Pre-clinical protective potentials of Carica papaya constituents in experimentally induced anemia.

OBJECTIVE: Anemia is a pathological condition characterized by reduced oxygen bioavailability and/or changes in hematological parameters. This study investigated the anti-anemic activities of Carica papaya (CP) phytoconstituents in aluminium-chloride-induced anemic rats. METHOD: Twenty-seven rats were randomized into nine groups of three rats as follows; group 1 was the normal (non-induced) group, 2-9 were anemic rats administered 1 mL distilled water, standard drug (3 mg/kg body weight (bw) ferrous sulphate), 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg bw of crude methanolic extract of CP (CMECP) of the leaf and 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg bw of CMECP of the seed respectively in the first stage of the study. In the second stage, thirty-three rats were randomized into eleven groups of three rats as follows; group 1 was the normal group, 2-11 were anemic rats treated with 1 mL distilled water, standard drug, 75 mg/kg bw, 150 mg/kg of alkaloid fraction of CP seed, 75 mg/kg bw, 150 mg/kg bw of flavonoid fraction of CP seed, 75 mg/kg bw and 150 mg/kg of alkaloid fraction of CP leaf, 75 mg/kg bw and 150 mg/kg bw of flavonoid fraction of CP leaf respectively. RESULTS: Treatment of anemic rats with CP extracts and fractions of the seed and leaf significantly reversed the hematological parameters and body weight of anemic rats in a dose independent fashion. The CMECP leaf at 100 and 500 mg/kg gave PCV of 42.50±0.50 and 47.00±0.50, while the seed gave 49.50±0.50 and 42.50±0.50 respectively after 2 weeks of treatment. However, the alkaloid and flavonoid fraction of CP presented better anti-anemic properties probably due to constituents' synergism. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that CP possesses phytoconstituents which potentiates it as a safe anti-anemic drug candidate.

Reaction of Partially Methylated Polygalacturonic Acid with Iron(III) Chloride and Characterization of a New Mixed Chloride-Polygalacturonate Complex.

We have described a new route for the preparation of partially methylated polygalacturonic acid containing hydrolyzed (acidic) and unhydrolyzed (methyl esterified) carboxylate groups in a ratio of 1:1 (PGA, compound 1), and one of its basic FeIII-salts (compound 2) with a ~1:2 FeIII:GA stoichiometry (GA means galacturonic acid and methylated galacturonic acid units). The partially hydrolyzed pectin was transformed into compound 1 with the use of double ion exchange with a strongly acidic macroreticular sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer as a hydrogen ion source. The reaction of compound 1 with FeCl3 resulted in compound 2. Compound 2 has a polymeric nature and contains binuclear FeIII(µ-O)(µ-OH)FeIII core units with two kinds of distorted octahedral iron geometries. The salt-forming acidic and methylated GA units of compound 1 are coordinated to FeIII centers in asymmetric bidentate-chelating and -bridging (via C=O group and glycosidic oxygen) modes, respectively. Two kinds of outer-sphere chloride anions were also detected by XPS in various chemical environments fixed by different sets of hydrogen bonds. We also observed a partial reduction of FeIII into FeII due to the ring-opening of the chain-end GA units of compound 1. This reaction provides a new route to determine the number of chain-ends in compound 2, and with the use of the number of GA units calculated from charge neutrality, the average length of these chains and the average molecular weight were also determined. The average molecular weight of the partially methylated polygalacturonic acid used in the industrial-scale production of commercial anti-anemic iron-polygalacturonate agents was ~50,000 g/mol. Compound 2 was also characterized by IR, Mössbauer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. These results on the structure and average molecular weight of basic iron(III) polygalacturonate provide a tool to design Fe-PGA complexes with tuned iron-releasing properties.

Antianemic activity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Collana Negra variety and kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) Ramis variety seed flour in anemic rats.

