Beba sem moderação: motivos das denúncias dos anúncios de cerveja ao Conar / Drink it without moderation: reasons about reportings beer ad to Conar / Bébelo sin moderación: razones en quejas de la anuncios de cerveza a Conar

As propagandas de bebidas alcóolicas, além de serem mais frequentes do que outras mercadorias, também apresentam conteúdo que pode ter papel facilitador no uso dessa substância psicoativa, visto que, na maior parte delas, trazem ideias e sensações de prazer. Por isso, esta pesquisa consistiu na identificação e análise qualitativa de propagandas de cerveja que tiveram alguma denúncia feita ao ou pelo Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (Conar), nos últimos cinco anos (2015 a 2020), a partir do levantamento dessas denúncias no site do Conar e, posteriormente, foi realizada análise dos motivos condizentes com o código. Como resultado, constatou-se uma progressão nos alinhamentos entre as denúncias e as decisões, sendo encontrada maior dificuldade no alinhamento da infração em relação ao conteúdo das peças publici-tárias do que em questões técnicas.

Advertisements for alcoholic beverages, in addition to being more frequent than other goods, also present content that can play a role in facilitating the use of this psychoactive substance, since, in most of them, they bring ideas and sensations of pleasure. Therefore, this research consisted of the identification and qualitative analysis of beer advertisements that had any complaints made to or by the National Advertising Self-Regulation Council (Conar), in the last five years (2015 to 2020), based on the survey of these complaints on the website of Conar and, subsequently, an analysis of the reasons consistent with the code was carried out. As a result, there was a progression in the alignments between complaints and decisions, with greater difficulty being found in aligning the infraction in relation to the content of the advertising pieces than in technical issues.

Los anuncios de bebidas alcohólicas, además de ser más frecuentes que los de otros productos, también presentan contenidos que pueden desempeñar un papel a la hora de facilitar el consumo de esta sustan-cia psicoactiva, ya que, en la mayoría de ellos, aportan ideas y sensaciones de placer. Por lo tanto, esta investigación consistió en la identificación y análisis cualitativo de los anuncios de cerveza que tuvieron alguna denuncia realizada ante o por el Consejo Nacional de Autorregulación Publicitaria (Conar), en los últimos cinco años (2015 a 2020), a partir de la encuesta a estos. denuncias en el sitio web del Conar y, posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de los motivos compatibles con el código. Como resultado, hubo una progresión en los alineamientos entre denuncias y decisiones, encontrándose mayor dificultad en alinear la infracción con el contenido de las piezas publicitarias que en cuestiones técnicas.

Health-promoting peptides in fermented beverages.

Since ancient times, the consumption of fermented low-alcoholic beverages has enjoyed widespread popularity in various countries, because of their distinct flavors and health benefits. Several studies have demonstrated that light to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with beneficial effects on human health, mainly in cardiovascular disease prevention. Fermented beverages have different non-ethanol components that confer beneficial health effects. These bioactive compounds are mainly peptides that have often been overlooked or poorly explored in numerous fermented beverages. The aim of this review is to provide knowledge and generate interest in the biological activities of peptides that are present and/or released during the fermentation process of widely consumed traditional fermented beverages. Additionally, a brief description of the microorganisms involved in these beverages is provided. Furthermore, this review also explores topics related to the detection, isolation, and identification of peptides, addressing the structure-activity relationships of both antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activities.

Consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina: um panorama global / Alcohol consumption by medical students: a global overview / Consumo de alcohol por estudiantes de medicina: una visión global

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas representa um dos principais fatores de risco de envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito. Objetivou-se analisar o panorama geral de consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina e as implicações nos acidentes de trânsito. Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e incluídos dez artigos completos disponíveis entre 2010 e 2022, em língua portuguesa e inglesa. Resultou que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos estudantes variou de 76,6% a 81,2%, e que ingerir bebidas alcoólicas expõe os motoristas ao envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito 68% maior do que os que não estão expostos a tal fator. Concluiu-se que os estudantes de medicina, população jovem, apresentam um alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, e os motivos envolvidos apontam para o nível de pressão do curso, alta carga horária, períodos do curso mais avançados, festas acadêmicas e morar sem os pais.

The consumption of alcoholic drinks represents one of the main risk factors for the involvement in traffic accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze the general panorama of alcohol consumption by medical students and the implications for traffic accidents. SciELO, PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases were consulted, and ten full articles available between 2010 and 2022, in Portuguese and English, were included. The results obtained were that the consumption of alcoholic drinks by students ranged from 76.6% to 81.2%, and that alcohol drinking exposes drivers to involvement in 68% more traffic accidents than those who are not exposed to such factor. It was concluded that medical students, a young population, have a high rate of consumption of alcoholic beverages, and the reasons involved point to the level of pressure of the medical school, high workload, seniority in the program, academic parties, and living without the parents

El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas representa uno de los principales factores de riesgo de implicación en accidentes de tráfico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el panorama del consumo de alcohol por los estudiantes de medicina y las implicaciones en los accidentes de tránsito. Se consultaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y se incluyeron diez artículos completos disponibles entre 2010 y 2022, en portugués e inglés. Los resultados obtenidos fueran que el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas osciló entre 76,6% y 81,2%, y que el expone a los conductores a involucrarse en accidentes de tráfico un 68% más que aquellos que non están expuestos a tal factor. Se concluyó que los estudiantes de medicina, una población joven, tienen un alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, y los motivos involucrados apuntan para el nivel de presión del curso, alta carga horaria, períodos más avanzados del curso, fiestas académicas y morar sin los padres

Consumption of sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages and prevalence of hypertension in adults: a population- based study

Systemic Arterial Hypertension is a multifactorial clinical condition associated with severe outcomes such as stroke and death. One of the main modifiable risk factor for hypertension is an unhealthy diet, often characterized by the consumption of ultraprocessed foods such as sweetened beverages. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the consumption of sweetened beverages, both sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened, and the prevalence of hypertension in adults. A cross-sectional, household, population-based study with 1,162 adults from two Brazilian cities were carried out. The consumption of food groups and sweetened beverages was obtained by food frequency questionnaire and other data were self-reported. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. The association between sweetened beverages consumption and hypertension was analyzed using Poisson regression models, expressed as Prevalence Ratio. The prevalence of hypertension was 16.7%, with no significant difference between genders. The prevalence of consumption of sweetened beverages was 70.3% in men and 54.6% in women, being significantly higher in men. Women who consumed sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverages 6 to 7 days per week had 92% higher prevalence of hypertension compared to those who did not consume or consumed at a lower frequency. Furthermore, women who consumed artificially sweetened beverages at least 1 time per week had 3.36 times higher prevalence of hypertension. The habitual consumption of sweetened beverages may be an important risk factor for hypertension, especially the consumption of diet beverages, which are often marketed as healthier than sugar-sweetened beverages.

