Pathological manifestations of granulomatous lobular mastitis.

Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a rare inflammatory breast disease with unknown etiology, characterized by non-caseous granulomatous inflammation of the lobules, which infiltrate lymphocytes, neutrophils, plasma cells, monocytes, and eosinophils may accompany. GLM is often misdiagnosed as breast cancer due to the lack of specificity in clinical and imaging examinations, and therefore histopathology is the main basis for confirming the diagnosis. This review provides an overview of the pathological features of granulomatous lobular mastitis and cystic neutrophil granulomatous mastitis (CNGM, a pathologic subtype of GLM). As well as pathologic manifestations of other breast diseases that need to be differentiated from granulomatous lobular mastitis such as breast tuberculosis, lymphocytic mastopathy/diabetic mastopathy, IgG4-related sclerosing mastitis (IgG4-RSM), nodular disease, Wegener's granulomatosis, and plasma cell mastitis. Besides, discusses GLM and CNGM, GLM and breast cancer, emphasizing that their relationship deserves further in-depth exploration. The pathogenesis of GLM has not yet been clearly articulated and needs to be further explored, pathology enables direct observation of the microscopic manifestations of the disease and contributes to further investigation of the pathogenesis.

High performance of membrane capacitive deionization with ZnS/g-C3N4 composite electrodes.

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is considered a promising technology for desalination of sea or brackish water. In this study, a ZnS/g-C3N4 composite was synthesized through a one-step high-temperature method and used as the main material to fabricate CDI electrodes. The results of SEM and TEM showed that spherical-like nanoparticles of ZnS were uniformly distributed on the g-C3N4 sheet. The g-C3N4 phase facilitates the ZnS particles precipitate and restrain their agglomeration, which contributes to a high specific surface area of ZnS. Furthermore, the electrochemical test results indicated that ZnS/g-C3N4 composite had a good capacitance characteristic, low resistance, and high electrochemical stability. Finally, the desalinization performance of the ZnS/g-C3N4 composite electrodes was tested in traditional mode and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) mode. The results showed that ZnS/g-C3N4//ZnS/g-C3N4 (MCDI) exhibited an optimal desalination capacity. The adsorption amount was 27.65, 50.26, and 65.34 mg/g for NaCl initial concentration of 200, 400, and 600 mg/L, respectively, with the voltage of 1.2 V and flow rate of 5 mL/min. Increasing initial concentration enhanced the conductivity and ion migration rate so as to increase the NaCl adsorption amount. ZnS/g-C3N4 composite can be used as potential electrode material for high performance of MCDI.