The Andean grains from the Peruvian Altiplano, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) have high protein content and an optimal balance of essential amino acids and minerals such as iron (19.8 mg/100 g y 17.6 mg/100 g, respectively). The objective of this research was to evaluate the antianemic activity of extruded flour from quinoa seeds variety Negra Collana and kanihua variety Ramis in anemic Holtzman strain rats. The results of the proximal analysis showed high protein content in quinoa at 22% and kanihua at 16.2%, and the acute toxicity test showed harmlessness up to the dose of 15000 mg/Kg in both flours confirmed with the anatomopathological observation of organs such as liver, stomach, lung, kidneys, and brain. In the evaluation of the antianemic activity, a basal average of 29.3 ± 0.2% of hematocrit was observed in the group of anemic rats treated with quinoa flour, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 53.8 ± 0.3% of hematocrit (p ≤ 0.05). A group of anemic rats treated with kanihua flour had a basal average of 29.5 ± 0.3%, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 51.7 ± 0.3% (p ≤ 0.05). A group of rats without anemia treated with quinoa and kanihua flour showed a basal average of 50.2 ± 0.2% and 49.3 ± 0.3%; in twelve weeks, it increased to 55.2 ± 0.2% and 54.8 ± 0.1%, respectively. It was concluded that oral administration of 360 mg/Kg every 24 h of quinoa flour and kanihua flour increased hematocrit levels by 24.5 ± 0.5% and 22.2 ± 0.3%; weight 65.8 ± 0.3 g and 59.2 ± 0.1 g; height 6.8 ± 0.1 cm and 5.7 ± 0.5 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). In rats without anemia increased hematocrit levels by 5.3 ± 0.0% and 5.5 ± 0.0%; weight 37.7 ± 0.1 g and 21.7 ± 0.05 g; height 4 ± 0.0 cm and 3.9 ± 0.0 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05).

Heme-Mimetic Potential of Iron Conjugated Pheophytin-I in Attenuating Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular and Vascular Toxicity.

Purpose of the Study: Heme is the cardinal porphyrin in systemic physiology, apart from hemoglobin it forms structural skeleton of physiological antioxidants such as catalase and peroxidases. Aim: The current study presents evidence that iron chelated pheophytin (Fe-Ph-I) created in resemblance to heme can exert significant heme-mimetic efficacy in mitigating oxidative stress-induced cellular and vascular damage. Materials and Methods: Fe-Ph-I was synthesized by incorporating ferrous ion into the porphyrin core of Ph-I moiety. The candidate drugs (Ph-I and Fe-Ph-I) were characterized by spectroscopic analysis and heme-mimetic attribute of Fe-Ph-I was established by comparing the efficacy of Fe-Ph-I with reference to its unmetallated parent Ph-I as well as un-chelated ferrous ions in a host of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo bioassays paradigms. Results: The study confirmed that Fe-Ph-I, Ph-I, and free ferrous ions all exerts significant in vitro anti-radical efficacy, however, while un-chelated ferrous ions intensifies, Ph-I and Fe-Ph-I mitigate ex vivo oxidative stress with Fe-Ph-I exhibiting superior potency. Also from in vivo assessment of oxidative stress-induced hemolytic anemia, it was observed that Fe-Ph-I is significantly superior than Ph-I in alleviating intravascular hemolysis, thereby endorsing that not ferrous ions alone but ferrous ion chelated with porphyrin yielding a heme-mimetic structure is responsible for superior potency of Fe-Ph-I over Ph-I. Conclusion: In conclusion, Fe-Ph-I is cost-effective and therapeutically safe biological macromolecule of clinical potency against pathologies either mediated by or themselves precipitate oxidative stress-induced cellular or vascular damage.

Iron oxide and iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles impair SARS-CoV-2 infection of cultured cells.

