Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, higher blood pressure, and lower cardiac index in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction indicated by elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (ePCWP) may worsen cardiorespiratory status in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but the scope of ePCWP by cardiac catheterization is not well described. METHODS: This single-center retrospective cohort study included infants with BPD without congenital heart disease, significant intracardiac shunts, or pulmonary vein stenosis who underwent cardiac catheterization from 2010 to 2021. ePCWP was defined as >10 mmHg. Quantitative measures of ventricular systolic and diastolic function were performed on existing echocardiograms. Patients with and without ePCWP were compared using the Chi-squared or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Associations between catheterization hemodynamics and echocardiographic parameters were assessed by simple linear regression. RESULTS: Seventy-one infants (93% Grade 2 or 3 BPD) met inclusion criteria, and 30 (42%) had ePCWP. Patients with ePCWP were older at catheterization (6.7 vs. 4.5 months, p < 0.001), more commonly underwent tracheostomy (66.7% vs. 29.3%, p = 0.003), and had higher mean systemic blood pressure [64.5 (56.0, 75.0) vs. 47.0 (43.0, 55.0) mm Hg, p < 0.001], higher systemic vascular resistance [11.9 (10.4, 15.6) vs. 8.7 (6.7, 11.2) WU*m2, p < 0.001), and lower cardiac index [3.9 (3.8, 4.9) vs. 4.7 (4.0, 6.3) L/min/m2, p = 0.03] at catheterization. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and mortality were similar between the groups. Echocardiographic indices of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction did not correlate with PCWP. CONCLUSIONS: ePCWP was common in infants with severe BPD who underwent cardiac catheterization in this cohort. The association between ePCWP and higher systemic blood pressure supports further study of afterload reduction in this population.

Aortic valvuloplasty under echocardiographic guidance in a minor infant at a national referral center in Peru: case report.

Aortic valve stenosis is a congenital heart defect that causes a fixed left ventricular outflow obstruction with a progressive course. Symptomatology in neonates and young infants resembles congestive heart failure. In addition, the diagnosis of this condition is made by imaging, through echocardiography. On the other hand, treatment can be surgical or interventional under fluoroscopic guidance, depending on the hospital in which it is performed. We describe the case of a minor infant patient who presented severe aortic valve stenosis; however, the fluoroscopy equipment was not available at the time of the emergency to perform the appropriate procedure, therefore, an aortic valvuloplasty was performed under echocardiographic guidance without complications.

Calculating Relative Lung Perfusion Using Fluoroscopic Sequences and Image Analysis: The Fluoroscopic Flow Calculator.

BACKGROUND: Maldistribution of pulmonary blood flow in patients with congenital heart disease impacts exertional performance and pulmonary artery growth. Currently, measurement of relative pulmonary perfusion can only be performed outside the catheterization laboratory. We sought to develop a tool for measuring relative lung perfusion using readily available fluoroscopy sequences. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with conotruncal anomalies who underwent lung perfusion scans and subsequent cardiac catheterizations between 2011 and 2022. Inclusion criteria were nonselective angiogram of pulmonary vasculature, oblique angulation ≤20°, and an adequate view of both lung fields. A method was developed and implemented in 3D Slicer's SlicerHeart extension to calculate the amount of contrast that entered each lung field from the start of contrast injection and until the onset of levophase. The predicted perfusion distribution was compared with the measured distribution of pulmonary blood flow and evaluated for correlation, accuracy, and bias. RESULTS: In total, 32% (79/249) of screened studies met the inclusion criteria. A strong correlation between the predicted flow split and the measured flow split was found (R2=0.83; P<0.001). The median absolute error was 6%, and 72% of predictions were within 10% of the true value. Bias was not systematically worse at either extreme of the flow distribution. The prediction was found to be more accurate for either smaller and younger patients (age 0-2 years), for right ventricle injections, or when less cranial angulations were used (≤20°). In these cases (n=40), the prediction achieved R2=0.87, median absolute error of 5.5%, and 78% of predictions were within 10% of the true flow. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrates the feasibility of a novel method for measuring relative lung perfusion using conventional angiograms. Real-time measurement of lung perfusion at the catheterization laboratory has the potential to reduce unnecessary testing, associated costs, and radiation exposure. Further optimization and validation is warranted.