La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una condición clínica multifactorial asociada a resultados graves como el ictus y la muerte. Uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables de la hipertensión es una dieta poco saludable, a menudo caracterizada por el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados como las bebidas endulzadas. Nuestro objetivo fue investigar la relación entre el consumo de bebidas endulzadas, tanto azucaradas como edulcoradas artificialmente, y la prevalencia de hipertensión en adultos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, domiciliario y poblacional con 1,162 adultos de dos ciudades brasileñas. El consumo de grupos de alimentos y bebidas endulzadas se obtuvo mediante cuestionario de frecuencia de alimentos y los demás datos fueron autoinformados. Se midieron el peso, la talla y el perímetro de la cintura. La asociación entre el consumo de bebidas endulzadas y la hipertensión se analizó mediante modelos de regresión de Poisson, expresados como Ratio de Prevalencia. La prevalencia de hipertensión fue del 16,7%, sin diferencias significativas entre géneros. La prevalencia de consumo de bebidas endulzadas fue del 70,3% en los hombres y del 54,6% en las mujeres, siendo significativamente mayor en los hombres. Las mujeres que consumían bebidas azucaradas y edulcoradas artificialmente entre 6 y 7 días a la semana tenían 92% mayor prevalencia de hipertensión que las que no consumían o consumían con una frecuencia menor. Además, las mujeres que consumían bebidas edulcoradas al menos 1 vez por semana tenían una prevalencia de hipertensión 3,36 veces mayor. Así pues, el consumo habitual de bebidas endulzadas puede ser un importante factor de riesgo de hipertensión, especialmente el consumo de bebidas dietéticas, que a menudo se comercializan como más saludables que las bebidas azucaradas.

Utilização da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura na detecção de matérias estranhas em águas envasadas / Scanning Electron Microscopy as a tool to detect and quantify microscopic physical hazards in bottled mineral waters

Este trabalho objetiva averiguar a presença de matérias estranhas presentes em águas minerais envasadas e sugerir a utilização da Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), como técnica adequada para detecção e contagem. Oito amostras de água mineral foram obtidas e subamostras de 100 mL foram filtradas em membranas, que foram secas e recobertas com platina e observadas em MEV. Áreas de 21.025 µm2 foram focalizadas e as partículas contadas. Realizaram-se análise de variância e o teste de Regwq para a comparação das médias das contagens. Diferentes partículas visualizadas foram registradas sob distintas magnificações. A análise de variância revelou alta significância entre a quantidade de matérias estranhas das amostras, indicando que as amostras diferiram bastante quanto a essa característica. As médias obtidas obedeceram a uma estratificação, mas foram estimadas com grande precisão, sugerindo-se que a subdivisão em 10 grupos de contagem e a extrapolação para o volume de 100 mL é uma estimativa confiável para a contagem de partículas filtradas nesse volume de água. Foi mostrado que o MEV se apresentou como instrumento auxiliar adequado para a contagem de matérias estranhas em amostras de águas minerais envasadas, especialmente quando suas dimensões não permitem sua identificação convencionalmente. (AU)

This work aims to investigate the presence of microscopic foreign materials in bottled mineral waters and suggest the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) as a suitable technique for counting foreign matter. Eight samples of mineral water were obtained, and 100 mL subsamples were filtered through membranes, which were then dried, coated with platinum, and observed under SEM. Areas of 21,025 µm2 were analysed, and the particles present were counted. Variance analysis was carried out, and the Regwq test was applied to compare the counting averages. Samples of the dirt particles were imaged at different magnifications. The analysis of variance revealed high significance among the samples, indicating substantial differences between them. The averages followed a stratification pattern and were estimated with great precision, suggesting that the subdivision into 10 count groups and the extrapolation to 100 mL volume is a reliable estimate for the count of particles filtered in this volume of water. It was shown that SEM was a suitable instrument for counting and observing foreign matter and dirt in samples of bottled natural mineral waters, especially when their dimensions are too small to be detected by conventional methods. (AU)

Prevalencia del consumo de bebidas energizantes y efectos adversos en estudiantes de medicina / Prevalence of energy drinks consumption and adverse effects among medical students

Introducción: las bebidas energizantes son preparados estimulantes e hidratos de carbono. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia, características del consumo y los efectos adversos en estudiantes de un programa de medicina Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal y retrospectivo, que incluyó estudiantes de medicina de una institución de educación superior, excluyendo a aquellos que no cursaban la carga académica completa para su semestre, quienes diligenciaron de manera inadecuada la encuesta o que no aceptaron la participación en el estudio. Resultados y discusión: participaron 241 estudiantes, de los cuales 72,20% eran mujeres. Solo 55 manifestaron trastornos patológicos de tipo insomnio (13,69%) y cefalea o migraña (8,30%) y 49,38% informaron sobre el consumo de bebidas energizantes. Existe la probabilidad de una mezcla con sustancias alcohólicas dada la elevada frecuencia de consumo (51,26%), lo que no ocurrió con el hábito de fumar. Los eventos adversos informados fueron insomnio (21,58%), taquicardia (17,43%), cefalea (14,52%), enrojecimiento facial (13,28%) y en menor medida temblor, ansiedad o trastornos gastrointestinales (17,42%). Conclusiones: el consumo de bebidas energizantes es alta durante la adolescencia y en especial en los universitarios, pero estas sustancias a largo plazo pueden generar efectos adversos cuyas principales complicaciones son cardíacas, por lo que es importante vigilar la comercialización de las mismas.

Introduction: energy drinks (ED) are stimulant and carbohydrate preparations. Objective: to determine the prevalence, characteristics of ED usage and adverse effects among students of a medical program Methodology: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study, which included medical students of a higher education institution. Those who were not completing the full academic load for their semester, those who responded the survey inadequately or did not agree to participate in the study, were excluded. Results and discussion: 241 students participated, of which 72,20% were females. Only 55 reported symptoms such as insomnia (13.69%) and headache or migraine (8.30%) and 49.38% reported on ED consumption. To combine energy drinks with alcohol is probable, given the high alcohol consumption rate (51.26%), while it was not associated with smoking. Adverse events reported were insomnia (21.58%), tachycardia (17.43%), headache (14.52%), facial flushing (13.28%) and tremor; and to a lesser extent, anxiety, and gastrointestinal disorders (17.42%). Conclusions: energy drinks consumption is high at adolescence, especially among university students. These preparations can produce long-term adverse effects mainly cardiovascular complications. Thus, monitoring ED marketing is important.

Common mental disorders in Brazilian adolescents: association with school characteristics, consumption of ultra-processed foods and waist-to-height ratio / Transtornos mentais comuns em adolescentes brasileiros: associação com características escolares, consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e razão cintura/estatura / Trastornos mentales comunes en adolescentes brasileños: asociación con características escolares, consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y relación cintura/estatura

Abstract: Half of all mental health problems diagnosed in adulthood have their onset before or during adolescence, especially common mental disorders (CMD). Thus, it is relevant to study the factors associated with these disorders. This study aimed to investigate the association of school characteristics, consumption of ultra-processed foods, and waist-to-height ratio with the presence of CMD in Brazilian adolescents. This is a school-based, cross-sectional study that analyzed data from 71,553 Brazilian adolescents aged 12-17 years. The prevalence of CMD in these adolescents was 17.1% (cut-off point 5 for the General Health Questionnaire-12). Associations were estimated using multilevel logistic models, with the presence of CMD as the dependent variable. The final model, adjusted for non-modifiable individual variables, modifiable individual variables and family characteristics, identified a positive association between private-funded schools (OR = 1.10; 95%CI: 1.07-1.14), advertisements for ultra-processed foods (OR = 1.13; 95%CI: 1.09-1.17), the second to fourth quartiles of ultra-processed food intake and waist-to-height ratio (OR = 2.26; 95%CI: 2.03-2.52). This study demonstrated that the private-funded schools , the presence of ultra-processed food advertisements, the consumption of ultra-processed food, and an increased waist-to-height ratio are risk factors for CMD in Brazilian adolescents.