BACKGROUND: Coronaviruses usually cause mild respiratory disease in humans but as seen recently, some human coronaviruses can cause more severe diseases, such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the global spread of which has resulted in the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. RESULTS: In this study we analyzed the potential of using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated with biocompatible molecules like dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APS) or carboxydextran (FeraSpin™ R), as well as iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles (IOHNPs) coated with sucrose (Venofer®), or iron salts (ferric ammonium citrate -FAC), to treat and/or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. At non-cytotoxic doses, IONPs and IOHNPs impaired virus replication and transcription, and the production of infectious viruses in vitro, either when the cells were treated prior to or after infection, although with different efficiencies. Moreover, our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection affects the expression of genes involved in cellular iron metabolism. Furthermore, the treatment of cells with IONPs and IOHNPs affects oxidative stress and iron metabolism to different extents, likely influencing virus replication and production. Interestingly, some of the nanoparticles used in this work have already been approved for their use in humans as anti-anemic treatments, such as the IOHNP Venofer®, and as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging in small animals like mice, such as the FeraSpin™ R IONP. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, our results suggest that IONPs and IOHNPs may be repurposed to be used as prophylactic or therapeutic treatments in order to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Antianemic activity of polyherbal formulation, Raktavardhak Kadha, against phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rats.

BACKGROUND: Over two billion people around the world suffer from anemia. Majority of populations are using dietary supplements and herbal medicines for the management of the anemic conditions. Many polyherbal formulations such as RaktavardhakKadha (RK), are available in the Indian market as a nutritional supplement and herbal-based medicine for anemia. OBJECTIVES: The present study is aimed at investigating antianemic potential of polyherbal formulation, RK, against phenylhydrazine-induced anemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RK was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and iron estimation. Anemia was induced by phenylhydrazine administration (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 2 consecutive days. Antianemic activity of RK was investigated at the dose of 1.8 ml/kg, twice daily for 12 days by estimating blood parameters and pathological changes in liver, heart, spleen and bone marrow. RESULTS: RK was found to contain saponins, steroids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. Iron content was found to be 5 mg/100 ml in RK. Anemia induction by phenylhydrazine injections to rats caused significant decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin and hematocrit. These decreased levels of RBCs, hemoglobin and hematocrit in blood was significantly improved by the treatment with RK. Furthermore, RK restored pathological changes in liver, heart, spleen and bone marrow tissues near to normal. CONCLUSION: This study suggests antianemic activity of RK, which can be attributed to its iron content and ability to prevent hemolysis.

Green Synthesis to Develop Iron-Nano Formulations and Its Toxicity Assays.

OBJECTIVES: In the past few years, herbal medicines have gained popularity over synthetic drugs because of their natural source and minimal side effects which has led to a tremendous growth of phytopharmaceuticals usage. With the development of nanotechnology, it provides alternative approaches to overcome several limitations using nano-formulations. In spite of considerable quantity of antianemic preparations with different iron forms available, currently additives are used and represented in modern pharmaceutical market. Iron deficiency anemia is a major global public health problem which particularly affects pregnant women, children and elderly persons. The situation is complicated because of disadvantages and drug side effects from existing antianemic medicines. There is a great demand for the development of new antianemic preparations. Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, possess high potential in this field. METHODS: Our study focuses on developing green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) of 10-50 nm with spherical shape where different dosages were used -1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for exposure in Wistar albino female rats for 28 days. The toxicity was assessed using various parameters such as measurements of the rat body and organ mass, hematology, biochemical evaluation and histopathological examinations. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in body and organ weights. Hematological indices also indicated no significant differences whereas biochemical factors showed increase in levels of direct bilirubin and globulin of medium as well as high dose and SGPT levels were increased only in high dose. The major organs (heart, kidney and liver) showed histopathological alterations in 10 and 100 mg/kg whereas brain showed only in 100 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: The toxicity of IONPs was found to be more significant when the concentration was increased; however, low doses can be used for further investigation as an antianemic preparation.

The study of acute and chronic toxicity of the sodium-, calcium-, iron-polygalacturonate pharmacological substance in rabbits.