Conhecimento e sentimentos de pessoas pré-procedimento de cateterismo cardíaco / Knowledge and feelings of people before cardiac catheterization procedure / Conocimientos y sentimientos de las personas antes del procedimiento de cateterismo cardíaco

Objetivo: identificar o conhecimento e sentimentos de pessoas sobre o cateterismo cardíaco. Método: estudo descritivo, abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 12 pacientes em hospital referência em cardiologia, no município de João Pessoa, no período de novembro a dezembro de 2021. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista gravada e semiestruturada, os dados analisados pela Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: a partir das entrevistas foram construídas três categorias temáticas: C1 - Conhecimento do procedimento de cateterismo cardíaco, C2 - Falta de orientação dos cuidados que envolvem o cateterismo cardíaco e C3 - Sentimentos à realização do cateterismo cardíaco. Os dados evidenciam um conhecimento insuficiente e limitado que podem se relacionar com o surgimento de sentimentos negativos. Considerações finais: Percebe-se a necessidade de orientações e informações, bem como o planejamento e construção de tecnologias educativas para as pessoas que irão realizar o cateterismo cardíaco, com a finalidade de promover um pré, intra e pós-exame seguro

Objective: to identify people's knowledge and feelings about cardiac catheterization. Method: descriptive study, qualitative approach, carried out with 12 patients in a cardiology reference hospital, in the city of João Pessoa, from November to December 2021. Data were collected through recorded and semi-structured interviews, the data analyzed by Analysis of Bardin content. Results: three thematic categories were constructed from the interviews: C1 - Knowledge of the cardiac catheterization procedure, C2 - Lack of guidance on care involving cardiac catheterization and C3 - Feelings regarding cardiac catheterization. The data highlights insufficient and limited knowledge that may be related to the emergence of negative feelings. Final considerations: There is a perceived need for guidance and information, as well as the planning and construction of educational technologies for people who will undergo cardiac catheterization, with the purpose of promoting a safe pre, intra and post-exam

Objetivos: identificar los conocimientos y sentimientos de las personas sobre el cateterismo cardíaco. Método: estudio descriptivo, de enfoque cualitativo, realizado con 12 pacientes en un hospital de referencia en cardiología, en la ciudad de João Pessoa, de noviembre a diciembre de 2021. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas grabadas y semiestructuradas, los datos analizados por Análisis de Bardin contenido. Resultados: a partir de las entrevistas se construyeron tres categorías temáticas: C1 - Conocimiento sobre el procedimiento de cateterismo cardíaco, C2 - Falta de orientación sobre los cuidados relacionados con el cateterismo cardíaco y C3 - Sentimientos respecto al cateterismo cardíaco. Los datos destacan conocimientos insuficientes y limitados que pueden estar relacionados con la aparición de sentimientos negativos. Consideraciones finales: Se percibe la necesidad de orientación e información, así como la planificación y construcción de tecnologías educativas para las personas que serán sometidas a cateterismo cardíaco, con el propósito de promover un pre, intra y post examen seguro

Primer registro de procedimientos de intervencionismo cardiovascular pediátrico realizados en un laboratorio estatal de hemodinamia pediátrica en El Salvador / First record of pediatric cardiovascular interventional procedures performed in a state pediatric catheterization laboratory in El Salvador

