RESUMEN
In space optical applications, the piezoelectric-actuated fast steering mirror (FSM) is one of the pivotal components for high-precision beam capturing and trajectory tracking. The FSM is restrained in small-angle scanning applications due to the short actuation stroke of the incorporated piezoelectric materials. This study introduces a dual-axis sub-radian stroke FSM with a high ratio of output range to resolution and self-sensing capability, based on cascading structures for displacement amplification and flexible parts for feedback. Theoretical analyses and finite element analysis (FEA) are applied to elucidate the driving and deformation mechanisms of the proposed FSM structure. To ensure the performance of the proposed FSM, the double-loop control strategies are implemented independently for rotation around the two orthogonal axes. Experimental results reveal that both axes can rotate 148.67 mrad under the closed-loop control, with the ratio of output range to resolution larger than 3.90 × 104, superior to existing FSMs. We further demonstrate with designed experiments of tracking complex trajectories that the relative tracking accuracy error remains lower than 0.02%.
RESUMEN
Quantifying the ways in which local particle rearrangements contribute to macroscopic plasticity is one of the fundamental pursuits of granular mechanics and soft matter physics. Here we examine local rearrangements that occur naturally during the deformation of three samples of 3D granular materials subjected to distinct boundary conditions by employing in situ x-ray measurements of particle-resolved structure and stress. We focus on five distinct rearrangement measures, their statistics, interrelationships, contributions to macroscopic deformation, repeatability, and dependence on local structure and stress. Our most significant findings are that local rearrangements (1) are correlated on a scale of three to four particle diameters, (2) exhibit volumetric strain-shear strain and nonaffine displacement-rotation coupling, (3) exhibit correlations that suggest either rearrangement repeatability or that rearrangements span multiple steps of incremental sample strain, and (4) show little dependence on local stress but correlate with quantities describing local structure, such as porosity. Our results are presented in the context of relevant plasticity theories and are consistent with recent findings suggesting that local structure may play at least as important of a role as local stress in determining the nature of local rearrangements.
RESUMEN
Ultrasound propagation through externally stressed, disordered granular materials was experimentally and numerically investigated. Experiments employed piezoelectric transducers to excite and detect longitudinal ultrasound waves of various frequencies traveling through randomly packed sapphire spheres subjected to uniaxial compression. The experiments featured in situ X-ray tomography and diffraction measurements of contact fabric, particle kinematics, average per-particle stress tensors, and interparticle forces. The experimentally measured packing configuration and inferred interparticle forces at different sample stresses were used to construct spring networks characterized by Hessian and damping matrices. The ultrasound responses of these network were simulated to investigate the origins of wave velocity, acoustic paths, dispersion, and attenuation. Results revealed that both packing structure and interparticle force heterogeneity played an important role in controlling wave velocity and dispersion, while packing structure alone quantitatively explained most of the observed wave attenuation. This research provides insight into time- and frequency-domain features of wave propagation in randomly packed granular materials, shedding light on the fundamental mechanisms controlling wave velocities, dispersion, and attenuation in such systems.
RESUMEN
In this paper we apply lattice models of finite binary percolation networks to examine the effects of network configuration on macroscopic network responses. We consider both square and rectangular lattice structures in which bonds between nodes are randomly assigned to be either resistors or capacitors. Results show that for given network geometries, the overall normalised frequency-dependent electrical conductivities for different capacitor proportions are found to converge at a characteristic frequency. Networks with sufficiently large size tend to share the same convergence point uninfluenced by the boundary and electrode conditions, can be then regarded as homogeneous media. For these networks, the span of the emergent scaling region is found to be primarily determined by the smaller network dimension (width or length). This study identifies the applicability of power-law scaling in random two phase systems of different topological configurations. This understanding has implications in the design and testing of disordered systems in diverse applications.