The purpose of this study is the assessment of the acute and chronic toxicity of pharmacological substance sodium, calcium, iron-polygalacturonate (PG Na,Ca,Fe) in rabbits as one of the stages of preclinical studies. We studied an acute and chronic oral toxicity of PG Na,Ca,Fe, which stimulates the process of hemopoiesis, in male and female rabbits of the "Chinchilla". According to the results of the study of acute toxicity of PG Na,Ca,Fe, treating with it the rabbits of both sexes in doses of 0.5-5 g/kg has no toxic effect (LD50 greater than 5 g/kg). The histostructure of studied organs of animals, treated with preparations in a dose of 5 g/kg, did not differ from that of the animals of the control group. This study allow to classify PG Na,Ca,Fe as a preparation of the 6th class with respect to harmless drugs. An estimate of the chronic toxicity of PG Na,Ca,Fe at administration of preparation in the form of boluses to rabbits in doses 0.025, 0.262 and 0.5 g/kg of the body weight demonstrated that the general condition and behavior of animals did not differ from the norm. The data of hematological and biochemical studies of blood serum and urine, electrocardiographic studies, the study of the mass coefficients of the internal organs of the experimental rabbits, treated with PG Na,Ca,Fe in the mentioned doses for 60 days, compared to those obtained in the 30-day post-observation period, did not show significant changes with respect to the control and intact group of rabbits.

Laboratory evidence for the hematopoietic potential of Beta vulgaris leaf and stalk extract in a phenylhydrazine model of anemia

This study was designed to provide laboratory evidence supporting the hematopoietic effect of Beta vulgaris (beet) leaf aqueous extract in phenylhydrazine-induced anemia model in albino rats. Extraction of the leaves/stalks was done by maceration in 30% hydro-ethanol for 48 h. An intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg phenylhydrazine was applied for two consecutive days to develop hemolytic anemia on the 4th day after the 1st injection in 24 of 30 male albino rats. The animals were divided into 5 groups and received the following treatments: standard (ferrous ascorbate + folic acid; 13.5 + 0.135 mg/kg), B. vulgaris extract (100 and 200 mg/kg), or left untreated (normal and diseased controls). Blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, and 12 days of the experiment for hematological and clinico-chemical analysis. Beet leaf extract significantly restored the levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in dose- and time-dependent manners. Blood indices have been significantly corrected. Erythropoietin level was maintained at higher levels. Erythrocytic membrane oxidation biomarker (malondialdehyde) level was significantly reduced compared to the anemic untreated group. The extract exhibited potent, concentration (4-512 μg/mL)-dependent antioxidant activity indicated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with IC50 value of 37.91 μg/mL. Beet leaf extract resulted in detection of flavonoid and phenolic compounds that may underlie its hematinic properties. These findings may indicate B. vulgaris as a good natural source for pharmaceutical preparations with hematopoietic effects and treatment of anemia and/or associated conditions.

[Prenatal supplementations of iron, iron-containing multimicronutrients and antianemic Chinese patent medicines in women in Shaanxi province, 2010-2013].

Objective: To understand the prevalence of prenatal supplementations of iron, iron-containing multi-micronutrients (IMMN) and antianemic Chinese patent medicines (ACPM) and associated factors in women in Shaanxi province. Methods: A sample of 28 367 childbearing-age women who gave birth during 2010-2013 and had specific information of the prenatal nutrients supplementation were recruited using stratified multistage cluster random sampling in Shaanxi province. The information about their basic characteristics and prenatal supplementation of nutrients were collected by a questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the intake rate of iron, IMMN and ACPM during each period of pregnancy, and logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors. Results: The overall prevalence of prenatal iron, IMMN and ACPM supplementation was low (28.99%), and the intake rate of iron was the lowest (5.33%). The prevalence of prenatal supplementation of iron, IMMN and ACPM were lower before pregnancy and in the first trimester than in the second and third trimester. The intake rates for consecutive 2 periods were very low (all were lower than 2.00%). The intake rates of iron, IMMN and ACPM significantly increased year by year. Women living in central Shaanxi had relatively high intake rates of iron (7.22%) and IMMN (16.55%), and women in southern Shaanxi had relatively high intake rate of ACPM (18.50%). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that higher educational level (OR=1.920, 95%CI: 1.617-2.279), antenatal care times≥6 (OR=1.832, 95%CI: 1.604-2.091), etc. were the positive factors for iron intake, and these positive factors were similar to those for IMMN intake. Additionally, rural residence was the negative factor for IMMN intake (compared with urban residence, OR=0.872, 95%CI: 0.788-0.966). Conversely, higher educational level (OR=0.855, 95%CI: 0.746-0.979), higher household income (OR=0.864, 95%CI: 0.796-0.938) were negative factors for ACPM intake, and rural residence was its positive factor (OR=1.285, 95%CI: 1.141-1.447). Conclusions: The prevalence of prenatal supplementation of iron, IMMN and ACPM were low in women in Shaanxi, especially the intake rate of iron was the lowest. The prophylactic iron supplementation before pregnancy or in the first trimester was rare. Measures should be taken to improve the prenatal supplementation of iron in Shaanxi and to standardize the clinical use of ACPM.

