de ventilación mecánica en pacientes críticos adultos. Se utilizaron los registros diarios de pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Adultos y expedientes electrónicos, de los que se obtuvieron datos demográficos, médicos, puntuación NUTRIC y NRS. Resultados: La edad promedio en este estudio fue 43 ± 18 años, y 63% (38) fue del sexo femenino. El promedio de la puntuación APACHE fue de 19.9 ± 9, y el de la puntuación SOFA de 10.1 ± 4.8. El NUTRIC score tuvo una media de 5 ± 1.9 puntos, y el NRS, de 3.5 ± 1.1 puntos. Los pacientes requirieron de ventilación mecánica en un promedio de 4.6 ± 4.1 días. Conclusión: Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la puntuación NUTRIC score modificado con los días de ventilación mecánica, contrario a lo encontrado al correlacionar con la puntuación NRS. En el grupo de pacientes con puntuación NUTRIC alta tuvo un número significativamente mayor de defunciones, en comparación con aquéllos con puntuación baja.

Abstract: Introduction: Because of the proinflammatory state and catabolism that characterizes the critically ill patients have a high risk of malnutrition, which may, in combination with other factors, contribute to the dysfunction of the respiratory muscles and increase the duration of ventilation mechanics. The modified NUTRIC tool has shown its capacity to identify critically ill patients with greater nutritional risk and to correlate with clinical results. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the NRS and NUTRIC score with the days of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Material and methods: Observational retrospective cohort of 60 patients hospitalized in the ICU, where the NRS and NUTRIC scores were compared with the days of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Daily records of patients of the Intensive Care Unit of Adults and electronic files were used, from which demographic, medical, NUTRIC and NRS scores were obtained. Results: The average age in this study was 43 ± 18 years, and 63% (38) were female. The average of the APACHE score was 19.9 ± 9, and that of the SOFA score of 10.1 ± 4.8. The NUTRIC score had an average of 5 ± 1.9 points, and the NRS, of 3.5 ± 1.1 points. The patients required mechanical ventilation an average of 4.6 ± 4.1 days. Conclusion: A significant correlation was found between the NUTRIC score modified with the days of mechanical ventilation, contrary to what was found when correlating with the NRS score. In the group of patients with high NUTRIC score had a significantly higher number of deaths, compared with those with low score.

Resumo: Introdução: Por causa do estado pró-inflamatório e catabólico que os caracteriza, os pacientes graves apresentam alto risco de desnutrição, o que pode em combinação com outros fatores contribuir para a disfunção dos músculos respiratórios e aumentar a duração da ventilação mecânica. A ferramenta NUTRIC modificada mostrou sua capacidade de identificar pacientes críticos com maior risco nutricional e correlacionar com os resultados clínicos. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os escores NRS e NUTRIC com os dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes adultos em estado críticos. Métodos: Coorte retrospectivo observacional de 60 pacientes internados na UTI, onde os escores NRS e NUTRIC foram comparados com os dias de ventilação mecânica em pacientes adultos em estado crítico. Foram utilizados registros diários dos pacientes da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Adultos e arquivos eletrônicos, dos quais foram obtidos os dados demográficos, médicos, escore NUTRIC e NRS. Resultados: A média de idade neste estudo foi de 43 ± 18 anos e 63% (38) eram do sexo feminino. O promédio da pontuação APACHE foi de 19.9 ± 9, e a pontuação SOFA foi de 10.1 ± 4.8. O escore NUTRIC apresentou média de 5 ± 1.9 pontos, e o NRS, de 3.5 ± 1.1 pontos. Os pacientes necessitaram de ventilação mecânica em média 4.6 ± 4.1 dias. Conclusão: Foi encontrada correlação significativa entre a pontuação escore NUTRIC modificado com os dias de ventilação mecânica, ao contrário do que foi encontrado quando correlacionado com o escore NRS. No grupo de pacientes com pontuação NUTRIC alta, houve um número significativamente maior de óbitos comparados àqueles com pontuação baixa.

Structural and Optical Properties Correlated with the Morphology of Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Synthetic Sapphire: A Microscopy Study.