Resumo: Metade de todos os problemas de saúde mental diagnosticados na idade adulta têm seu início antes ou durante a adolescência, especialmente os transtornos mentais comuns (TMC). Desta maneira, é importante estudar os fatores associados a estes transtornos. Este estudo objetiva investigar a associação entre características escolares, consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e razão cintura/estatura com a presença de TMC em adolescentes brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base escolar que analisou dados de 71.553 adolescentes brasileiros de 12-17 anos. A prevalência de TMC nesses adolescentes foi de 17,1% (ponto de corte 5 para o Questionário de Saúde Geral - GHQ-12). As associações foram estimadas por meio de modelos logísticos multiníveis, tendo como variável dependente a presença de TMC. O modelo final, ajustado para variáveis individuais não modificáveis, variáveis individuais modificáveis e características familiares, identificou uma associação positiva entre dependência administrativa privada (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 1,07-1,14), presença de propaganda de alimentos ultraprocessados (OR = 1,13; IC95%: 1,09-1,17), segundo a quarto quartis de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e razão cintura/estatura (OR = 2,26; IC95%: 2,03-2,52). Este estudo demonstrou que a dependência administrativa privada da escola, a presença de propagandas de alimentos ultraprocessados, o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e o aumento da razão cintura/estatura são fatores de risco para TMC em adolescentes brasileiros.

Resumen: La mitad de todos los problemas de salud mental diagnosticados en la edad adulta empiezan antes o durante la adolescencia, sobre todo los trastornos mentales comunes (TMC). Así, es importante estudiar los factores asociados a estos trastornos. El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la asociación entre las características escolares, el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y la proporción cintura/estatura y la presencia de TMC en adolescentes brasileños. Se trata de un estudio transversal de base escolar que analizó datos de 71.553 adolescentes brasileños de 12 a 17 años. La prevalencia de TMC en estos adolescentes fue del 17,1% (punto de corte 5 para el Cuestionario General de Salud - GHQ-12). Se estimaron las asociaciones a través de modelos logísticos multinivel, con la presencia de TMC como variable dependiente. El modelo final, ajustado para variables individuales no modificables, variables individuales modificables y características familiares, identificó una asociación positiva entre la dependencia administrativa privada (OR = 1,10; IC95%: 1,07-1,14), la presencia de publicidad de alimentos ultraprocesados (OR = 1,13; IC95%: 1,09-1,17), segundo al cuarto cuartil de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y la proporción cintura/estatura (OR = 2,26; IC95%: 2,03-2,52). Este estudio demostró que la dependencia administrativa privada de la escuela, la presencia de publicidades de alimentos ultraprocesados, el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y el aumento de la proporción cintura/estatura son factores de riesgo para trastornos mentales comunes en adolescentes brasileños.

Sociodemographic differences in nutrition labels effect on Chilean and Mexican youth / Diferencias sociodemográficas en el efecto de las etiquetas nutricionales en las adolescentes de Chile y México / Diferenças sociodemográficas no efeito da rotulagem nutricional em adolescentes chilenos e mexicanos

ABSTRACT Objective. To examine sociodemographic differences in the awareness, understanding, use and effect of nutrition labels among Mexican and Chilean youth. Methods. Online surveys among youth (10-17 years) were obtained in 2019 (n=2631). Participants reported their awareness, understanding, and use of their country-specific nutrition facts tables (NFT) and front-of-pack labels (FOPL) (Chile: warning labels [WLs]; Mexico: guideline daily amounts [GDA]). Additionally, participants reported their perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink after viewing one of six versions of it with different FOPL (no-label control, Health Star Rating, WLs, GDAs, Traffic Light, or Nutri-Score) during an experimental task. Results. Higher self-reported nutrition knowledge was associated with higher NFT and FOPL awareness, understanding, and use, except for WL use. WLs were the most effective FOPL in decreasing the perceived healthfulness of the sweetened fruit drink compared to a no-label condition and other FOP labels. In Chile, the effect of GDA differed by income adequacy, while in Mexico Nutri-Score differed by age. Conclusions. Results suggest that nutrition label awareness, use, understanding, and impact differ across demographics, favoring higher income and nutrition knowledge. Despite this, WLs are likely to have a positive impact on nutrition-related knowledge and behaviors among Mexican and Chilean youth, independently of their socio-demographic groups.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Examinar las diferencias sociodemográficas por lo que respecta al conocimiento, la comprensión, el uso y el efecto de las etiquetas nutricionales en adolescentes de México y Chile. Métodos. En el 2019 se efectuó una encuesta en línea en adolescentes (10 a 17 años) (n=2631). Los participantes indicaron su conocimiento, comprensión y uso de los cuadros de información nutricional y los etiquetados frontales específicos de los empaques de su país (en el caso de Chile, las etiquetas de advertencia, y en el de México, las guías diarias de alimentación (GDA). Asimismo, se llevó a cabo un experimento en el que los participantes indicaron su percepción de lo saludable que era una bebida de fruta azucarada después de ver una de sus seis versiones con diferentes etiquetas frontales en los envases (control sin etiqueta, calificación de producto saludable mediante estrellas Health Star, etiquetas de advertencia, GDA, colores del semáforo, o sistema Nutri-Score). Resultados. El autorreporte de un mayor conocimiento sobre nutrición por parte de los participantes se asoció a un mayor conocimiento, comprensión y uso de los cuadros de información nutricional y los sistemas de etiquetado frontal, excepto en el caso del uso de las etiquetas de advertencia. Las etiquetas de advertencia fueron el sistema de etiquetado frontal más eficaz para reducir la percepción saludable del producto con respecto a la bebida de fruta azucarada, en comparación con la ausencia de etiqueta y el resto de los etiquetados frontales. En Chile, el efecto de las GDA variaba en función de la adecuación del ingreso, mientras que en México el efecto del Nutri-Score difería según la edad. Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren que el conocimiento, el uso, la comprensión y el efecto de las etiquetas nutricionales difieren entre los distintos grupos demográficos, de tal manera que son más favorables en las personas con mayores ingresos y conocimientos de nutrición. A pesar de esto, es probable que las etiquetas de advertencia tengan un impacto positivo sobre los conocimientos y los comportamientos relacionados con la nutrición en los adolescentes de México y Chile, con independencia de los grupos sociodemográficos de los que forman parte.