Prenatal supplementations of iron, iron-containing multimicronutrients and antianemic Chinese patent medicines in women in Shaanxi province, 2010-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of prenatal supplementations of iron, iron-containing multi-micronutrients (IMMN) and antianemic Chinese patent medicines (ACPM) and associated factors in women in Shaanxi province. Methods A sample of 28367 childbearing-age women who gave birth during 2010-2013 and had specific information of the prenatal nutrients supplementation were recruited using stratified multistage cluster random sampling in Shaanxi province. The information about their basic characteristics and prenatal supplementation of nutrients were collected by a questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the intake rate of iron, IMMN and ACPM during each period of pregnancy, and logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors. Results The overall prevalence of prenatal iron, IMMN and ACPM supplementation was low (28.99%), and the intake rate of iron was the lowest (5.33%). The prevalence of prenatal supplementation of iron, IMMN and ACPM were lower before pregnancy and in the first trimester than in the second and third trimester. The intake rates for consecutive 2 periods were very low (all were lower than 2.00%). The intake rates of iron, IMMN and ACPM significantly increased year by year. Women living in central Shaanxi had relatively high intake rates of iron (7.22%) and IMMN (16.55%), and women in southern Shaanxi had relatively high intake rate of ACPM (18.50%). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that higher educational level(OR=1.920, 95%CI: 1.617-2.279), antenatal care times≥6 (OR=1.832, 95%CI: 1.604-2.091), etc. were the positive factors for iron intake, and these positive factors were similar to those for IMMN intake. Additionally, rural residence was the negative factor for IMMN intake (compared with urban residence, OR=0.872, 95%CI:0.788-0.966). Conversely, higher educational level (OR=0.855, 95%CI:0.746-0.979), higher household income (OR=0.864, 95%CI: 0.796-0.938) were negative factors for ACPM intake, and rural residence was its positive factor (OR=1.285, 95% CI: 1.141-1.447). Conclusions The prevalence of prenatal supplementation of iron, IMMN and ACPM were low in women in Shaanxi, especially the intake rate of iron was the lowest. The prophylactic iron supplementation before pregnancy or in the first trimester was rare. Measures should be taken to improve the prenatal supplementation of iron in Shaanxi and to standardize the clinical use of ACPM.

