[Antimicrobial Properties of Eremoxylarin A Produced by Ascomycete of Sordariomycetes in Submerged Culture].

The fungal strain INA 01108 producing antibiotic substances with broad spectrum of antibacterial activity was isolated from the natural environment. By the morphological characteristics and DNA analysis it was shown to belong to Ascomycetes of Sordariomycetes. In submerged culture the strain produced at least four antibiotics. The major component of them was identified as eremophilane-type sesquiterpene eremoxylarin A. Eremoxylarin A is effective in vitro against grampositive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin group glycopeptide antibiotics resistant Leuconostoc mesenteroides VKPM B-4177. The efficacy and toxicity of eremoxylarin A was determined on a murine staphylococcal sepsis model. The dose of 6.25 mg/kg provided 100% recovery and survival of the animals, while the dose of 3.12 mg/kg was close to the ED50. The chemical structure of eremoxylarin A allows to modify the antibiotic and such studies may be relevant to design a less toxic derivative without loss of the valuable antimicrobial properties.

[New antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis strains].

Two Bacillus subtilis strains isolated from the fruiting body of a basidiomycete fungus Pholiota squarrosa exhibited a broad range of antibacterial activity, including those against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus INA 00761 (MRSA) and Leuconostoc mes6nteroides VKPM B-4177 resistant to glycopep-> tide antibiotics, as well as antifungal activity. The strains were identified as belonging to the "B. subtilis" com- plex based on their morphological and physiological characteristics, as well as by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene fragments. Both strains (INA 01085 and INA 01086) produced insignificant amounts of polyene antibiotics (hexaen and pentaen, respectively). Strain INA 01086 produced also a cyclic polypeptide antibiotic containing Asp, Gly, Leu, Pro, Tyr, Thr, Trp, and Phe, while the antibiotic of strain INA 01085 contained, apart from these, two unidentified nonproteinaceous amino acids. Both polypeptide antibiotics were new compounds efficient against gram-positive bacteria and able to override the natural bacterial antibiotic resistance.

[Isolation and study of antibiotic INA-1132 (chlorothricin), produced by actinomycete strain].

Taxonomic properties of strain INA-1132 producing antibiotic INA-1132 are described. The antibiotic showed activity against grampositive bacteria and fungi. The strain was classified as belonging to the genus Streptomyces and by its taxomic characteristics is most close to S. baarnensis. The experiments with the bacterial culture Halobacterium salinarum (previously H. halobium) revealed hypolipidemic activity of the antibiotic, i. e. its ability to inhibit biosynthesis of sterols. Conditions for the production of the antibiotic, methods of its isolation and purification, as well as the results of the chemical structure elucidation are described. By its physicochemical properties the antibiotic is identical to chlorothricin. The structure of antibiotic INA-1132 was ascertained by X-ray analysis. Conformation of the molecule of chlorothricin (antibiotic 1132) was determined for the first time.

[Echinomycin production by Actinomadura sp. INA 654].

An actinomycete strain designated as Actinomadura sp. INA 654 was isolated from a chernozem soil sample in the Voronezh Region by the soil sample treatment with millimetric waves (EHF band). The strain produced an antibiotic complex of 2 components, named A-654-I and A-654-II. Investigation of their physico-chemical properties showed that A-654-I was identical to echinomycin, a heteropeptide lactone of the quinoxaline group with antitumor activity, while A-654-II proved to be likely a new natural compound. Production of echinomycin by a representative of the Actinomadura genus was detected for the first time. Up to now, only representatives of the Streptomyces genus were known to produce echinomycin.

[A-Factor as a selective agent for isolation of the soil Gram-negative bacterium strain--the producent of an antibacterial antibiotic]. / A-Faktor kak selektivnyi agent dlia vydeleniia pochvennoi gramotritsatel'noi bakterii--produtsenta antibakterial'nogo antibiotika.

It was shown the stimulating role of A-factor on soil prokaryotes growth. Soil sample culturing on agar medium, containing A-factor, resulted in the colony forming units (CFU) increasing in comparison with culturing on the medium without this regulator. Gram-negative bacteria were the reason of CFU increasing; previously the effect of A-factor on bacteria of this group was not shown. Gram-negative rod bacterial strain No. 35 was isolated and shown that CFU number was approximately twice increased at A-factor concentration in agar medium 2 and 7 mcg/ml; high A-factor concentration up to 28 mcg/ml was not effective. Isolated strain No. 35 is the producer of antibiotic, effective against gram-positive bacteria.

[Screening of microbial secondary metabolites inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis with the use of hepatoblastoma G2]. / Otbor mikrobnykh vtorichnykh matabolitov--ingibitorov biosinteza kholesterina s pomozh'iu kul'tury kletok gepatoblastomy G2.