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los tipos de cateterismo cardiaco que se realizan en el único laboratorio de hemodinamia pediátrica dentro de la red de salud pública de El Salvador, en colaboración con organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal en el periodo entre mayo de 2022 a enero de 2023, revisando los expedientes de todos los pacientes que pasaron a cateterismo cardiaco. Resultados: Se realizaron 54 procedimientos dentro de la sala de hemodinamia, 37 pacientes de sexo femenino. El peso fue de 20.6 ± 14.5 kg, de los procedimientos, 47 (87%) fueron terapéuticos y 7 (13%) diagnósticos. La oclusión del conducto arterioso se realizó en el 46% de los pacientes. No se reportaron complicaciones, los pacientes fueron dados de alta luego de 12 horas, todos los insumos fueron donados por fundaciones sin fines de lucro. Conclusiones: Nuestro laboratorio de hemodinamia realiza procedimientos de complejidad variada sin reportar hasta el momento complicaciones mayores. Nos vemos limitados debido al costo alto de algunos dispositivos, a la baja frecuencia de la utilización de estos y a la imposibilidad para adquirirlos en el mercado nacional.

Abstract Objective: To describe the types of cardiac catheterization that are performed in the only pediatric catheterization laboratory within the public health network of El Salvador, in collaboration with non-profit organizations. Material and method: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from May 2022 to January 2023, reviewing the records of all patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. Results: 54 procedures were performed in the catheterization room, 37 female patients. The weight was 20.6 ± 14.5 kg, of the procedures, 47 (87%) were therapeutic and 7 (13%) diagnostic. Occlusion of the ductus arteriosus was performed in 46% of the patients. No complications were reported, the patients were discharged after 12 hours, all supplies were donated by non-profit foundations. Conclusions: Our catheterization laboratory performs procedures of varied complexity without reporting any major complications to date. We are limited due to the high cost of some devices, the low frequency of their use and the impossibility of acquiring them in the national market.

First record of pediatric cardiovascular interventional procedures performed in a state pediatric catheterization laboratory in El Salvador.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the types of cardiac catheterization that are performed in the only pediatric catheterization laboratory within the public health network of El Salvador, in collaboration with non-profit organizations. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in the period from May 2022 to January 2023, reviewing the records of all patients who underwent cardiac catheterization. RESULTS: 54 procedures were performed in the catheterization room, 37 female patients. The weight was 20.6 ± 14.5 kg, of the procedures, 47 (87%) were therapeutic and 7 (13%) diagnostic. Occlusion of the ductus arteriosus was performed in 46% of the patients. No complications were reported, the patients were discharged after 12 hours, all supplies were donated by non-profit foundations. CONCLUSIONS: Our catheterization laboratory performs procedures of varied complexity without reporting any major complications to date. We are limited due to the high cost of some devices, the low frequency of their use and the impossibility of acquiring them in the national market.

OBJETIVO: Describir los tipos de cateterismo cardiaco que se realizan en el único laboratorio de hemodinamia pediátrica dentro de la red de salud pública de El Salvador, en colaboración con organizaciones sin fines de lucro. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal en el periodo entre mayo de 2022 a enero de 2023, revisando los expedientes de todos los pacientes que pasaron a cateterismo cardiaco. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 54 procedimientos dentro de la sala de hemodinamia, 37 pacientes de sexo femenino. El peso fue de 20.6 ± 14.5 kg, de los procedimientos, 47 (87%) fueron terapéuticos y 7 (13%) diagnósticos. La oclusión del conducto arterioso se realizó en el 46% de los pacientes. No se reportaron complicaciones, los pacientes fueron dados de alta luego de 12 horas, todos los insumos fueron donados por fundaciones sin fines de lucro. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestro laboratorio de hemodinamia realiza procedimientos de complejidad variada sin reportar hasta el momento complicaciones mayores. Nos vemos limitados debido al costo alto de algunos dispositivos, a la baja frecuencia de la utilización de estos y a la imposibilidad para adquirirlos en el mercado nacional.

[Relationship between the systolic-diastolic shock index and mortality in myocardial infarction]. / Relación del índice de choque sistólico-diastólico con mortalidad en el infarto miocárdico.

