Distribution of Microbiota in Fine Particulate Matter Particles in Guangzhou, China.

OBJECTIVE: High PM 2.5 concentration is the main feature of increasing haze in developing states, but information on its microbial composition remains very limited. This study aimed to determine the composition of microbiota in PM 2.5 in Guangzhou, a city located in the tropics in China. METHODS: In Guangzhou, from March 5 th to 10 th, 2016, PM 2.5 was collected in middle volume air samplers for 23 h daily. The 16S rDNA V4 region of the PM 2.5 sample extracted DNA was investigated using high-throughput sequence. RESULTS: Among the Guangzhou samples, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the dominant microbiota accounting for more than 90% of the total microbiota, and Stenotrophomonas was the dominant gram-negative bacteria, accounting for 21.30%-23.57%. We examined the difference in bacterial distribution of PM 2.5 between Beijing and Guangzhou at the genus level; Stenotrophomonas was found in both studies, but Escherichia was only detected in Guangzhou. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the diversity and specificity of microbial components in Guangzhou PM 2.5 were studied, which may provide a basis for future pathogenicity research in the tropics.

Association Between SLC30A8 rs13266634 Polymorphism and Risk of T2DM and IGR in Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Published data regarding the association between solute carrier family 30, member 8 (SLC30A8) rs13266634 polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired glucose regulation (IGR) risks in Chinese population are in-consistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between SLC30A8 rs13266634 and T2DM/IGR in a Chinese population. Material and Methods: Three English (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) and three Chinese databases (Wanfang, CNKI, and CBMD database) were used for searching articles from January 2005 to January 2018. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated with the random-effect model. Trial sequential analysis was also utilized. Results: Twenty-eight case-control studies with 25,912 cases and 26,975 controls were included for SLC30A8 and T2DM. Pooled risk allele C frequency for rs13266634 was 60.6% (95%CI: 59.2-62.0%) in the T2DM group and 54.8% (95%CI: 53.2-56.4%) in the control group which had estimated OR of 1.23 (95%CI: 1.17-1.28). Individuals who carried major homozygous CC and heterozygous CT genotype were at 1.51 and 1.23 times higher risk of T2DM, respectively, than those carrying minor homozygous TT. The most appropriate genetic analysis model was the co-dominant model based on comparison of OR1, OR2 and OR3. Five articles that involved 4,627 cases and 6,166 controls were included for SLC30A8 and IGR. However, no association was found between SLC30A8 rs13266634 and IGR (C vs. T, OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 0.98-1.30, p = 0.082). TSA revealed that the pooled sample sizes of T2DM exceeded the estimated required information size but not the IGR. Conclusion: The present meta-analysis demonstrated that SLC30A8 rs13266634 was a potential risk factor for T2DM, and more studies should be performed to confirm the association between rs13266634 polymorphism and IGR.

Association of variants of miRNA processing genes with cervical precancerous lesion risk in a southern Chinese population.

The miRNA processing genes play essential roles in the biosynthesis of mammalian miRNAs, and their genetic variants are involved in the development of various cancers. Our study aimed to determine the potential association between miRNA processing gene polymorphisms and cervical precancerous lesions. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including Ran-GTP (RAN) rs14035, exportin-5 (XPO5) rs11077, DICER1 rs3742330, DICER1 rs13078, and TARBP2 rs784567, were genotyped in a case-control study to estimate risk factors of cervical precancerous lesions. The gene-environment interactions and haplotype association were estimated. We identified a 27% decreased risk of cervical precancerous lesions for individuals with minor G allele in DICER1 rs3742330 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.73, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.58-0.92, P = 0.009). The AG and AG/GG genotypes in DICER1 rs3742330 were also found to decrease the risk of cervical precancerous lesions (AG compared with AA: OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.35-0.73, P <0.001; AG/GG compared with AA: OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.39-0.77, P = 0.001). The GT haplotype in DICER1 had a risk effect on cervical precancerous lesions compared with the AT haplotype (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08-1.73, P = 0.010). A two-factor (DICER1 rs3742330 and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection) and two three-factor (model 1: rs3742330, passive smoking, and HPV infection; model 2: rs3742330, abortion history, and HPV infection) interaction models for cervical precancerous lesions were identified. In conclusion, the genetic variants in the miRNA processing genes and interactions with certain environmental factors might contribute to the risk of cervical precancerous lesions in southern Chinese women.

Phytoecdysteroids from Ajuga iva act as potential antidiabetic agent against alloxan-induced diabetic male albino rats.

