Invasion status of the common carp Cyprinus carpio in inland waters of Argentina.

This study documents the presence of Cyprinus carpio in 119 natural environments and 49 artificial habitats in Argentina, showing an exponential increment of invaded locations over time since it was introduced in the nineteenth century. Geographic expansion patterns revealed that since its initial introduction, species records demonstrate an increment in the central portion of the country only after 1970 and subsequent expansion after 1990 to the north, west and south. Using an environmental similarity index it was determined that more than half the country offers good conditions for C. carpio establishment. Environmental factors and anthropogenic impacts are relevant drivers that can account for the current and future distribution of C. carpio in Argentina.

Determinação do nível de controle econômico de Enneothrips flavens Moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) em cultivar de amendoim de porte ereto

The present work was aimed to evaluate different economic control levels of Enneothrips flavens in upright peanut plants, during the "dry" and "wet" seasons. The experiments were carried out at the Departamento de Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP - Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, in 2007/2008. To evaluate the different E. flavens infestation levels, samplings were carried out at 17 days after plant emergence (DAE), collecting 10 closed leaflets per parcel. Peeled grain production (kg ha-1), and 100-seed dry mass (g) were also determined. Once the production and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin spraying times were determined, the production gain (25 kg bags and kg.ha-1) and net profit variation were obtained. It was concluded that the peanut plants were more infested from 17 to 30 DAE and from 47 to 74 DAE for the "dry" cultivation and 32 to 53 DAE for the "wet" cultivation; the total-control treatment presented higher production and net profit variation as compared to the control plot with 26.43 bags.ha-1 and R$ 585.66 for the planting season held in "drought," and 53.88 bags.ha-1 and R$ 1,354.26 for the planting done during the "wet" time; E. flavens control with 20% of leaflets attacked in both seasons was the closest to total control in the production (bags.ha-1) and net profit variation; the insecticide thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin was effective to control the pest, resulting in increased the peanut production in both cultivation seasons.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de controle econômico de Enneothrips flavens, na cultura do amendoim ereto, nas épocas de cultivo "das águas" e "da seca ". O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, em 2007/2008. Para a avaliação, foram realizadas amostragens a partir dos 17 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE), coletando-se dez folíolos fechados por parcela. Determinaram-se a produção de grãos em casca e a massa seca de 100 sementes. Determinadas a produção e o número de aplicações de thiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina, foram obtidos o ganho de produção e a variação no rendimento líquido. Concluiu-se no estudo que as plantas de amendoim foram mais infestadas dos 17 aos 30 e dos 47 aos 74 (DAE) para o plantio na época "da seca" e dos 32 aos 53 (DAE) na época "das águas"; o tratamento controle total obteve as maiores produções e variação no rendimento líquido em relação à testemunha com 26,43 sacas. ha-1 e R$ 585,66 para o plantio realizado na época "da seca", e com 53,88 sacas. ha-1 e R$ 1354,26 para o plantio realizado na época "das águas". O controle de E. flavens com 20% dos folíolos atacados para os cultivos rea-lizados foi o mais próximo do controle total na produção (sacas.ha-1) e variação do rendimento líquido; o inseticida thiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina mostrou-se eficiente no controle da praga resultando em acréscimo na produção de amendoim nas duas épocas de cultivo.

Avaliação de resistência de cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro a Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Due to its widespread distribution and known damages, Enneothrips flavens Moulton is considered the major pest of the peanut crop in Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the behavior of four runner peanut cultivars under natural field infestation of this insect. The experiments were carried out in the experimental area of FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, state of São Paulo, Brazil, using a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 6 replications. The cultivars studied were IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 and Runner IAC 886. Insect infestation and damage, as well as plant behavior were evaluated as to the number of nymphae and adults, percentage of attacked leaflets, symptoms of attack intensity, number of apical buds/plant, plant dry weight, yield of unshelled pods/plant and 100 kernel weight. No significant difference was noted between cultivars regarding the level of E. flavens (adult and nymphae) infestation. The largest nymphae infestation was recorded at the 15-41 DAE (days after emergency) period. As for the adults, the largest infestation occurred between 15 and 48 days after emergence. The evaluation of yield performance under thrips (E. flavens) infestation suggested that the cultivar IAC Caiapó behaved as tolerant to the attack of this insect.