Background: In the emergency room, the shock index was applied to determine the prognosis in various pathologies, such as acute infarction. The shock index is the re-sult of dividing heart rate by the systolic blood pressure. Objective: To determine the relationship between the systolic shock index and the di-astolic shock index as prognostic factors for mortality in acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation prior to admission to the Hemodynamics Room. Material and methods: A prolective analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in patients who were admitted to the Hemodynamics Room for cardiac catheterization within a period of 5 months in 2022. The systolic shock index and diastolic shock index were included as independent variables and mortality was the dependent variable. SPSS, version 25, was used and Pearson's chi-square test was used as statistical test, with a p value < 0.05 being significant. Results: 162 patients were analyzed and showed a diastolic shock index > 1.2143 with a sensitivity of 62.5% and a specificity of 77.4% with a p < 0.05. Their systolic shock in-dex was > 0.8908 with a sensitivity of 45.8% and specificity of 91.2%, with a p < 0.05. Conclusion: It was determined that both shock indices are related as mortality prognos-tic factors in acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation prior to admission to the He-modynamic Room.

Introducción: en el Servicio de Urgencias, se implementó el índice de choque para determinar el pronóstico de forma rápida en diversas patologías, como en el infarto agudo al miocardio. El índice de choque es el resultado de dividir la frecuencia cardia-ca entre la presión arterial. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el índice de choque sistólico y el índice de choque diastólico como factores pronósticos de mortalidad en el infarto agudo al mio-cardio con elevación del segmento ST previo al ingreso al Área de Hemodinamia. Material y métodos: estudio transversal analítico prolectivo en pacientes que ingresa-ron al Área de Hemodinamia para cateterismo cardiaco en un plazo de cinco meses en el 2022. Tuvo como variables independientes el índice de choque sistólico y el índice de choque diastólico y como variable dependiente la mortalidad. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS, versión 25, y como prueba estadística la prueba chi cuadrada de Pearson, con una p < 0.05 como estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: se analizaron 162 pacientes que tuvieron un índice de choque diastólico > 1.2143, con una sensibilidad de 62.5% y una especificidad de 77.4%, con una p < 0.05. Y presentaron un índice de choque sistólico > 0.8908, con una sensibilidad de 45.8% y una especificidad de 91.2%, con una p < 0.05. Conclusión: se determinó que ambos índices de choque tienen relación como factores pronósticos de mortalidad en el infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del segmento ST antes de su ingreso al Área de Hemodinamia.

Diagnostic Reference Levels in Interventional Pediatric Cardiology: Two-Year Experience in a Tertiary Referral Hospital in Latin America.

The goal of the present study was to propose the first local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for interventional pediatric cardiology procedures in a large hospital in Colombia. The data collection period was from April 2020 to July 2022. The local DRLs were calculated as the 3rd quartile of patient-dose distributions for the kerma-area product (Pka) values. The sample of collected clinical procedures (255) was divided into diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and grouped into five weight and five age bands. The Pka differences found between diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were statistically significant in all weight and age bands, except for the 1-5-year age group. The local DRLs for weight bands were 3.82 Gy·cm2 (<5 kg), 7.39 Gy·cm2 (5-<15 kg), 19.72 Gy·cm2 (15-<30 kg), 28.99 Gy·cm2 (30-<50 kg), and 81.71 Gy·cm2 (50-<80 kg), respectively. For age bands, the DRLs were 3.97 Gy·cm2 (<1 y), 9.94 Gy·cm2 (1-<5 y), 20.82 Gy·cm2 (5-<10 y), 58.00 Gy·cm2 (10-<16 y), and 31.56 Gy·cm2 (<16 y), respectively. In conclusion, when comparing our results with other existing DRL values, we found that they are similar to other centers and thus there is scope to continue optimizing the radiation dose values. This will contribute to establishing national DRLs for Colombia in the near future.

Infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST inferior y anterior: ¿doble lesión culpable?