This work reports on the electron microscopy analysis of the structure and morphology of gold nanoparticles produced by ion implantation as well as their relationship to their optical properties. Metalic nanoparticles by ion implantation are usually spherical and formed beneath the surface of a dielectric matrix. In this experiment, the matrix was sapphire. After high-energy Si ion irradiation, the gold nanoparticles were elongated into prolate spheroids. Since the nanoparticles are embedded in a dielectric matrix, secondary electron imaging in a JEOL JSM-7800F at low voltage did not allow their analysis. This work proposes an analysis using backscattered electron imaging in a field emission scanning electron microscopy at higher voltages (20 kV) to explore the morphology of the embedded nanoparticles. The samples were observed by cross-sectional view as well as a top view of the surface of the sapphire matrix for exploration and recognition of their morphology, dimensions, distribution, and composition. The analysis was extended by means of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, and optical extinction spectroscopy. The nanoparticles exhibited structural and optical properties correlated directly to the morphology observed by microscopy. The beam interaction with the sample and the used parameters was simulated in the CASINO code, from which the depth of exploration with distinct parameters used in microscopy analysis was estimated.

[Second Consensus of the Chilean Society of Endocrinology and Diabetes about insulin resistance]. / II Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes sobre resistencia a la insulina.

Insulin resistance is a prevalent condition commonly associated with unhealthy lifestyles. It affects several metabolic pathways, increasing risk of abnormalities at different organ levels. Thus, diverse medical specialties should be involved in its diagnosis and treatment. With the purpose of unifying criteria about this condition, a scientific-based consensus was elaborated. A questionnaire including the most important topics such as cardio-metabolic risk, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, was designed and sent to national experts. When no agreement among them was achieved, the Delphi methodology was applied. The main conclusions reached are that clinical findings are critical for the diagnosis of insulin resistance, not being necessary blood testing. Acquisition of a healthy lifestyle is the most important therapeutic tool. Insulin-sensitizing drugs should be prescribed to individuals at high risk of disease according to clinically validated outcomes. There are specific recommendations for pregnant women, children, adolescents and older people.

II Consenso de la Sociedad Chilena de Endocrinología y Diabetes sobre resistencia a la insulina

Insulin resistance is a prevalent condition commonly associated with unhealthy lifestyles. It affects several metabolic pathways, increasing risk of abnormalities at different organ levels. Thus, diverse medical specialties should be involved in its diagnosis and treatment. With the purpose of unifying criteria about this condition, a scientific-based consensus was elaborated. A questionnaire including the most important topics such as cardio-metabolic risk, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and polycystic ovary syndrome, was designed and sent to national experts. When no agreement among them was achieved, the Delphi methodology was applied. The main conclusions reached are that clinical findings are critical for the diagnosis of insulin resistance, not being necessary blood testing. Acquisition of a healthy lifestyle is the most important therapeutic tool. Insulin-sensitizing drugs should be prescribed to individuals at high risk of disease according to clinically validated outcomes. There are specific recommendations for pregnant women, children, adolescents and older people.

[Simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation (SKPT) in patients with type 1 diabetes and chronic renal failure: experience in 12 patients in Chile]. / Trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñon en diabetes mellitus tipo 1: Experiencia de un centro en Chile.

BACKGROUND: Simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation (SKPT) is the best alternative for end stage renal disease among patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. AIM: To report our experience with SKPT. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 12 recipients of SKPT transplanted in one center starting in 1994, with a mean follow-up period of 6.8 years (2-15). RESULTS: Eleven of 12 recipients were in chronic hemodialysis before SKPT. Mean A, B, DR and HLA mismatch was 4.3. Mean preformed anti HLA antibodies was 3.3 %. Mean cold ischemia times for pancreas and kidney were 6 and 10 hours, respectively. In the first eight cases, the pancreas was drained to the bladder, and in the last four, an enteric drainage was performed. Eleven recipients were induced with antibodies, and maintenance immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporin or tacrolimus plus an antiproliferative agent. Ten year patient survival was 70%. Pancreas and kidney survival, defined by insulin and dialysis independence, were 72 and 73% respectively. Fifty percent of recipients experienced acute graft rejection (cellular or humoral), with good response to treatment except in one case. CONCLUSIONS: This experience shows that SKPT is associated with an excellent patient survival associated to insulin and dialysis independence in 70% of patients at 10 years.