RESUMO Objetivo. Analisar diferenças sociodemográficas em termos de conhecimento, compreensão, uso e efeito da rotulagem nutricional entre adolescentes mexicanos e chilenos. Métodos. Foram realizadas pesquisas on-line entre adolescentes de 10 a 17 anos ao longo de 2019 (n=2631). Os participantes relataram que conheciam, compreendiam e usavam as tabelas de informação nutricional e a rotulagem frontal de embalagens específicas de seus respectivos países (Chile: rotulagem de advertência; México: valores diários de referência). Além disso, os participantes relataram sua percepção sobre a saudabilidade de um suco de fruta adoçado depois de ver uma de seis versões diferentes de rotulagem frontal (controle sem rótulo, Health Star Rating, rótulos de advertência, valores diários de referência, semáforo nutricional ou Nutri-Score) durante uma tarefa experimental. Resultados. Um maior conhecimento autodeclarado sobre nutrição foi associado a maior conhecimento, compreensão e uso de tabelas de informação nutricional e rotulagem frontal, com exceção do uso de rótulos de advertência. Os rótulos de advertência foram o tipo de rotulagem frontal mais efetivo para reduzir a percepção de saudabilidade do suco de fruta adoçado em comparação com o controle sem rótulo e outros tipos de rotulagem frontal. No Chile, o efeito dos valores diários de referência variou de acordo com a renda, enquanto no México o Nutri-Score variou de acordo com a idade. Conclusões. Os resultados sugerem que o conhecimento, a compreensão, o uso e o impacto da rotulagem nutricional variam de acordo com fatores demográficos, favorecendo uma renda mais alta e conhecimento sobre nutrição. Apesar disso, é provável que os rótulos de advertência tenham um impacto positivo sobre o conhecimento e os comportamentos relativos à nutrição entre adolescentes mexicanos e chilenos, independentemente do grupo sociodemográfico a que pertencem.

Presión arterial en consumidores y no consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas de la población peruana, 2022

Introducción: el consumo de alcohol impacta de forma diferente a hombres y mujeres debido a las características biológicas particulares de ambos sexos. La evaluación de la influencia de consumir y no consumir alcohol sobre la presión arterial podría diferir en ambos sexos, siendo necesario conocer dicho perfil en Perú, país con una de las mayores tasas de consumo de alcohol del continente. Objetivo: analizar la relación entre presión arterial y ser o no consumidor de bebidas alcohólicas en adultos de la población peruana. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal proveniente de datos de la encuesta nacional y de salud familiar peruana. Las variables fueron: sexo, presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y presión arterial media (PAM), nivel educativo, consumo de alcohol, índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal. Se realizó la prueba Ji-cuadrado, razón de prevalencias, Odds Ratio crudo y ajustado mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: el consumo de alcohol fue alto en hombres (94,90%) y mujeres (88,20%). El promedio de presión arterial en hombres y mujeres que consumen bebidas alcohólicas fue mayor respecto a los que nunca han bebido, siendo mayor en hombres. Las mujeres que consumen bebidas alcohólicas tuvieron una prevalencia 1,11 veces mayor de PAM elevada que las no consumidoras. Los hombres consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas tuvieron una prevalencia 1,66 veces mayor de PAM elevada que los no consumidores. En el análisis multivariado no hubo asociación entre consumo de alcohol y elevación de PAM en mujeres. En hombres, los bebedores de alcohol tuvieron una probabilidad 1,74 veces mayor de hipertensión que los hombres que nunca han tomado bebidas alcohólicas Conclusiones: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas incrementa la prevalencia de hipertensión en adultos de la población peruana, siendo un factor predictor de hipertensión en hombres.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption impacts men and women differently due to the biological characteristics of both sexes. The evaluation of the influence of consuming and not consuming alcohol on blood pressure could differ in both sexes, making it necessary to know this profile in Peru, a country with one of the highest rates of alcohol consumption on the continent. Objective: To analyze the relationship between blood pressure and being or not a consumer of alcoholic beverages in adults of the Peruvian population. Methodology: Observational, analytical, retrospective, and cross-sectional study based on data from the Peruvian national and family health survey. The variables were: sex, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (MAP), educational level, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and abdominal circumference. The Chi-square test, prevalence ratio, crude Odds Ratio, and adjusted Odds Ratio using binary logistic regression were performed. Results: Alcohol consumption was high in men (94.90%) and women (88.20%). The average blood pressure in men and women who consume alcoholic beverages was higher compared to those who had never drunk and was higher in men. Women who consume alcoholic beverages had a 1.11 times higher prevalence of elevated MAP than non-consumers. Male alcoholic beverage consumers had a 1.66 times higher prevalence of elevated MAP than non-consumers. In the multivariate analysis, there was no association between alcohol consumption and elevated MAP in women. In men, alcohol drinkers were 1.74 times more likely to have hypertension than men who had never drunk alcoholic beverages Conclusions: The consumption of alcoholic beverages increases the prevalence of hypertension in adults of the Peruvian population, being a predictive factor of hypertension in men.

Early Use of Alcohol: Correlation with School Violence and Social-Emotional Skills / Uso Precoce do Álcool: Correlação com Violência Escolar e Competências Socioemocionais

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the association between early alcohol use in adolescence and associated factors: sociodemographic, involvement in bullying, risk behaviors at school, and social-emotional skills. It was carried out with 528 adolescents from full-time public high schools. Instruments: sociodemographic questionnaire, AUDIT, Victimization Scale among Students, Scale of Authorship of Student Violence, Risk Behavior Scale, and SENNA. In the final model, the variables with a significant association with early alcohol use by adolescents were: not having a religion (PR = 1.28, 95% CI [1.02, 1.60]), parental alcohol consumption (PR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.22, 1.97]), bullying (PR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.14, 1.98]), smoking at school (PR = 1.74, 95% CI [1.36, 2.24]), high engagement with others (PR = 2.59, 95% CI [1.40, 4.79]), and low emotional resilience (PR = 2.16, 95% CI [1.16, 4.03]), all indicating risk.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou analisar a associação entre o uso precoce de álcool na adolescência e fatores associados: sociodemográficos, envolvimento em bullying, comportamentos de risco na escola e competências socioemocionais. Foi realizado com 528 adolescentes de escolas públicas de Ensino Médio de tempo integral. Instrumentos: questionário sociodemográfico, AUDIT, Escala de Vitimização entre Alunos, Escala de Autoria de Violência a Alunos, Escala de Comportamentos de Risco e o SENNA. No modelo final, as variáveis com associação significativa foram: não ter uma religião (RP = 1,28; IC 95% [1,02; 1,60]), consumo de álcool dos pais (RP = 1,55; IC 95% [1,22; 1,97]), autoria de bullying (RP = 1,51; IC 95% [1,14; 1,98]), fumar na escola (RP = 1,74; IC 95% [1,36; 2,24]), alto engajamento com outros (RP = 2,59; IC 95% [1,40; 4,79]) e baixa resiliência emocional (RP = 2,16; IC 95% [1,16; 4,03]), todas indicando risco.

Síndrome metabólica, consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e bebidas adoçadas em adolescentes / Metabolic syndrome, consumption of ultra-processed foods and sweetened beverages in adolescents

A síndrome metabólica é caracterizada pela presença concomitante de alteração na glicemia, dislipidemia, elevação da pressão arterial e adiposidade excessiva, os quais elevam o risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os parâmetros da síndrome metabólica e a associação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e bebidas adoçadas em adolescentes com excesso de peso. Realizou-se um estudo transversal, conduzido com 67 adolescentes com excesso de peso, de um ambulatório pediátrico de um hospital público no município de São Paulo. A avaliação antropométrica consistiu na aferição de peso, estatura e circunferência da cintura. Foram coletados dados de glicose, triglicérides, HDL-c, e pressão arterial, e a síndrome metabólica (SM) analisada de acordo com critérios da Associação Brasileira de Nutrologia. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pelo questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo. A prevalência de síndrome metabólica foi de 56,7%. Os parâmetros mais prevalentes foram redução de HDL-c (71,6%), elevação da pressão arterial sistólica (70,1%) e da glicemia de jejum (64,2%). Observou-se correlação positiva entre a glicemia de jejum e o consumo de alimentos ultra processados e bebidas adoçadas.

Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the concomitant presence of changes in blood glucose, dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure and excessive adiposity, which increase cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to analyze the parameters of metabolic syndrome and the association with the consumption of ultra-processed foods and sweetened beverages in overweight adolescents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 67 overweight adolescents from a pediatric outpatient clinic of a public hospital in the city of São Paulo. The anthropometric assessment consisted of measuring weight, height and waist circumference. Data on glucose, triglycerides, HDL-c, and blood pressure were collected, and metabolic syndrome (MS) was analyzed according to criteria from the Brazilian Association of Nutrology. Food consumption was assessed using the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 56.7%. The most prevalent parameters were a reduction in HDL-c (71.6%), and an increase in systolic blood pressure (70.1%) and fasting blood glucose (64.2%). Blood glucose was positively associated with the sweetened beverage consumption score and BMI. It is concluded that there is a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents, with glycemia being associated with the consumption of sweetened beverages.

Teleenfermería en salud mental: efecto sobre los síntomas de ansiedad y el consumo de alcohol durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Telenursing in mental health: effect on anxiety symptoms and alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic / Telenfermagem em saúde mental: efeito em sintomas de ansiedade e consumo de álcool durante a pandemia COVID-19

Objetivo: investigar el efecto de una intervención a distancia sobre los síntomas de ansiedad y el consumo de alcohol en usuarios del servicio de Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental, realizado con 1270 participantes que respondieron al Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test y al State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 6. De estos, 1033 encuestados obtuvieron puntajes de síntomas de ansiedad moderada/grave (STAI-6 > 3) y consumo de alcohol de riesgo moderado/grave (AUDIT-C>3), y recibieron las intervenciones mediante llamada telefónica con un seguimiento de siete y 180 días. Para analizar los datos se utilizó un modelo de regresión de efectos mixtos. Resultados: el efecto de la intervención realizada fue positivo para reducir los síntomas de ansiedad entre T0 y T1 (µ=1,6 p<0,001) y para reducir el patrón de consumo de alcohol entre t1 y t3 (µ=1,57 p< 0,001). Conclusión: los resultados del seguimiento sugieren que la intervención tuvo un efecto positivo en la reducción de la ansiedad y el patrón de consumo de alcohol que tiende a mantenerse en el tiempo. Existe evidencia de que la intervención propuesta puede ser una alternativa para la atención preventiva en salud mental, en situaciones donde se comprometa la accesibilidad del usuario o del profesional.

Objective: to investigate the effect of a remote intervention on anxiety symptoms and alcohol use in users of the Primary Health Care service. Method: a quasi-experimental study conducted with 1,270 participants who answered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-6. Of these, 1,033 interviewees scored for moderate/severe anxiety symptoms (STAI-6 > 3) and moderate/severe risk alcohol use (AUDIT-C > 3), and received the interventions via telephone calls with follow-up periods lasting seven and 180 days. For data analysis, a mixed-effects regression model was used. Results: the effect of the intervention performed was positive in reducing anxiety symptoms between T0 and T1 (µ=1.6, p<0.001) and in reducing the alcohol use pattern between T1 and T3 (µ=1.57, p<0.001) Conclusion: the follow-up results suggest a positive effect of the intervention in reducing anxiety and the alcohol use pattern, which tends to be maintained over time. There is diverse evidence that the intervention proposed can be an alternative for preventive care in mental health, in situations where accessibility of the user or the professional is compromised.

Objetivo: investigar o efeito de uma intervenção remota nos sintomas de ansiedade e no uso de álcool em usuários do serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: estudo quase experimental, realizado com 1270 participantes que responderam o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test e a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 6. Desses, 1033 entrevistados pontuaram para sintomas de ansiedade moderada/severa (STAI-6>3) e uso de risco de álcool moderado/severo (AUDIT-C>3), e receberam as intervenções via chamada telefônica com follow-up de sete e 180 dias. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se um modelo de regressão de efeitos mistos. Resultados: o efeito da intervenção realizada foi positivo na redução dos sintomas de ansiedade entre T0 e T1 (µ=1,6 p<0.001) e na redução do padrão de uso de álcool entre t1 e t3 (µ=1,57 p<0.001). Conclusão: os resultados do follow-up sugerem efeito positivo da intervenção na redução da ansiedade e no padrão de uso de álcool, o qual tende a se manter ao longo do tempo. Há evidências de que a intervenção proposta pode ser uma alternativa para o cuidado preventivo em saúde mental, em situações nas quais a acessibilidade do usuário ou do profissional encontram-se comprometidas.

Relación entre la erosión dental y el consumo de bebidas refrescantes en escolares de 12 a 16 años de un centro educativo en Perú / Relationship between dental erosion and the consumption of refreshing drinks in schoolchildren from 12 to 16 years of age at an educational center in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la erosión dental y el consumo de bebidas refrescantes en escolares de 12 a 16 años del Centro Educativo Juan Velasco Alvarado, en el distrito de Pillco Marca, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacio- nal, transversal de una muestra de 135 niños de 12 a 16 años. Se seleccionaron historias clínicas que contaran con datos so- bre variables demográficas, la valoración del tipo de erosión dental según la clasificación de Eccles y que hayan respondi- do la encuesta sobre el consumo de las bebidas refrescantes (gaseosas, rehidratantes y jugos). Para evaluar la asociación entre las variables se aplicó la prueba chi-cuadrado; el nivel de significación establecido fue de p<0,05. Resultados: La frecuencia de la erosión dental en los es- colares fue del 54,1%. Un 3,7% consumía bebidas refrescan- tes de 3 a 5 veces por semana, un 45,9% consumía 2 veces por semana, y el 50,4% no consumía o consumía menos de 2 ve- ces a la semana. Las gaseosas que más frecuentemente se con- sumían fueron la Coca-Cola (20,7%) y la Kola Real (20%). El 43,7% no ingería ningún tipo de bebida gaseosa. Se halló una asociación entre la erosión dental y la ingesta de bebidas refrescantes (chi-cuadrado 84,77, p<0,05), con una ingesta de 2 veces por semana o más (chi-cuadrado 62,589, p<0,05). La erosión dental fue más frecuente en aquellos alumnos que in- gerían ambas bebidas, gaseosas y rehidratantes en su dieta, comparado con solo gaseosas o rehidratantes (p=0,048). Conclusiones: Las bebidas refrescantes resultaron ser no- civas para la erosión dental, cuando estas bebidas se toman al menos dos veces por semana (AU)