El dolor torácico es uno de los motivos de consulta más frecuente en un servicio de urgencia. Dentro de las hipótesis diagnósticas se deben descartar las patologías de mayor gravedad: el infarto al miocardio (IM), la disección aórtica, el tromboembolismo pulmonar y el neumotórax. El escenario más frecuente es el IM debido a un accidente de placa, pero existen casos en donde la disección aórtica puede verse acompañada de un déficit de perfusión coronaria (síndrome de malaperfusión) generando un IM. Su diagnóstico es difícil, con una mayor mortalidad y complejidad quirúrgica. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 59 años que cursó con dolor torácico y electrocardiograma con elevación del segmento ST inferior y anterior, derivado a angioplastia primaria y que en el estudio angiográfico se identifica compromiso ostial de coronarias, se sospecha una disección aórtica, confirmándose por angiotomografía computada de aorta, donde se evidencia una disección de aorta ascendente con compromiso de ambos ostium coronarios que se trató quirúrgicamente.

Chest pain is one of the most frequent reasons for consultation in the emergency department. The most severe pathologies must be quickly ruled out within the diagnostic hypotheses: myocardial infarction (MI), aortic dissection, pulmonary thromboembolism, and pneumothorax. A frequent scenario is ST elevation MI due to a plaque accident. However, there are infrequent cases of aortic dissection associated with a deficit in coronary perfusion (malperfusion syndrome) that triggers a MI. The diagnosis of a double artery is difficult, with higher mortality and surgical complexity. We present the case of a 59-year-old man who presented chest pain and an electrocardiogram with inferior and anterior ST-segment elevation who was referred for primary angioplasty. The angiographic study confirmed the presence of a coronary ostium defect and suggested aortic dissection. Computed tomography angiography confirmed the diagnosis, showing the dissection of the ascending aorta with the compromise of both coronary ostia, which was subjected to surgical treatment.

Validação de brinquedo terapêutico sobre cateterismo cardíaco / Validation of an instructional therapeutic tool to demonstrate cardiac catheterization

Resumo Este trabalho visou validar um brinquedo e história como tecnologia educacional direcionada à orientação de crianças que serão submetidas ao cateterismo cardíaco. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada por 23 juízes especialistas (contadores de história, educadoras infantis, enfermeiros, médicos, psicóloga, psicopedagogas e terapeutas ocupacionais) através da utilização de formulário considerando os domínios: objetivos, estrutura e apresentação além de relevância. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por intermédio do Índice de Validação de Conteúdo (IVC) e adotado o ponto de corte 0,80. Os dados qualitativos foram submetidos à análise temática de conteúdo. O brinquedo é composto por bonecos representativos da criança, equipe de saúde e responsável, miniatura de angiógrafo e de aparelho de anestesia e objetos de uso hospitalar para indução anestésica e punção venosa. A história aborda de forma lúdica a estrutura física da sala de Hemodinâmica e todas as etapas que compreendem o pré, trans e pós-cateterismo cardíaco. A tecnologia foi validada pelos juízes com um IVC total de 0,95. O brinquedo e a história validados constituem um diálogo entre saúde, educação e arte que poderá contribuir para uma assistência integral e humanizada à criança.

Abstract The scope of this work was to validate a toy and a narrative as an instructional tool to present to children who are to be submitted to cardiac catheterization. Content validation was performed by 23 specialist judges (storytellers, child educators, nurses, medics, educational psychologists, occupational therapists, and a psychologist), by using a form considering the following topics: goals, structure and presentation, as well as relevance. Quantitative data was analyzed through the Content Validation Index (CVI) and a cutoff of 0.80 was adopted. Qualitative data was then submitted to thematic content analysis. The toy is composed of: figurines representing the child, the healthcare team, and the person responsible for the child, prototypes of the angiography equipment and the anesthesia equipment, and objects used in hospital for anesthetic induction and vein puncture. The narrative addresses the physical structure of the Hemodynamics room and all steps comprising pre-, trans- and post-cardiac catheterization in a playful way. The technology was validated by the judges with a total CVI of 0.95. The validated toy and narrative constitute a dialog between health, education and art that may contribute to integral and humanized care to the child.

Hemodynamic Characterization of Neonates With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia-Associated Pulmonary Hypertension by Cardiac Catheterization.