Trasplante simultáneo de páncreas y riñon en diabetes mellitus tipo 1: Experiencia de un centro en Chile / Simultaneous kidney and pancreas transplantation (SKPT) in patients with type 1 diabetes and chronic renal failure: Experience in 12 patients in Chile

Background: Simultaneous kidney and páncreas transplantation (SKPT) is the best alternative for end stage renal disease among patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Aim: To report our experience with SKPT. Material andMethods: Retrospective analysis ofl2 recipients of SKPT transplanted in one center starting in 1994, with a meanfollow-upperiod of6.8years (2-15). Results: Eleven ofl2 recipients were in chronic hemodialysis before SKPT. Mean A, B, DR and HLA mismatch was 4.3. Mean preformed anti HLA antibodies was 3.3 percent. Mean cold ischemia times for páncreas and kidney were 6 and 10 hours, respectively. In the first eight cases, the páncreas was drained to the bladder, and in the last four, an enteric drainage was performed. Eleven recipients were induced with antibodies, and maintenance immunosuppression consisted ofCyclosporine or Tacrolimusplus an antiproliferative agent. Ten year patient survival was 70 percent. Páncreas and kidney survival, defined by insulin and dialysis independence, were 72 and 73 percent respectively. Fifty percent of recipients experienced acute graft rejection (cellular or humoral), with good response to treatment except in one case. Conclusions: This experience shows that SKPT is associated with an excellent patient survival associated to insulin and dialysis independence in 70 percent of patients at 10 years.

Terremotos en el litoral central del Perú: podría ser Lima el escenario de un futuro desastre / Earthquakes in the central coast of Peru: Could it be Lima the scene of a future disaster

En las páginas de la historia están registradas las amenazas del futuro. La historia sísmica del Perú muestra que vivimos en una zona de alta actividad sísmica, donde la ciudad de Lima ha sido protagonista en varias oportunidades de sismos destructores y otros fenómenosnaturales asociados como los tsunamis. En este reporte se expondrán las razones del porqué un terremoto podría afectar a la ciudad deLima en un futuro.

In the pages of history are registered with the threats of the future. The seismic history of Peru shows that we live in an area of high seismic activity where the Lima city has been a protagonist on several occasions of destructive earthquakes and other natural phenomena associated such as tsunamis. In this report the reasons why an earthquake could affect the city of Lima in the future were exposed.

Mothers at risk of alloimmunization to the Rh(D) antigen and availability of gamma-globulin at the Mexican Institute of Social Security

Hemolytic disease of the newborn develops mainly when an Rh negative (D-) mother becomes sensitized and produces anti-Rh possitve (anti-D) antibodies capable of hemolysing D+ fetal erythrocytes. Maternal alloimmunization can be prevented by the administration of anti-D gamma-globulin immediately after the birth of each Rh positive child. In order to identify the frequency of prevention of alloimmunization at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social(IMSS), the amount of mothers at risk of sensitization from 1985 to 1995 was estimated from Rh and ABO blood group frequencies and with the number of deliveries and abortions at the Medical Institutions. Also, information in regard to the dose of gamma-globulin units purchased by the Institute of Social Security from 1985 to 1993 was obtained. The number of mothers at risk stedily increased from 16,616 in 1985 to 21,071 in 1995, amounting to a total of 203,203 in the 10-year period, while only 120,800 gamma-globulin units were purchased in that same period. The findings in this study suggest the need to define reasonable policies for the acquisition of gamma-globulin lots to prevent alloisoimmunization of mothers at risk

Frequency of haplotypes in the beta globin gene cluster in a selected sample of the mexican population.

Five polymorphic restriction enzyme sites in the beta globin gene cluster (HindIII Gγ-Hind III Aγ-, Ava IIINV-2 ß-and Hpa I and Bam HI 3'ß-globin gene) were studied in individuals from 13 families: 13 homozygote patients for sickle cell anemia, two double heterozygotes (one SC and one S/ßThal ), 35 AS heterozygotes (23 parents and 12 siblings), one father (A/ßThal ), and three normal siblings. In addition, 17 normal unrelated Mexican subjects were studied. All subjects were from the state of Veracruz on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Southern blot technique was used. Fifteen haplotypes were identified in the 142 chromosomes. Five were the most frequent: two haplotypes, (+-+++) (52.4%) and (--+-+) (19.0%) were associated with ßS chromosomes; two haplotypes, (--+++) (38.2%) and (---++) (19.7%), were linked with ßA chromosomes, and the fifth (--++-) was present in both types of chromosomes. Haplotype (+-+++) corresponded to the Bantu or Senegal type. With Hinc II analysis after PCR amplification in both the 5' and 3' regions of the ψß-globin gene, it was possible to distinguish between these African types, as in the former both restriction sites are absent. This analysis was done in 23 ßS and 10 ßA subjects. All ßS chromosomes disclosed the Bantu type, while ßA were similar to Caucasians. Bantu and Benin haplotypes have been found with high frequency in African populations, indicating the great influence of African genes in the population of the Mexican coasts. In addition, two previously unidentified haplotypes were found: (++--+) and (-++++). These can be explainded by crossing-over events and/or by new mutations. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Tratamiento de las litiasis urinarias por endourología: en el Hospital Universitario de Caracas / Treatment of urinary calculi for endourologic procedures in the Universitary Hospital of Caracas