The present study investigated the protective effect of phytoecdysteroids extracted from the Ajuga iva plant on body weight changes, blood glucose, insulin total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, pancreatic histopathology and hexokinase-I expression in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Experimental diabetes was induced following 15day intraperitoneal administration of alloxan. The rats were divided into four groups. Group I served as a sham group, and group II served as the diabetic control. Group III served as a treatment for phytoecdysteroids (10mg/kg), and group IV served as a treatment for phytoecdysteroids (20mg/kg). Phytoecdysteroids restored body weight loss to its antihyperglycemic effect. Blood glucose was reduced 19.2 and 52.9% in group III and IV respectively. Blood insulin (54.9 and 105.88%) and total protein (25 and 72.2%) was increased in group III and IV respectively. BUN, creatinine, TG, cholesterol and lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced following treatment. Catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly increased following treatment. Islet ß-cells are lost in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Regeneration of islets and reduced atrophy of acinar cells were noted. The number of insulin-secreting cells was tremendously reduced in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Insulin-secreting cells were increased 48 and 61% in group III and IV respectively. Hexokinase-I mRNA (28.3 & 93.5%) and protein (27.9 and 55.3%) expression were significantly increased following treatment. Taking all these data together, it is suggested that the phytoecdysteroid could be a potential therapeutic agent against experimental diabetes.

[Application of HLAMatchmaker analysis eplets mismatch of renal transplant matching].

OBJECTIVE: Eplets mismatch based on HLAMatchmaker software evaluates the clinical application of kidney transplantation. METHODS: In 239 cases of renal transplant,merits of methods of the traditional HLA six antigen matcheing criteria, cross reaction groups standard and Eplets mismatch based on HLAMatchmaker standard were compared respectively. RESULTS: The number of mismatchs with three methods in 239 cases, were grouped according to low-high mismatchs. The results revealed that HLAMatchmaker algorithm could significantly increase the number of low mismatchs group 54 (22.6%), compared with the HIA group 19(7.9%) and CREGs group 32 (13.4%). The comparison was discovered statistical significance among the three groups (P<0.001), so the comparison between each group was. CONCLUSION: HLAMachmaker of donor-recipients matching, is a more efficient, time-saving and high sensitivity matching solution to allograft renal transplantation.

Simultaneous monitoring of CMV and BKV by quantitative PCR in renal transplant recipients.

Polyomavirus (BKV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) are associated with renal graft failure. The aim was to establish a quantitative PCR method (Q-PCR) to detect BKV and CMV simultaneously. The conserved sequences of BKV and CMV were amplified and cloned into the plasmids as standards. The sensitivity, specificity and the precision of the assay were evaluated. Q-PCR was used to detect BKV and CMV DNA simultaneously in 480 blood samples of renal transplantation recipients. The sensitivity of the Q-PCR assay to detect BKV or CMV DNA reached 5×10(3)copies/mL. The use of control DNA verified that the assay could specifically detect the target DNA. The precision of the assay to quantify target DNA copies was acceptable (ICV 3.44% for BKV and 2.23% for CMV; differences between batches ICV 4.98% for BKV and 3.76% for CMV). In 480 samples, 130 samples (27.08%) were CMV DNA positive, which was significantly higher than the 64 BKV DNA positive samples (13.33%, p<0.05). BKV or CMV DNA positivity was significantly associated with high concentrations of Tacrolimus (TAC) (p value<0.05). The Q-PCR assay to detect both CMV and BKV DNA simultaneously was developed successfully with high sensitivity, precision, and time-effectiveness for clinical measurement.

The progression of the tubulointerstitial fibrosis driven by stress-induced "proliferation-death" vicious circle.

Several hypotheses have been developed to interpret the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TF), including senescence, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammation, chronic hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species. All of these hypotheses are based on persistent cell injury and localized cell death. Proliferation of neighboring renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) is beneficial for organ function recovery from acute injury. However, compensatory proliferation is not always advantageous, as the proliferating cells are vulnerable to ongoing detrimental stimuli, such as inflammation, endocrine stress, high blood pressure, hypoxia/ischemia, and the like. Cell injury and death promotes secretion of growth factors, which evokes proliferation of RTECs; entering the cell cycle makes the RTECs more vulnerable to injury and death. Under persistent stress, death and proliferation are mutually promoted and form the vicious circle that triggers, maintains, and augments the inflammation and progression of TF. We hypothesize that the "proliferation-death" circle is another important pathophysiologic mechanism of TF onset. Through this hypothesis, this paper interprets the development and progression of TF. Moreover, the vicious circle may be universal, underlying the development of inflammation and fibrosis in various organs and tissues. The hypothesis also suggests a potential therapy strategy for the inhibition of fibrosis.