We examined the results of cardiac catheterization in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) from 2009 to 2020. Catheterization confirmed pulmonary arterial hypertension in all cases (n =  17) and identified left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in 53%. LVDD was associated with greater respiratory morbidity. Preprocedural noninvasive assessment showed inconsistent agreement with catheterization results.

Perfil clínico e hemodinâmico de pacientes consecutivos com estenose aórtica valvar estudados na era pré-implante transcateter valvar aórtico em instituição acadêmica. Análise comparativa da avaliação invasiva com a ecocardiográfica / Clinical and hemodynamic profile of consecutive patients with aortic valve stenosis studied in the pre-transcatheter aortic valve implantation era at an academic institution. Comparative analysis of invasive evaluation with echocardiography

Introdução: Face à melhor compreensão da fisiopatologia da estenose valvar aórtica, cresceu paralelamente a complexidade da avaliação de sua gravidade, persistindo relevante incerteza quanto à aplicabilidade dos métodos invasivos pelo cateterismo cardíaco e os não invasivos, com base em ecocardiografia. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os padrões hemodinâmicos da avaliação com ecocardiografia comparativamente à estimativa da gravidade da estenose aórtica com o cateterismo em pacientes consecutivos referidos para avaliação diagnóstica por laboratório de hospital acadêmico terciário no triênio 2016-2018. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo e retrospectivo das características clínicas e dos resultados das avaliações da gravidade da estenose valvar aórtica obtidas em 96 pacientes consecutivos, por meio de cateterismo e ecocardiografia. Resultados: Amostra populacional de 49 homens e 47 mulheres, com mediana de idade de 66,5 (56,5 a 72,8) anos, estenose valvar aórtica degenerativa em 49% e reumática em 40%, além de diversas comorbidades, inclusive doença coronária (37%). Pelo cateterismo, com base no gradiente pico de 48 (20 a 68), a estenose valvar aórtica foi avaliada como grave em 56%, sendo a pressão telediastólica ventricular de 20mmHg (16 a 30mmHg). Pela ecocardiografia, a área valvar foi 0,9cm2 (0,7 a 1,2cm2), sendo indexado 0,5cm2/m2 (0,43 a 0,5cm2/m2), com gradiente pico de 62±26 mmHg. A estenose valvar aórtica foi considerada severa em 69,2%. Houve discordância entre os métodos sobre a severidade da estenose valvar aórtica em 30% dos exames, com coeficiente de Spearman entre área valvar pelo ecocardiograma e gradiente pico pelo cateterismo de -0,7 (p<0,001). Conclusão: Em amostra representativa dos vários padrões hemodinâmicos, a avaliação da gravidade da estenose valvar aórtica, como praticada rotineiramente em laboratório acadêmico, limitou-se à medida de pico de gradiente transvalvar. A estimativa da área valvar pelo método ecocardiográfico, sendo indireta e também passível de crítica, contribui para as discrepâncias encontradas, tornando-se justificável buscar o aperfeiçoamento de ambos os métodos, em vista da complexidade clínica e hemodinâmica detectada.

