[Stanford Longevity Laws.]

The paper presents the statements and conclusions of the World first unique prospect cohort clinical study on longevity factors - «Genetic Studies of Genius¼, namely, the Stanford study of longevity of «the Termаn's children¼, performed primarily by Dr. Lewis Terman, and later on by Drs. Howard Friedman and Lesli Martin at the Stanford University campus and in City-of-San-Francisco, USA. It was started a century (100) years ago, in 1922. The next statements on longevity were concluded from the study: 1) people («Terman's children¼) with high personal organization live longer; 2) professionally successful people live, on average, ~5 years longer; 3) moderate physical activity and sports contribute to a longer life; 4) activity and high motivation in old age prolong significantly life; 5) people at happy marriages live longer; 6) the sexual satisfaction of husband and wife in a happy marriage predicts a long life for both of spouses; 7) children of divorced parents live, on average, ~5 years less than children in surviving families. It is suggested to call the conclusions of this world's first clinical study on longevity, 1 528 children being involved, as «the Stanford LongevityLaws¼.

[Transdisciplinary approach in free radical theory of ageing. Contribution of Nikolay M. Emanuel and his scientific school to gerontology.]

The work is aimed to review the results of scientific studies of the effect of antioxidants-geroprotectors on the aging of experimental animals and the replicative aging of human diploid cells, carried out in the Department of Kinetics of Chemical and Biological Processes «KHIMBIO¼ of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of academician Nikolay Markovich Emanuel in the 1960-1980s after pioneer work by D.Harman. By N.M.Emanuel and colleagues, it was established a previously unknown phenomenon of radical interaction of inhibitors in the oxidation of organic substances, which consists in the regeneration of a more effective inhibitor due to the transfer of a hydrogen atom to its free radical from a molecule of a less effective inhibitor. Antioxidants are polyvalent and can simultaneously affect many stages of aging processes. Data from the N.M.Emanuel scientific school on the increase of the average lifespan of mice by 25,3% and their maximum lifespan by 55,8% using antioxidants, discovered at the Institute of Chemical Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences as a result of well-founded experimental and theoretical studies, became a powerful argument in favor of the free radical theory of aging in 1970-ties. This was further promoted by approaches based on the theory of reliability, the damage theory, and as well as an approach based on oxidative activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which maintains the «nucleophilic tone¼ of protective oxidoreductases.

[Correlation between Haemostatic and Vegetate Nervous System Parameters under Examination Stress].

The work is aimed to an assessment of the correlation between of autonomic nervous system tone and the level of reactivity of the students' cardiovascular system and hemostasis system under examination stress. It was found that the students under exam stress are characterized with high values of respiration rate and with lower ones of tidal volume. The value of respiratory minute volume decreases in male students due to the bronchoconstrictor effects of stress at the tracheobronchial tree. This finding confirms a statistically significant reduction in the flow of small, medium and large bronchi, indicating an increased parasympathetic nervous system tone. A statistically significant increase in the power of fast waves as a result of determining heart rate variability in students of both hender during the exam also testifies the activation of the vagus nerve and can be used as a marker of exam stress. While exam stress, trombocrite value decreases and only femail students show a statistically significant reduction in the platelet number and increase of their volume. The tendency to increased thrombotic events under exam stress is demonstarated, being reached statistically significant differences in the case of female students--an increase in the initial thrombosis rate. In the case of mail students, an increase of prothrombin time value is testified under exam stress.

[Lipid and fatty acid profiles of Pseudomonas aurantiaca DNA-bound lipids determined by mass spectrometry].

An approach used on investigation of the lipid composition of loosely (fraction 1) and tightly (fraction 2) DNA-bound lipids of Pseudomonas aurantiaca cells by electrospray ionization using mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-MS) was used for determination of the lipidom of a prokaryotic cell. Free fatty acids C16:0, C18:1 (fraction 1), C14:0, C16:0, and C18:2 (fraction 2) were detected. Both fractions of DNA-bound lipids were characterized by the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, and lyso-phosphatidylinositol. The alcohol-soluble fraction 1 could also contain phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol, while fraction 2 probably contained triacylglycerides. Compared to gas chromatography, ESI-LC-MS provides new possibilities for investigation of the nucleoid lipidome, providing for more detailed investigation of DNA-bound lipids in bacterial cells.