Devido a sua ampla distribuição e aos danos acarretados, Enneothrips flavens Moulton destaca-se como a principal praga do amendoim no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de campo, o comportamento de quatro cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro sob infestação natural de E. flavens. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos em seis repetições. Foram utilizadas os cultivares IAC Caiapó, IAC 125, IAC 147 e IAC Runner-886. Foram avaliados o número de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens, porcentagem de folíolos atacados, sintomas de intensidade de ataque, número de brotos apicais por planta, massa seca das plantas, produção de grãos em casca (kg ha-1) e a massa seca de 100 sementes (g). Os cultivares não diferiram quanto ao nível de infestação de ninfas e adultos de E. flavens. O período de maior infestação de ninfas ocorreu entre 15 e 41 DAE, e de adultos entre 15 e 48 DAE. Analisando-se a produção, o cultivar IAC Caiapó comportou-se como portador de resistência do tipo tolerância ao ataque de E. flavens.

Determinação do nível de controle econômico de Enneothrips flavens moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thropidae) em cultivar de amendoim de porto ereto / Determination of the level of economic control of Enneothrips flavens moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the upright peanut crop

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de controle econômico de Enneothrips flavens, na cultura do amendoim ereto, nas épocas de cultivo “das águas” e “da seca ”. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, em 2007/2008. Para a avaliação, foram realizadas amostragens a partir dos 17 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE), coletando-se dez folíolos fechados por parcela. Determinaram-se a produção de grãos em casca e a massa seca de 100 sementes. Determinadas a produção e o número de aplicações de thiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina, foram obtidos o ganho de produção e a variação no rendimento líquido. Concluiu-se no estudo que as plantas de amendoim foram mais infestadas dos 17 aos 30 e dos 47 aos 74 (DAE) para o plantio na época “da seca” e dos 32 aos 53 (DAE) na época “das águas”; o tratamento controle total obteve as maiores produções e variação no rendimento líquido em relação à testemunha com 26,43 sacas. ha-1 e R$ 585,66 para o plantio realizado na época “da seca”, e com 53,88 sacas. ha-1 e R$ 1354,26 para o plantio realizado na época “das águas”. O controle de E. flavens com 20% dos folíolos atacados para os cultivos rea-lizados foi o mais próximo do controle total na produção (sacas.ha-1) e variação do rendimento líquido; o inseticida thiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina mostrou-se eficiente no controle da praga resultando em acréscimo na produção de amendoim nas duas épocas de cultivo.(AU)

The present work was aimed to evaluate different economic control levels of Enneothrips flavens in upright peanut plants, during the “dry” and “wet” seasons. The experiments were carried out at the Departamento de Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, in 2007/2008. To evaluate the different E. flavens infestation levels, samplings were carried out at 17 days after plant emergence (DAE), collecting 10 closed leaflets per parcel. Peeled grain production (kg ha-1), and 100-seed dry mass (g) were also determined. Once the production and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin spraying times were determined, the production gain (25 kg bags and kg.ha-1) and net profit variation were obtained. It was concluded that the peanut plants were more infested from 17 to 30 DAE and from 47 to 74 DAE for the “dry” cultivation and 32 to 53 DAE for the “wet” cultivation; the total-control treatment presented higher production and net profit variation as compared to the control plot with 26.43 bags.ha-1 and R$ 585.66 for the planting season held in “drought,” and 53.88 bags.ha-1 and R$ 1,354.26 for the planting done during the “wet” time; E. flavens control with 20% of leaflets attacked in both seasons was the closest to total control in the production (bags.ha-1) and net profit variation; the insecticide thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin was effective to control the pest, resulting in increased the peanut production in both cultivation seasons.(AU)