Presentamos 105 casos de pacientes con litiasis urinaria, 62 en el riñón y 43 en el ureter, tratados por el nuevo método de endo-urología. El procedimiento es realizado por vía percutánea, se basa en la fragmentación del cálculo por ultrasonido y en casos de ser suficientemente pequeños, su extracción directa a través del trayecto cutáneo previamente establecido cuya anchura máxima es de cm. Se incluyeron litiasis única y múltiples así como mayor y menor de 1,5 cm. de tamaño. Resumiendo la técnica operatoria y presentamos los resultados obtenidos, además de especificar las bondades de este innovado tratamiento quirúrgico el cual fue el primer paso en la abolición de la cirugía convencional para los cálculos urinarios. Creemos que sus múltiples ventajas científicas han permitido resolver quirúrgicamente la enfermedad del paciente litiásico, con menor invasión, trauma y sufrimiento

Frecuencia de paternidad extraconyugal en una muestra de la poblacion mexicana / Incidence of extra-conjugal paternity in a sample of the Mexican population

Con el objeto de averiguar la frecuencia de paternidad extraconyugal, dato que es de interés desde el punto de vista de la epidemiología genética y de la genética de población, se estudiaron en 217 familias nucleares, los grupos sanguíneos de los sistemas ABO, Rh, MN, Ss, Duffy, P y las variantes electroforéticas de la fosfatasa ácida eritrocítica, haptoglobinas y grupo específico Gc. La combinación de estos marcadores tiene una probabilidad de exclusión de paternidad de 0.80. En el 2.3 por ciento de las familias se encontró que el padre putativo no podría ser el padre biológico. Un objetivo secundario fue contribuir a la caracterización de la población urbana del país, para lo cual se calculó la frecuencia de los marcadores en el grupo de los progenitores. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio se compararon con otros del Distrito Federal, encontrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas con algunos de ellos, lo que corrobora la gran heterogeneidad genética de nuesta población

Empleo de marcadores genéticos en un caso de corroboración de paternidad / The use of genetic markers in a case of paternity corroboration

Este artículo tiene como finalidad informar de la utilidad de los marcadores genéticos para corroborar la paternidad en un caso de dos niños intercambiados en una maternidad. A las dos familias nucleares se les determinaron grupos sanguíneos ABO, Rh (CcDEe), MNSs, Duffy, Kidd, Kell y P, y las variantes electroforéticas de la fosfatasa ácida eritrocítica. Este último marcador permitió establecer que, en este caso, efectivamente los niños habían sido cambiados, por lo que cada familia recuperó a su verdadero hijo

Variantes electroforéticas de la fosfatasa ácida eritrocítica en muestras de individuos del Distrito Federal y algunos Estados de la República Mexicana / Electrophoresis variants in acid phosphatase of erythrocytes in samples of subjects of Federal District and some States of the Mexican Republic

Se analizó la frecuencia de las variantes electroforéticas de la fosfatasa ácida eritrocítica en 113 individuos originarios del Distrito Federal y 70 del interior de la República. En todos ellos sus cuatro abuelos fueron mexicanos por nacimiento. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos (p > 0.9), por lo que se combinaron en uno solo obteniendo las siguientes frecuencias génicas determinadas por cuenta genica: pa=0.1514, pb=0.8378 y pc=0.0108. El grupo estudiado en el presente trabajo difiere estadísticamente de otra muestra del Distrito Federal, así como de tres poblaciones de indígenas mexicanos, lo que corrobora la heterogeneidad de la población del Distrito Federal