A fast SSP-PCR method for genotyping the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 gene C3435T and G2677T polymorphisms in Chinese transplant recipients.

AIM: P-glycoprotein, the product of the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1) gene (or the so-called multidrug resistance 1 gene), is an ATP-driven efflux pump contributing to the pharmacokinetics as well as the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates, such as tacrolimus. This paper describes the development of a new method for detection of the 3435C/T and 2677G/T/A single nucleotide polymorphisms of the ABCB1 gene. The method is a simple sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR). METHODS: 158 Chinese health checkup examinees and 214 transplant recipients were included in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and amplified with SSP-PCR to detect the 3435C/T and 2677G/T/A mutations in ABCB1. The SSP-PCR condition was optimized, and the PCR results were compared with those of DNA sequencing. RESULTS: In the optimized condition, the two polymorphisms could be clearly distinguished after one-step PCR and electrophoresis. The ABCB1 3435C/T and 2677G/T/A genotypes of the subjects were scanned, and allele-specific bands were successfully amplified by SSP-PCR, which were in full accordance with the results of sequencing. CONCLUSION: As a fast, simple and inexpensive genotyping tool, the method would be practicable in large clinical studies on interindividual pharmacokinetics.

[Establishment and preliminary application of polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers for the single nucleotide polymorphisms of metabolic enzymes].

OBJECTIVE: To develop a simple, accurate, rapid, economic, large-scale detection method for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) metabolic enzymes, using polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP). METHODS: The primers of CYP1A1 (A4889G), EPHX1 (A416G) and NQO1 (C609T) were designed for PCR-CTPP, and the PCR conditions were optimized. The results of genotyping were verified by DNA sequencing. The above SNPs were detected by the PCR-CTPP detection method in a randomly selected 183 healthy individuals of Han ethnicity. The genotype frequencies were analyzed and compared with people from other ethnicities. RESULTS: The allele-specific bands of CYP1A1 (A4889G), EPHX1 (A416G) and NQO1 (C609T) were successfully amplified by PCR-CTPP under the optimal conditions and the results of genotyping were consistent with DNA sequencing. Among 183 healthy Han individuals, the genotypic distributions of CYP1A1 (A4889G) , EPHX1 (A416G) and NQO1 (C609T) showed that the wild-type, homozygous variants, and heterozygotes were 103 (56.3%), 8 (4.4%), 72 (39.3%) and 142 (77.6%), 4 (2.2%), 37(20.2%), 60(32.8%), 32 (17.5%), 91 (49.7%) respectively. The distributions of genotypes were all in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05), with statistical differences and with other ethnic populations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The SNPs of metabolic enzymes can be detected by PCR-CTPP method which is simple, accurate, rapid, economic and with large scale. PCR-CTPP can be used for large scale clinical and epidemiological screening.

[Alveolar damage of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in renal transplantation recipients].

OBJECTIVE: To study the alveolar ultrastructural changes and the interaction between Pneumocystis carinii (PC) and alveoli in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) patients after renal transplantation. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with suspected PCP after renal transplantation were examinated by bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB). The BAL fluid was centrifuged and the sediments were stained for PC. Cases for which electron microscope showed alveolar tissue in TBLB specimen were included. Then the clinical features, PC, alveolar epithelial damage, exudate in alveolar space, inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrous tissue in the interstitial space were analyzed and evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-three cases were studied. The mean time from renal transplantation to onset of illness was 5.6 months, and that from onset of illness to hospitalization was 5.5 days. Clinical features included fever, dyspnea, unproductive cough, and scanty chest signs, to hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest CT showed diffuse lung interstitial changes in 22 of the 23 cases, 9 with consolidation. After treatment with SMZco, the fever resolved in 1 - 5 days, and the general state of the patients became better, and 19 patients were dischaged within 1 month. PC in BAL fluid was found by special staining in 18 patients, while PC was found by electron microscope in 14 patients. In most cases PC was few in the lung tissue, but in 3 cases abundant PC filled the alveolar space. PC was seen in two forms, the cyst and the trophozoite. Electron and light microscopes showed alveolar exudate, inflammation in interstitium and alveolar space, interstitial fibrosis, and alveolar epithelial damage in all patients. CONCLUSION: In PCP patients after renal transplantation there was marked alveolar damage, which was the major pathological change in the lung.