Aim: Determine the relation between dental erosion and the consumption of the refreshing drinks in schoolchildren from 12 to 16 years of Juan Velasco Alvarado Educational Center, from Pillco Marca district, Peru. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sec- tional study was carried out on a sample of 135 children from 12 to 16 years of age. From all the medical records avail- able, the final selection included the ones that had data on demographic variables, the assessment of the type of dental erosion according to the Eccles classification and that had answered the survey on the consumption of refreshing drinks (soft drinks, rehydrating drinks and juices). To evaluate the association between the variables, the chi-square test was ap- plied; the established significance level was p<0.05. Results: The frequency of dental erosion in schoolchil- dren was 54.1%. 3.7% consumed refreshing drinks 3 to 5 times a week, 45.9% consumed 2 times a week, and 50.4% did not consume or consumed less than 2 times a week. The soft drinks most frequently consumed were Coca-Cola (20.7%) and Kola Real (20%). 43.7% did not ingest any type of soft drink. An association was found between dental erosion and the intake of refreshing drinks (chi-square 84.77, p<0.05), with an intake of at least twice a week (chi-square 62.589, p<0.05). Dental erosion was more frequent in those students who ingested both soft drinks and rehydrating drinks in their diet, compared to only soft drinks or only rehydrating drinks (p=0.048 Conclusions: Refreshing drinks turned out to be harmful in relation to dental erosion, when these drinks are taken at least twice a week (AU)

Malnutrición e inadecuados hábitos de alimentación en bomberos de Panamá

La malnutrición por exceso es un problema de salud pública en Panamá. En bomberos, la malnutrición tiene graves implicaciones en la salud. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricional, los hábitos alimentarios y el riesgo cardiovascular de unidades del Benemérito Cuerpo de Bomberos de la Región de Panamá Oeste en Panamá. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de marzo a diciembre 2022. Para la recopilación de hábitos alimentarios se utilizó el formulario de frecuencia de consumo. Para la evaluación nutricional se midió peso, talla y circunferencia de la cintura. El riesgo cardiovascular fue estimado a partir de la razón cintura-altura (WHtR, por su acrónimo en inglés). Se evaluaron 100 participantes (79% son hombres) con edad entre 18 a 60 años. El exceso de peso se observó en el 88%, la obesidad en el 58%. El 97% consume frituras y 94% consume bebidas azucaradas. Solo el 20% y 16% consume vegetales y frutas diariamente. El 51% presenta riesgo cardiovascular por WHtR, siendo 39.2% en hombres y 95% en mujeres (p= 0.000). Se observa una alta proporción de exceso de peso, obesidad, obesidad abdominal y riesgo cardiovascular entre los bomberos evaluados. Bajo consumo de frutas y vegetales junto con un alto consumo de bebidas azucaradas y frituras. Es necesario implementar programas de prevención y control de la obesidad, así como brindar educación en alimentación y nutrición para abordar estos problemas de salud.

Malnutrition is a public health problem in Panama. In firefighters, malnutrition has serious health implications. We aim to evaluate the nutritional status, eating habits, and cardiovascular risk of units of the Fire Department of the West Panama Region in Panama. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from March to December 2022. For the collection of eating habits, a food frequency questionnaire was used. Weight, height, and waist circumference were used for the nutritional status evaluation. Cardiovascular risk was estimated from the waist-height ratio (WHtR). 100 participants (79% are men) aged between 18 and 60 years were evaluated. Excess weight was observed in 88%, and obesity in 58%. Cardiovascular risk by WHtR was presented in 51%, 39.2% of males, and 95% of females (p= 0.000). 97% consume fried foods and 94% consume sugary drinks. Only 20% and 16% consume vegetables and fruits daily. A high proportion of excess weight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and cardiovascular risk among the evaluated firefighters was observed. Low consumption of fruits and vegetables along with a high consumption of sugary drinks and fried foods. It is necessary to implement obesity prevention and control programs, as well as provide food and nutrition education to address these health problems.

Avaliação do potencial erosivo de bebidas ácidas / Evaluation of the erosive potential of acid drinks

Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, in vitro, o potencial erosivo para o esmalte dentário de bebidas ácidas, comumente ingeridas pela população e encontradas com frequência no comércio da grande Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. Método: a mensuração do potencial erosivo das bebidas foi realizada através da detecção do potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) e acidez titulável (AT). A amostra foi composta por refrigerantes à base de cola, Coca-Cola® e Pepsi®; isotônicos Gatorade®-morango e maracujá e Powerade®-mix de frutas; Chás industrializados Natural Tea®-limão e Chá Matte Leão®-natural; energéticos Red Bull® e Monster Energy®; sucos naturais de Laranja Pera e de Limão Taiti; água saborizada H2OH!®-sabor limão; e água mineral, para o grupo controle. O pH foi aferido com pHmetro digital (Sensoglass SP1800) e para a AT foi utilizado o método padronizado pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz, todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. Para a análise estatística descritiva, foram empregados teste t e a ANOVA. Resultados: os menores valores de pH foram encontrados para a bebida Coca-Cola® e suco de limão com 2,3. Para AT, as amostras que apresentaram os maiores valores foram os sucos naturais, com 35,1 para o suco de limão e 13,5 para o suco de laranja. Todas as bebidas analisadas possuem potencial erosivo ao esmalte dental, por apresentarem valores de pH menores que 5,5. Quanto as mensurações de AT, os sucos naturais apresentaram os maiores valores. Conclusão: todas as bebidas do estudo foram consideradas iminentemente erosivas à estrutura dental.(AU)

Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, in vitro, o potencial erosivo para o esmalte dentário de bebidas ácidas, comumente ingeridas pela população e encontradas com frequência no comércio da grande Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. Método: a mensuração do potencial erosivo das bebidas foi realizada através da detecção do potencial hidrogeniônico (pH) e acidez titulável (AT). A amostra foi composta por refrigerantes à base de cola, Coca-Cola® e Pepsi®; isotônicos Gatorade®-morango e maracujá e Powerade®-mix de frutas; Chás industrializados Natural Tea®-limão e Chá Matte Leão®-natural; energéticos Red Bull® e Monster Energy®; sucos naturais de Laranja Pera e de Limão Taiti; água saborizada H2OH!®-sabor limão; e água mineral, para o grupo controle. O pH foi aferido com pHmetro digital (Sensoglass SP1800) e para a AT foi utilizado o método padronizado pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz, todos os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. Para a análise estatística descritiva, foram empregados teste t e a ANOVA. Resultados: os menores valores de pH foram encontrados para a bebida Coca-Cola® e suco de limão com 2,3. Para AT, as amostras que apresentaram os maiores valores foram os sucos naturais, com 35,1 para o suco de limão e 13,5 para o suco de laranja. Todas as bebidas analisadas possuem potencial erosivo ao esmalte dental, por apresentarem valores de pH menores que 5,5. Quanto as mensurações de AT, os sucos naturais apresentaram os maiores valores. Conclusão: todas as bebidas do estudo foram consideradas iminentemente erosivas à estrutura dental.(AU)

Estado de las Políticas de regulación para el consumo de azúcar y para la comida chatarra en 3 países de América Latina / Regulatory policies for sugar consumption and junk food in 3 Latin American countries

Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas y alimentos no saludables es un problema de Salud Pública y de las Políticas Públicas que buscan reducir el impacto de las Enfermedades No Trasmisibles (ENT) en América Latina. Objetivo: identificar las Políticas Públicas generadas en Colombia, Argentina y Chile para la regulación del consumo de azúcar y comida chatarra. Materiales y Métodos: Análisis exploratorio a través de una revisión de literatura y revisión de documentos normativos. Resultados: Colombia en el año 2021 sancionó la Ley 2120 denominada "Ley de Comida Chatarra", que promueve el acceso a información necesaria para fomentar entornos alimentarios saludables y prevenir las ENT, que incluye nuevas normas para el etiquetado de alimentos y describir sus características al consumidor y así limitar el consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados. Chile fue pionero en el desarrollo de los sellos de advertencia y desde el año 2014, aplica un impuesto adicional a las bebidas no alcohólicas. Argentina en 2021, sancionó la ley que obliga a la industria de alimentos a disponer de etiquetas en los envases que alerten al consumidor sobre los excesos de azúcares, grasas y sodio Conclusiones: Los tres países investigados cuentan con políticas de etiquetado de alimentos procesados, y en Chile existen impuestos a las bebidas azucaradas. Es importante estudiar el impacto de dichas políticas en la prevalencia y severidad de las ENT y de la caries.

Abstract: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and unhealthy foods is a public health problem that has become a regulatory issue for the public policies aimed at reducing the impact of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Latin America. Objective: to identify the Public Policies in Colombia, Argentina and Chile for the regulation of the consumption of sugar and junk food. Materials and methods. Exploratory analysis through a literature and policy documents review. Results: In 2021, Colombia approved the Law 2120 called "Junk Food Law" promoting public access to information for a healthy food environment to prevent NCDs. It includes food labeling for overweight and obesity prevention and establishes a specific labeling regulation for processed and ultra-processed food and sweet drink products. Chile was pioneer in the development of warning stamps on food packages and since 2014 also taxes sweet non-alcoholic beverages. In 2021, Argentina approved a law to add labels on food packages to alert consumers about excess of sugars, fats and sodium. Conclusions: The three investigated countries have labeling policies for processed food, and Chile puts taxes on sugary drinks. It is important to study the impact of these policies on NCD prevalence, severity and on dental caries.

Design and validity of the Spanish version of two questionnaires related to adverse reactions to foodstuffs.

Introduction: Introduction: there is an emerging current necessity of valid questionnaires, encompassing most of food, beverages, diseases, signs and symptoms currently related to the pathogenesis of adverse reactions to foodstuffs (ARFS) in the Spanish population. Objectives: this study aimed to design and validate two questionnaires to assess ARFS in the Spanish population, Food and Beverages Frequency Consumption Questionnaire to Identify Adverse Reactions to Foodstuffs (FBFC-ARFSQ-18); and Pathologies and Symptomatology Questionnaire associated with Adverse Reactions to Foodstuffs (PSIMP-ARFSQ-10). Methods: both questionnaires were designed adapting questionnaires from the literature; and validated, using the expert judgment method, in five phases: questionnaires development, pilot test and reliability, content validity, face validity, and ethical considerations. Questionnaires were developed using the REDCap™ tool hosted at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. A total of 20 Spanish experts evaluated the questionnaires. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were calculated using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY-USA) and Aiken's V coefficient values were calculated using ICaiken.exe (Visual Basic 6.0, Lima-Perú). Results: a final construct of questions was designed, ensuring no overlap, for FBFC-ARFSQ-18 and PSIMP-ARFSQ-10. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were 0.93 and 0.94; and Aiken's V coefficient values were 0.90 (0.78-0.96 CI) and 0.93 (0.81-0.98 CI) for FBFC-ARFSQ-18 and PSIMP-ARFSQ-10, respectively. Conclusions: both validated questionnaires could be used to analyze the association between certain food and beverages consumption with ARFS, such as food allergies and food intolerances; also, to investigate the link between some specific diseases, signs and symptoms with ARFS.

Introducción: Introducción: actualmente, existe una necesidad emergente de cuestionarios validados que abarquen la mayor parte de los alimentos, bebidas, enfermedades, signos y síntomas relacionados con la patogénesis de las reacciones adversas a los alimentos (RAA). Objetivos: diseñar y validar dos cuestionarios para evaluar las RAA en población española, el Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos y Bebidas para Identificar Reacciones Adversas de Origen Alimentario (CFCAB-RAA-18); y el Cuestionario de Patologías y Sintomatología Asociadas a Reacciones Adversas a Alimentos (PSIMP-RAA-10). Métodos: ambos cuestionarios se diseñaron adaptando cuestionarios de la literatura y se validaron, utilizando el método de juicio de expertos, en cinco fases: desarrollo de cuestionarios, prueba piloto y confiabilidad, validez de contenido, validez aparente y consideraciones éticas. Los cuestionarios se desarrollaron utilizando la herramienta REDCap™. Un total de 20 expertos evaluaron los cuestionarios. Se calcularon coeficientes de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach con SPSS versión 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY-Estados Unidos) y valores del coeficiente V de Aiken con ICaiken.exe (Visual Basic 6.0, Lima-Perú). Resultados: se diseñó una construcción final de preguntas, evitando solapamiento entre ambas herramientas. Los coeficientes de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach fueron 0,93 y 0,94, y los valores del coeficiente V de Aiken fueron 0,90 (IC: 0,78-0,96) y 0,93 (IC: 0,81-0,98) (CFCAB-RAA-18 y PSIMP-RAA-10, respectivamente). Conclusiones: ambos cuestionarios fueron validados y podrían utilizarse para analizar la asociación entre el consumo de determinados alimentos y bebidas con las RAA, como alergias e intolerancias alimentarias, así como para investigar el vínculo entre algunas enfermedades, signos y síntomas específicos con las RAA.

El consumo de bebidas dulces incrementa diferencialmente la expresión de Oxitocina en núcleos hipotalámicos / The consumption of sweet drinks differentially increases the expression of oxytocin in hypothalamic nuclei

Resumen Se reconoce la participación de la oxitocina en el control de la alimentación, pero su mecanismo de acción no se ha establecido totalmente. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto del acceso intermitente a una solución de sacarosa, sobre la expresión de las neuronas del núcleo paraventricular (PVN) y del núcleo supraótico (SON) que producen oxitocina (Oxt), y caracterizar la microestructura de la conducta de beber en ratas saciadas. Se tuvieron tres grupos de ratas macho Wistar saciadas, y en la primera hora al inicio del periodo de luz, el grupo Control tuvo agua, el grupo Restringido 5g de una solución de sacarosa al 20% y el grupo Ad libitum acceso libre a la solución de sacarosa. Los sujetos incrementaron el consumo de la solución de sacarosa a pesar de estar saciados; debido a la interrupción del estado de saciedad y la demora de la satisfacción. La actividad de las neuronas de Oxt se incrementó en ambos núcleos, en el grupo Restringido la mayor expresión se observó en el SON y en el grupo Ad libitum en el PVN. No se encontró correlación entre la cantidad de bebida ingerida y la actividad de las neuronas Oxt.