Prenatal supplementations of iron, iron-containing multimicronutrients and antianemic Chinese patent medicines in women in Shaanxi province, 2010-2013 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the prevalence of prenatal supplementations of iron, iron-containing multi-micronutrients (IMMN) and antianemic Chinese patent medicines (ACPM) and associated factors in women in Shaanxi province. Methods A sample of 28367 childbearing-age women who gave birth during 2010-2013 and had specific information of the prenatal nutrients supplementation were recruited using stratified multistage cluster random sampling in Shaanxi province. The information about their basic characteristics and prenatal supplementation of nutrients were collected by a questionnaire survey. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the intake rate of iron, IMMN and ACPM during each period of pregnancy, and logistic regression model was used to identify associated factors. Results The overall prevalence of prenatal iron, IMMN and ACPM supplementation was low (28.99%), and the intake rate of iron was the lowest (5.33%). The prevalence of prenatal supplementation of iron, IMMN and ACPM were lower before pregnancy and in the first trimester than in the second and third trimester. The intake rates for consecutive 2 periods were very low (all were lower than 2.00%). The intake rates of iron, IMMN and ACPM significantly increased year by year. Women living in central Shaanxi had relatively high intake rates of iron (7.22%) and IMMN (16.55%), and women in southern Shaanxi had relatively high intake rate of ACPM (18.50%). The results of logistic regression analysis showed that higher educational level(OR=1.920, 95%CI: 1.617-2.279), antenatal care times≥6 (OR=1.832, 95%CI: 1.604-2.091), etc. were the positive factors for iron intake, and these positive factors were similar to those for IMMN intake. Additionally, rural residence was the negative factor for IMMN intake (compared with urban residence, OR=0.872, 95%CI:0.788-0.966). Conversely, higher educational level (OR=0.855, 95%CI:0.746-0.979), higher household income (OR=0.864, 95%CI: 0.796-0.938) were negative factors for ACPM intake, and rural residence was its positive factor (OR=1.285, 95% CI: 1.141-1.447). Conclusions The prevalence of prenatal supplementation of iron, IMMN and ACPM were low in women in Shaanxi, especially the intake rate of iron was the lowest. The prophylactic iron supplementation before pregnancy or in the first trimester was rare. Measures should be taken to improve the prenatal supplementation of iron in Shaanxi and to standardize the clinical use of ACPM.

Prevalence and management of anemia in pre-dialysis Malaysian patients: A hospital-based study / Anemia em pacientes pré-diálise: prevalência, gravidade, manejo

Summary Objective: Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney diseases (CKD), is involved in significant cardiovascular morbidity. Therefore, the objective of our study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of anemia in pre-dialysis patients, as well as to determine the predictors of anti-anemic therapy. Method: A retrospective, observational study was conducted on adult pre-dialysis patients receiving treatment at the Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from January 2009 to December 2013. Results: A total of 615 eligible cases were included. The mean age of patients was 64.1±12.0 years. The prevalence of anemia was 75.8%, and the severity of anemia was mild in 47.7% of the patients, moderate in 32.2%, and severe in 20%. Based on morphological classification of anemia, 76.9% of our patients had normochromic-normocytic anemia whereas 21.8 and 1.3% had hypochromic-microcytic anemia and macrocytic anemia, respectively. Oral iron supplements were prescribed to 38.0% of the patients and none of the patients was given erythropoietin stabilizing agents (ESA) or intravenous iron preparations. In logistic regression, significant predictors of anti-anemic preparation use were decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, and advanced stages of CKD. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the prevalence of anemia in pre-dialysis patients is higher than currently accepted and it is found to be correlated with renal function; prevalence increases with declined renal function. An earlier identification as well as appropriate management of anemia will not only have a positive impact on quality of life but also reduce hospitalizations of CKD patients due to cardiovascular events.

Resumo Objetivo: anemia é uma complicação comum de doenças renais crônicas (DRC) e está significativamente envolvida na morbidade cardiovascular. O objetivo de nosso estudo foi investigar a prevalência e a gravidade da anemia em pacientes adultos pré-diálise, bem como determinar fatores preditores da terapia antianêmica. Método: estudo retrospectivo observacional foi realizado em pacientes pré-diálise adultos que recebiam tratamento no Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: ao todo, 615 casos elegíveis foram incluídos. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 64,1±12,0 anos. A prevalência de anemia foi de 75,8%, e a gravidade da anemia foi considerada leve em 47,7%, moderada em 32,2% e grave em 20% dos pacientes. Com base nas características morfológicas da anemia, os pacientes foram classificados em anemia normocrômica normocítica (76,9%), anemia hipocrômica microcítica (21,8%) e anemia macrocítica (1,3%). Suplementos de ferro oral foram prescritos para 38% dos pacientes e a nenhum dos pacientes foram dados eritropoietina, agentes estabilizadores (ESA) e preparações de ferro por via intravenosa. Na regressão logística, os preditores significativos de utilização da preparação antianêmica foram diminuição da hemoglobina e do hematócrito e estágios avançados da DRC. Conclusão: os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a prevalência de anemia em pacientes pré-diálise é maior do que o atualmente aceito e está associado com a função renal; a prevalência aumenta com a diminuição da função renal. A identificação precoce e o manejo adequado da anemia não só terão um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida, mas também reduzirão internações de pacientes com DRC decorrentes de eventos cardiovasculares.

