Pediatric Pterygopalatine Fossa Schwannoma Presenting as Vision Loss: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Neurosynovial tumors, originating from Schwann cells within nerve sheaths, are benign entities, with 25% to 45% manifesting in the head and neck region. However, occurrences in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) are exceptionally rare, and only a handful of cases have been documented. In this report, we present the unique case of a 6-year-old child exhibiting a sizable soft tissue mass in the left PPF, extending into the inferior orbital fissure. The patient underwent successful intranasal endoscopic removal of PPF schwannoma utilizing the prelacrimal recess approach, with postoperative pathology confirming the diagnosis of schwannoma. Schwannomas within the PPF are particularly uncommon, and instances of such tumors in pediatric patients are even more exceptional. This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with PPF schwannomas in children, emphasizing the significance of a multidisciplinary approach for optimal management. In addition, a comprehensive literature review is presented to provide insights into the existing knowledge on this rare entity, further contributing to the understanding of pediatric PPF schwannomas.

Adult Laryngeal Pleomorphic Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Rare Entity.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare and aggressive cancerous tumor that arises from embryonal mesenchymal cells with skeletal muscle differentiation, and it is exceedingly rare that occurs specifically in the larynx. To date, only 22 instances of laryngeal pleomorphic RMSs have been documented in adults. Consequently, there is limited information available to assist healthcare professionals in effectively handling RMS in the larynx of adult patients. Here, we present an uncommon occurrence involving a 45-year-old man who experienced progressive hoarseness and received a diagnosis of pleomorphic RMS affecting the larynx. Pleomorphic RMS had been pathologically diagnosed after a vertical hemilaryngectomy. Following the surgical intervention, the patient underwent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. As of now, there have been no indications of tumor recurrence.

PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and metformin for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A network meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To undertake a network meta-analysis to compare the relative efficacy of a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARγ agonist, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and metformin in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS: Electronic databases, including Embase®, PubMed® and The Cochrane Library, were searched systematically for eligible studies from inception to 20 July 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and triglyceride levels were considered for inclusion. Data were extracted using a standardized data collection table. A network meta-analysis was performed. Relative risk and 95% confidence interval were calculated for continuous data and I2 was used to assess the heterogeneity of studies. RESULTS: A total of 22 RCTs involving 1698 patients were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. Both direct analysis and indirect analysis showed that saroglitazar was significantly superior to GLP-1RAs in improving ALT levels. Metformin improved ALT levels, but the effect was not as good as saroglitazar. CONCLUSION: Saroglizatar was the most effective drug for improving NAFLD.INPLASY registration number: INPLASY202340066.

The cardiovascular effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, RAS inhibitors, and ARN inhibitors in heart failure.

AIMS: No studies have comprehensively compared the efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor neprilysin (ARN) inhibitors based on different type of heart failure, including heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The aim of this network meta-analysis was to evaluate the relative efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), RAS inhibitor (RASi) and ARN inhibitor (ARNI) in different types of heart failure. METHODS: A systemic literature search was performed from inception to 19 November 2022 for randomized control trials assessing the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death or hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) of these drugs in HF. A network meta-analysis was performed. Risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were synthesized. RESULTS: Seventeen studies were selected with a total of 61 489 patients. In patients with HFrEF, ARNI led to a reduced risk of a composite outcome of CV death or HHF when compared with placebo (RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.77-0.89). Similar trends were observed when focusing on the outcome of CV death or HHF alone. In patients with HFpEF, SGLT2i showed the beneficial effects on the CV death or HHF events when compared with placebo and RASi (RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.74-0.92; RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.31). For CV death, all these three drugs could not show beneficial effects in HFpEF. For the incidence of HHF in HFpEF, both SGLT2i and ARNI demonstrated the beneficial effects but SGLT2i was superior to ARNI. There were no differences in the events of discontinuation under these drugs when compared with placebo or each other in either HFrEF or HFpEF patients. SGLT2i showed the least renal injury among these interventions in HFrEF and there were no differences in the incidence of renal injury of these interventions in HFpEF. CONCLUSIONS: Among these drugs, ARNI showed the greatest ability to lower the incidence of CV death or HHF and SGLT2i exerted the least renal injury in patients with HFrEF. In patients with HFpEF, SGLT2i was associated with a reduction in the risk of CV death or HHF. There were no differences in the incidence of renal injury of these interventions in HFpEF. The intolerance of these drugs were comparable in both HFrEF and HFpEF.