Abstract The role of oxytocin in feeding control is recognized, but its mechanism of action has not been fully established. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of intermittent access to a sucrose solution on the expression of paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraotic nucleus (SON) neurons that produce oxytocin (Oxt), and to characterize the microstructure of drinking behavior in satiated rats. Three groups of male Wistar rats satiated were used, and in the first hour at the beginning of the light period, a Control group had water, a Restricted group 5g of a 20% sucrose solution and Ad libitum group with free access to sucrose solution. The experimental subjects increased the consumption of the sucrose solution despite being satiated, due to the interruption of the state of satiety and the delay of the satiation process. Oxt neurons increased their activity in both nuclei, in the Restricted group the highest expression was observed in the SON and in the Ad libitum group in the PVN. No correlation was found between the amount of drink ingested and the activity of Oxt neurons.

Main results and public health implications of the National School Health Survey (ENSE), Colombia 2017

Introduction: The school population represents a fundamental group for health promotion actions, given that the foundations of healthy behaviors in adult life are established in children and adolescents, who can be greatly influenced by the school. Objective: To describe the health-related behavioral factors of schoolchildren between 13 and 17 years of age in secondary and middle school in Colombia. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was conducted (i.e., School Health Survey -ENSE-) that recorded information on dietary practices, physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, injuries and bullying, and oral, visual and hearing health. Sampling was probabilistic, cluster and multistage. Results: Schoolchildren have low consumption of fruits, vegetables (13.1%) and dairy (76.5 %), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (82.4 %), sugary drinks (74.0 %) and fast foods (14.8 %), frequent addition of salt at the table (43.3 %), low compliance with physical activity recommendations (15.0 %) and high sedentary lifestyle (46.3 %), frequent consumption of alcohol (44.7 %) and psychoactive substances (14.7 %), in addition to prevalent situations of bullying (15.4 %), rejection (8.2 %) and verbal aggression (42.7 %). Conclusions: The ENSE shows critical inequalities by gender, ethnicity and social class, throughout the country. The indicators observed in schoolchildren are precursors of various chronic and degenerative diseases and mental illness, which requires the urgent attention of the different social actors in the country.

Introducción: La población escolar es un grupo fundamental para las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, ya que en los niños y adolescentes se sientan las bases de un comportamiento saludable en la vida adulta, que puede ser muy influenciado por la escuela. Objetivo: Describir los factores comportamentales relacionados con la salud de los escolares de 13 a 17 años de edad que cursan educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta nacional transversal (Encuesta de Salud en Escolares -ENSE-) con los lineamientos de Global School-based Student Health Survey para recolectar información sobre prácticas alimentarias, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y drogas, lesiones e intimidación, y salud bucal, visual y auditiva. El muestreo fue probabilístico, por conglomerados y polietápico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79.640 escolares de 298 municipios. Los escolares presentaron bajo consumo de frutas, verduras (13.1%) y productos lácteos (76.5 %), alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (82.4 %), bebidas azucaradas (74.0 %) y comidas rápidas (14.8 %); alto uso de sal añadida en la mesa (43.3 %), actividad física inferior a la recomendada (15.0 %) y sedentarismo (46.3 %). Fue frecuente el consumo de alcohol (44.7 %) y sustancias psicoactivas (14.7 %) y reportaron situaciones de intimidación (15.4 %), rechazo (8.2 %) y agresiones verbales (42.7 %). Conclusiones: La ENSE muestra desigualdades por género, etnia y clase social en todo el país. Los hallazgos observados en los escolares son factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mentales, y requieren la atención urgente de los actores sociales del país.

Preparation of a probiotic quinoa beverage by enzymatic hydrolysis of its starches and subsequent lactic acid fermentation / Elaboración de una bebida probiótica de quinua por hidrólisis enzimática de sus almidones y posterior fermentación ácido láctica

Background: The concern about consuming healthy foods has increased in recent years. Not only are they expected to comply with essential feeding functions, but they also provide health benefits. Probiotics are one of the main functional components expected to be present in functional foods and beverages. They provide many health benefits and stand out due to their metabolic capacities and adaptability to different habitats. In addition, Quinoa seeds contain valuable quantities of quality protein and nutritional values of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, and mineral substances for which they are considered an ideal dietary alternative. Objectives: This research aimed to elaborate on a probiotic quinoa beverage, which combines the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of the starches obtained from its seeds with lactic acid fermentation using probiotic cultures, seeking to enhance its nutritional properties and converting it into a functional beverage. Methods: For this, fermentations were carried out in three different concentrations of probiotic cultures (inoculum): 10%, 5%, 1%, and three other different fermentation times: 8, 10, and 12 hours. pH, Total titrable acidity expressed as lactic acid (%), reducing sugars, and soluble solids were measured. After that, the beverage was formulated with honey, carob, preservatives, and mango flavoring. Results: Statistical analysis indicated optimal conditions were achieved with 10% probiotic cultures and 10 hours of fermentation. The microbiological analysis confirmed the presence of probiotic microorganisms at a concentration of 108 CFU/mL. Proximal analysis indicated that the composition contained 84.6 Kcal, 19.3 g of carbohydrates, and 1.4 g of protein per 100 g of beverage. Conclusions: The probiotic quinoa beverage was produced and can be considered in the group of plant-based foods, as well as a functional beverage, since the probiotic cultures it contains contribute to maintaining the intestinal microbiota and prevent the onset of chronic diseases.

Antecedentes: La preocupación por el consumo alimentos saludables ha aumentado en los últimos años. No solo se espera que cumplan con las funciones esenciales de alimentación, sino que también brinden beneficios para la salud. Los probióticos son uno de los principales componentes funcionales que se espera que estén presentes en los alimentos y bebidas funcionales. Aportan múltiples beneficios para la salud y destacan por sus capacidades metabólicas y adaptabilidad a diferentes hábitats. Además, las semillas de quinua contienen valiosas cantidades de proteína de notable calidad, valores nutricionales de carbohidratos, proteínas, grasas, fibras y sustancias minerales por lo que se consideran una alternativa dietética ideal. Objetivos: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elaborar una bebida probiótica de quinua, que combina el efecto de la hidrólisis enzimática de los almidones obtenidos de sus semillas con la fermentación láctica utilizando cultivos probióticos, buscando potenciar sus propiedades nutricionales y convertirla en una bebida funcional. Métodos: Para ello se realizaron fermentaciones en tres concentraciones diferentes de cultivos probióticos (inóculo): 10%, 5%, 1%, y tres distintos tiempos de fermentación: 8, 10 y 12 horas. Se midió pH, Acidez titulable total expresada como ácido láctico (%), azúcares reductores y sólidos solubles. Posteriormente, se formuló la bebida con miel, algarrobina, conservantes y saborizante de mango. Resultados: El análisis estadístico indicó que se lograron condiciones óptimas con 10% de cultivos probióticos y 10 horas de fermentación. El análisis microbiológico confirmó la presencia de microorganismos probióticos a una concentración de 108 UFC/mL. El análisis proximal indicó que la composición contenía 84,6 Kcal, 19,3 g de carbohidratos y 1,4 g de proteína por 100 g de bebida. Conclusiones: la bebida probiótica de quinua fue elaborada y puede ser considerada en el grupo de alimentos de origen vegetal, así como una bebida funcional, ya que los cultivos probióticos que contiene contribuyen al mantenimiento de la microbiota intestinal y previenen la aparición de enfermedades crónicas.