Complexation of pectin with macro- and microelements. Antianemic activity of Na, Fe and Na, Ca, Fe complexes.

New water-soluble pectin complexes with Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Fe(2+), Mn(2+), Zn(2+) on the basis of pectin biopolymer have been synthesized and successfully tested on white rats. For a starting, we have obtained a sodium pectate to enhance solubility of target complexes as a whole. Shortly afterwards, running the reaction of ligand exchange of Nа(+) ions with corresponding s-, d- metal cations we were able to synthesize new pectin complexes. The ranges of s-, d-metals salts concentrations were detected experimentally, in which the selective formation of water-soluble complexes occurred. Antianemic effect of new pectin complexes with Na, Fe and Na, Ca, Fe was investigated on white rats with posthemorrhagic anemia. Under the effect of complexes, the improvement of animals and prevention of erythropoiesis disorders were observed. Antianemic effect of the complexes manifested itself in the doses equivalent to 25% or 50% of the iron daily rate, recommended in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia with the drugs based on iron sulphate.

State of the art in Cassia grandis L f (cañandonga)

Introduction: the species Cassia grandis L f (cañandonga) is recognized by the Cuban Health System and the population for its antianemic properties, in spite of the unpleasant odor of its fruit. Objectives: to perform a bibliographic update about the chemical, toxicological and pharmacologic characteristics of the study species. Methods: an extensive review was conducted in international databases such as HighWire, DOAJ, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, Chemical Abstract, Medline, PudMed, and Pharmaceutical Abstract, in addition to the national database CuMed from the year 1900 until 2012. Results: there are still not enough studies that certify its usefulness and pharmaco-toxicological safety as antianemic, and few pharmaceutical formulations have been developed. The fruit is the most studied organ of the species. Conclusions: it is necessary to carry out new investigations to certify its antianemic effect and develop new therapeutic alternatives to eliminate the unpleasant odor of Cassia grandis L f fruit formulations(AU)

Introducción: la especie Cassia grandis L f (cañandonga) es reconocida en el sistema de salud cubano y su población por sus propiedades antianémicas, a pesar del desagradable olor de sus frutos. Objetivo: evaluar el estado del arte sobre aspectos químicos, toxicológicos y farmacológicos de Cassia grandis L f (cañandonga) desde 1900 hasta 2012. Métodos: se revisó en bases de datos internacionales como HighWire, DOAJ, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, Chemical, Abstract, Medline, PudMed, y Pharmaceutical Abstract, además de la base de datos nacional CuMed desde 1900 hasta 2012. Resultados: aún son insuficientes los estudios que avalan su utilidad y seguridad farmacotoxicológica como antianémico, así como pocas las formulaciones farmacéuticas desarrolladas. El fruto es el órgano más estudiado de la especie. Conclusiones: se necesita realizar nuevas investigaciones para avalar su efecto antianémico y de otras alternativas terapéuticas que permitan eliminar el olor desagradable de las preparaciones de los frutos de esta planta(AU)

Estado del arte sobre Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) / State of the art in Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga)