Determinação do nível de controle econômico de Enneothrips flavens moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thropidae) em cultivar de amendoim de porto ereto / Determination of the level of economic control of Enneothrips flavens moulton, 1941 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the upright peanut crop

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de controle econômico de Enneothrips flavens, na cultura do amendoim ereto, nas épocas de cultivo “das águas” e “da seca ”. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Fitossanidade da FCAV/UNESP - Campus de Jaboticabal, SP, em 2007/2008. Para a avaliação, foram realizadas amostragens a partir dos 17 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE), coletando-se dez folíolos fechados por parcela. Determinaram-se a produção de grãos em casca e a massa seca de 100 sementes. Determinadas a produção e o número de aplicações de thiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina, foram obtidos o ganho de produção e a variação no rendimento líquido. Concluiu-se no estudo que as plantas de amendoim foram mais infestadas dos 17 aos 30 e dos 47 aos 74 (DAE) para o plantio na época “da seca” e dos 32 aos 53 (DAE) na época “das águas”; o tratamento controle total obteve as maiores produções e variação no rendimento líquido em relação à testemunha com 26,43 sacas. ha-1 e R$ 585,66 para o plantio realizado na época “da seca”, e com 53,88 sacas. ha-1 e R$ 1354,26 para o plantio realizado na época “das águas”. O controle de E. flavens com 20% dos folíolos atacados para os cultivos rea-lizados foi o mais próximo do controle total na produção (sacas.ha-1) e variação do rendimento líquido; o inseticida thiametoxam + lambda-cialotrina mostrou-se eficiente no controle da praga resultando em acréscimo na produção de amendoim nas duas épocas de cultivo.

The present work was aimed to evaluate different economic control levels of Enneothrips flavens in upright peanut plants, during the “dry” and “wet” seasons. The experiments were carried out at the Departamento de Fitossanidade, FCAV/UNESP – Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, in 2007/2008. To evaluate the different E. flavens infestation levels, samplings were carried out at 17 days after plant emergence (DAE), collecting 10 closed leaflets per parcel. Peeled grain production (kg ha-1), and 100-seed dry mass (g) were also determined. Once the production and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin spraying times were determined, the production gain (25 kg bags and kg.ha-1) and net profit variation were obtained. It was concluded that the peanut plants were more infested from 17 to 30 DAE and from 47 to 74 DAE for the “dry” cultivation and 32 to 53 DAE for the “wet” cultivation; the total-control treatment presented higher production and net profit variation as compared to the control plot with 26.43 bags.ha-1 and R$ 585.66 for the planting season held in “drought,” and 53.88 bags.ha-1 and R$ 1,354.26 for the planting done during the “wet” time; E. flavens control with 20% of leaflets attacked in both seasons was the closest to total control in the production (bags.ha-1) and net profit variation; the insecticide thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin was effective to control the pest, resulting in increased the peanut production in both cultivation seasons.

Immunological diagnosis of tuberculosis based on recombinant antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in children from an endemic area in northeast Brazil.

Diagnostic tests for tuberculosis (TB) using interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses produced by T lymphocytes after stimulation by early secretory antigen target 6 (ESAT-6), culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) or purified protein derivate (PPD) were carried out using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in whole blood culture supernatants from children with suspected TB disease (n=21), latent TB infection (LTBI; n=17) and negative controls (NC; n=21) from Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The results were analysed using the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves and the areas under the curve (AUC) generated varied from 0.5 to 1.0 with higher values indicating increased discriminatory ability. Comparisons of AUCs were made using non-parametric assumptions, and the differences were considered significant if P<0.05. The ROC curve showed a statistical difference (P = 0.015) between the LTBI and NC groups with an AUC of 0.731, TB disease and NC (AUC=0.780; P=0.002) and a group with TB (latent infection+disease, n=38) and NC (AUC=0.758; P = 0.001) when the antigen used was ESAT-6. No statistical difference was found between the groups when CFP-10 or PPD was used. In conclusion, the ESAT-6 test may be the most appropriate for diagnosis of childhood TB, both LTBI and TB disease, when associated with epidemiological and clinical data, especially in endemic areas such as Brazil.