The culture of hepatoblastoma G2 (Hep G2) cells is proposed as an effective model for screening of microbial metabolites--inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis. This model can be applied at early stages of screening procedures and is quite effective for testing of crude extracts of producers' culture broth. The test is based on measurement inhibition of the radiolabelled precursors incorporation in cholesterol and separate fractions of lipids by microbial metabolites in Hep G2 cells. That allows not only to reveal inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, but also to evaluate mechanism of action, including ability to inhibit the synthesis of cholesterol ethers. The cholesterol biosynthesis inhibition was tested at 150 microbial cultures (actinomycetes and imperfect fungi), isolated from soil. The ability to inhibit 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol was found in 15-20% of microbial cultures possessing antifungal activity of extracts (culture broth and mycelium).

[The hypolipidemic action of antibiotic 86/88 (enniatin B) in a hepatoblastoma G2 cell culture]. / Gipolipidemicheskoe deistvie antibiotika 86/88 (énniatina B) v kul'ture kletok gepatoblastomy G2.

A cyclodepsipeptide antibiotic 86/88 (enniatin B) with strong hypolipidemic action was isolated from the culture liquid of the fungus INA F-86/88 identified as Fusarium lateritium Nees var. stilboides (Wr.) Bilai. In the Hep G2 cell culture the antibiotic suppressed 14C-acetate incorporation into cholesterol (IC50 1.75 microM), cholesterol ethers (IC50 1 microM), triglycerides (IC50 1.3 microM) and free fatty acids (IC50 2.2 microM). The most pronounced effect of the drugs, i.e. the suppression of the cholesterol ethers synthesis is likely due not only to the ACAT inhibition but also to the inhibition of the triglyceride synthesis and the diminishing of the free fatty acids pool in the cells.

[Reaction of acylation of the antineoplastic antibiotic bleomycetin]. / Issledovanie reaktsii atsilirovaniia protivoopukholevogo antibiotika bleomitsetina.

The reaction of benzoylation of bleomycetin, a glycopeptide antibiotic, and its cuprum complex was studied with the chloranhydride and carbodiimide methods. Acylation of the antibiotic cuprum complex by an equivalent quantity of benzoyl chloride resulted in formation of a mixture of mono- and disubstituted derivatives while with the use of a 3-fold excess of chloranhydride it was possible to obtain dibenzoylbleomycetin as a sole reaction product. Interaction of the bleomycetin cuprum complex with activated benzoic ether resulted in formation of a product monosubstituted by the antibiotic spermidine fragment. After acylation of the free antibiotic by the carbodiimide and chloranhydride methods tri- and tetrabenzoyl derivatives of bleomycetin were isolated respectively.

[Chemical modification of an antineoplastic antibiotic bleomycetin by the C-end fragment]. / Khimicheskaia modifikatsiia protivoopukholevogo antibiotika bleomitsetina po C-kontsevomu fragmentu.

Bleomycetin, an antitumor antibiotic, was subjected to chemical modification by the C-end fragment i.e. the residue of 3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propylamine (spermidine++) with acylation, carbamoylation and reducing alkylation, which yielded its new semisynthetic derivatives. The use of physicochemical methods showed that the chemical modification involved the primary and secondary amino groups++ of spermidine++ and gave rise to N,N'-diacyl, N,N'-dicarbamoyl and N,N'-dialkyl bleomycetins. The biological properties of the derivatives, i.e. their cytotoxic activity, acute and pulmonary toxicities were studied. The transformation of bleomycetin by the C-end fragment lowered the antibiotic toxicity and was believed to be a promising approach to modifying its molecule.

[Optimization of the nutrient medium makeup for the biosynthesis of bleomycine antibiotic using a mathematical method of experimental design]. / Optimizatsiia sostava pitatel'noi sredy dlia biosinteza antibiotika bleomitsina s pomoshch'iu matematicheskogo metoda planirovaniia éksperimenta.

The fermentation medium for bleomycin biosynthesis was optimized with the help of a mathematical method for experiment modelling. With the use of the schemes of orthogonal latin squares the optimal concentrations of the sources of nitrogen, carbon and mineral salts were determined and the negative effect of cupric sulphate on the antibiotic biosynthesis was shown. The antibiotic production on the developed medium was 3.7 times higher than that on the initial medium.

[Isolation of cephamycins from actinomycete cultures]. / O vydelenii tsefamitsinov iz kul'tur aktinomitsetov

A method for isolation of cephamycins from culture fluids of actinomycetes was developed. It included the stage of effective purification of sulfocation exchange resin SDV-3 (H+) with water desorption. Further purificiation of the antibiotics was achieved with sorption on anion exchange resin and fractional precipitation. The method provided 95-96 per cent purity level of the preparations.

[New species of Actinomadura coeruleoviolacea sp. nov. and its antagonistic properties]. / Novyi vid Actinomadura coeruleoviolacea sp. nov. i ego antagonisticheskie svoistva

Eight strains of actinomycetes isolated from soil samples were described as representatives of Actinomadura coeruleoviolacea sp.nov. The species was characterized by straight and sometimes branching short chains of spores, smooth spores, blue aerial mycellium and violet soluble pigment. All the strains showed antibacterial activity when cultivated in liquid media. The pigment differed from all known pigments. It is probably a new natural compound.