[Emotional stress as a clinical model to study the pathogenesis of the initial phase of the general adaptation syndrome].

INTRODUCTION: General adaptation syndrome (GAS), the basis of the development of which is stress phenomenon, is an essential component of the pathogenesis of many diseases and syndromes. However, the patho genesis of GAS hitherto is considered exclusively from the endocrinological viewpoint. This relates primarily to the initial phase of the GAS, a clinical model for the study of which may be psycho-emotional stress (PES), which we studied using three groups of volunteers. METHODS: The first one consists of 25 students who were waiting for unaccustomed physical activity (17 men) and play debut on the stage (8 women). The second group consists of 48 children (2-14 years) who expected for "planned" surgery. The third group of volunteers is made up of 80 students (41 women and 39 men) during the first exam. The concentration of cortisol, endotoxin (ET), the activity of antiendotoxin immunity (AEI) and the haemostatic system parameters were determined in the blood serum of volunteers in various combinations. RESULTS: We found laboratory evidence for PES at 92% of students of the first group, 58% of children of the second one and in 21% of students of the third group of volunteers (mostly women). The concentration of ET increased at 13 (52%) volunteers of the first group with a significant increase of average indicators in the whole group (from 0.84 ± 0.06 to 1.19 ± 0.04 EU/ml). At children of the second group, the average concentration of ET increased even more significantly (from 0.42 ± 0.02 to 1.63 ± 0.11 EU/ml), which was accompanied by the activation of the hemostasis system. A degree of the activation was directly dependent on the level of ET in the general circulation and on an activity of AEI. Examination stress in the third group of volunteers is accompanied by activation of plasma hemostasis (increased initial thrombosis rate and reduced the time it starts, lag-period) in 26% of female students and 15% of male students. CONCLUSION: We suggest that it is possible to use the PES as a clinical model for studying the initial phase of the GAS, examine the role of excess of intestinal ET in the general blood circulation (endotoxin aggression) in the induction of systemic inflammation, which is very likely participated in the initiation of the GAS.

[Fatty acid profile of Pseudomonas aurantiaca DNA-bound lipids according to ESI-LC-MS mass-spectrometry].

Approach to the study of prokaryotic chromatin lipidome has been realized based on analysis of fatty acid profile of DNA-bound lipids using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ESI-LC-MS. By this method, we found 16 : 0 and 18 : 1 fatty acids, which are contained in the first fraction (weakly bound to DNA), and 14 : 0, 16 : 1 and 18 : 2 fatty acids, which are contained in the second fraction (strongly bound to DNA).

[Stress and allostasis: problems, outlooks and relationships].

Concepts of stress and allostasis are discussed in the paper in their interrelation and interpenetration. General adaptation syndrome is considered in the historical aspect of Claude Bernard's, William Cannon's and Hans Selye's contributions to the field, and from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach. Key challenges and contradictions of the stress concept are disclosed and discussed. First, the terminology ones, since this term might be understood as stress response, stressor, state of the organism and even the consequences of stress itself. Second, it is ambivalent and contradictory nature of the stress response. From the perception of stress as a reaction to the strong negative impact of environment, researchers became to divide stress onto two types: distress as a non-specific basis of disease, and eustress as a favorable factor that extends the adaptability of human organism. The third problem is connected to the interdisciplinary nature of the stress response, the effects of which being manifested in, at least, four areas: physiology, behavior, subjective experience, and cognitive functions. Particularily, physiologists are very often ignored of a role of cognitive factors in their stress research. The authors in terms of the allostasis theory, more complex adaptation process than homeostasis, resolve contradictories of stress conception observed. The paper proposes a model of allostatic states to describe distress and eustress phenomena.