Introducción: la especie Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) es reconocida en el sistema de salud cubano y su población por sus propiedades antianémicas, a pesar del desagradable olor de sus frutos. Objetivo: evaluar el estado del arte sobre aspectos químicos, toxicológicos y farmacológicos de Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) desde 1900 hasta 2012. Métodos: se revisó en bases de datos internacionales como HighWire, DOAJ, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, Chemical, Abstract, Medline, PudMed, y Pharmaceutical Abstract, además de la base de datos nacional CuMed desde 1900 hasta 2012. Resultados: aún son insuficientes los estudios que avalan su utilidad y seguridad farmacotoxicológica como antianémico, así como pocas las formulaciones farmacéuticas desarrolladas. El fruto es el órgano más estudiado de la especie. Conclusiones: se necesita realizar nuevas investigaciones para avalar su efecto antianémico y de otras alternativas terapéuticas que permitan eliminar el olor desagradable de las preparaciones de los frutos de esta planta(AU)

Introduction: the species Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) is recognized by the Cuban Health System and the population for its antianemic properties, in spite of the unpleasant odor of its fruit. Objectives: to perform a bibliographic update about the chemical, toxicological and pharmacologic characteristics of the study species. Methods: an extensive review was conducted in international databases such as HighWire, DOAJ, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, Chemical Abstract, Medline, PudMed, and Pharmaceutical Abstract, in addition to the national database CuMed from the year 1900 until 2012. Results: there are still not enough studies that certify its usefulness and pharmaco-toxicological safety as antianemic, and few pharmaceutical formulations have been developed. The fruit is the most studied organ of the species. Conclusions: it is necessary to carry out new investigations to certify its antianemic effect and develop new therapeutic alternatives to eliminate the unpleasant odor of Cassia grandis L. f. fruit formulations(AU)

State of the art in Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) / Estado del arte sobre Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga)

INTRODUCTION: the species Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) is recognized by the Cuban Health System and the population for its antianemic properties, in spite of the unpleasant odor of its fruit. OBJECTIVES: to perform a bibliographic update about the chemical, toxicological and pharmacologic characteristics of the study species. METHODS: an extensive review was conducted in international databases such as HighWire, DOAJ, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, Chemical Abstract, Medline, PudMed, and Pharmaceutical Abstract, in addition to the national database CuMed from the year 1900 until 2012. RESULTS: there are still not enough studies that certify its usefulness and pharmaco-toxicological safety as antianemic, and few pharmaceutical formulations have been developed. The fruit is the most studied organ of the species. CONCLUSIONS: it is necessary to carry out new investigations to certify its antianemic effect and develop new therapeutic alternatives to eliminate the unpleasant odor of Cassia grandis L. f. fruit formulations.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la especie Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) es reconocida en el sistema de salud cubano y su población por sus propiedades antianémicas, a pesar del desagradable olor de sus frutos. OBJETIVO: evaluar el estado del arte sobre aspectos químicos, toxicológicos y farmacológicos de Cassia grandis L. f. (cañandonga) desde 1900 hasta 2012. MÉTODOS: se revisó en bases de datos internacionales como HighWire, DOAJ, EBSCO, Scielo, Scopus, Chemical, Abstract, Medline, PudMed, y Pharmaceutical Abstract, además de la base de datos nacional CuMed desde 1900 hasta 2012. RESULTADOS: aún son insuficientes los estudios que avalan su utilidad y seguridad farmacotoxicológica como antianémico, así como pocas las formulaciones farmacéuticas desarrolladas. El fruto es el órgano más estudiado de la especie. CONCLUSIONES: se necesita realizar nuevas investigaciones para avalar su efecto antianémico y de otras alternativas terapéuticas que permitan eliminar el olor desagradable de las preparaciones de los frutos de esta planta.

Preliminary evaluation of antianemic effect of the traditional receipt: "Quy ty pills" in experiment

“Quy ty hoan” is a remedy which is used in traditional medicine as digestive and cardiac tonic. Hemolytic aneamia models on rabbits and malnutrition-bleeding aneamia were used in this study. Results showed Phenylhydrazin and malnutrition-bleeding decreased erythrocyte number and hemoglobin concentration significantly in blood of rabbits. These models could be used in treatment of anemia. “Quy ty hoan” in dose of 8g/kg b.w.per os decreased hemolytic effects of phenylhydrazin and recovered quickly erythrocyte number, hemoglobin concentration and increased albumin and iron in blood after malnutrition bleeding.