Background: In view of the better understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic valve stenosis, the complexity of assessing its severity has simultaneously grown, with relevant uncertainty persisting as to the applicability of invasive methods by cardiac catheterization and non-invasive methods based on echocardiography. The objective of this study was to analyze the hemodynamic patterns of evaluation with echocardiography compared to the estimation of severity of aortic stenosis with catheterization in consecutive patients referred for diagnostic evaluation by the laboratory of a tertiary academic hospital in the 2016 to 2018 triennium. Methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study of clinical characteristics and results of assessments of severity of aortic valve stenosis obtained in 96 consecutive patients, through catheterization and echocardiography. Results: A population sample of 49 men and 47 women, with a median age of 66.5 (56.5 to 72.8) years, degenerative aortic valve stenosis in 49%, and rheumatic aortic stenosis in 40%, in addition to several comorbidities, including coronary disease (37%). Using catheterization, based on the peak gradient of 48 (20 to 68), aortic valve stenosis was assessed as severe in 56%, with ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 20mmHg (16 to 30mmHg). Using echocardiography, the valve area was 0.9cm2 (0.7 to 1.2cm2), indexed valve area was 0.5cm2/m2 (0.43 to 0.5cm2/m2), with peak gradient of 62±26mmHg. Aortic valve stenosis was considered severe in 69.2%. There was disagreement between the methods regarding severity of aortic valve stenosis in 30% of exams, with a Spearman coefficient between the valve area on the echocardiogram and the peak gradient on catheterization of -0.7 (p<0.001). Conclusion: In a representative sample of various hemodynamic patterns, the assessment of severity of aortic valve stenosis, as routinely practiced in an academic laboratory, was limited to measuring the peak transvalvular gradient. The estimation of the valve area using the echocardiographic method was indirect and also subject to criticism, and contributed to the discrepancies found, rendering it justifiable to seek the improvement of both methods, in view of the clinical and hemodynamic complexity detected.

Redução da ansiedade relacionada ao cateterismo cardíaco: aceitabilidade de intervenção complexa / Reducción de la ansiedad relacionada con el cateterismo cardíaco: aceptabilidad de intervención compleja / Reducing cardiac catheterization-related anxiety: acceptability of a complex intervention

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a aceitabilidade de pessoas submetidas ao cateterismo cardíaco não programado acerca de uma intervenção complexa (IC) de enfermagem para reduzir a ansiedade. Métodos Estudo qualitativo e avaliativo da aceitabilidade de 15 participantes submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco acerca de uma IC de enfermagem. A coleta de dados foi realizada na unidade de emergência de um hospital de alta complexidade da cidade de São Paulo, especializado em cardiologia. Os participantes tinham diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronariana Aguda e receberam a IC, constituída por componente musical e educativo, denominada Education and Music Intervention to Reduce Anxiety (EMIRA). Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro a outubro de 2021, e os participantes foram submetidos à entrevista semiestruturada. As perguntas norteadoras da entrevista foram elaboradas com base em Kazdin. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas para análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Para analisar a aceitabilidade dos participantes da EMIRA, utilizou-se o aporte teórico das Representações Cotidianas. Resultados A análise da aceitabilidade em relação à EMIRA permitiu a identificação de três categorias: Intervenção complexa EMIRA: nova experiência que ajuda a entender o cateterismo cardíaco; Intervenção complexa EMIRA: uma experiência que gera satisfação; e Intervenção complexa EMIRA: uma experiência que alivia a ansiedade. Os participantes relataram sensações de calma, alívio, tranquilidade, satisfação, e recomendaram o uso da EMIRA. Conclusão A experiência dos participantes com a EMIRA foi positiva, sugerindo boa aceitabilidade da IC por pessoas aguardando a realização do cateterismo não programado na unidade de emergência.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la aceptabilidad de una intervención compleja (IC) de enfermería para reducir la ansiedad de personas sometidas a un cateterismo cardíaco no programado. Métodos Estudio cualitativo y evaluativo de aceptabilidad de una IC de enfermería en 15 participantes sometidos a un cateterismo cardíaco. La recopilación de datos se realizó en una unidad de emergencia de un hospital de alta complejidad de la ciudad de São Paulo, especializado en cardiología. Los participantes tenían diagnóstico de Síndrome Coronario Agudo y recibieron la IC, que tenía un componente musical y educativo, denominada Education and Music Intervention to Reduce Anxiety (EMIRA). Se recopilaron los datos en el período de septiembre a octubre de 2021, y los participantes respondieron una entrevista semiestructurada. Las preguntas orientadoras de la entrevista se elaboraron con base en Kazdin. Las entrevistas fueron grabadas y se transcribieron para el análisis de contenido de Bradin. Para analizar la aceptabilidad de los participantes de la EMIRA, se utilizó el aporte teórico de las representaciones cotidianas. Resultados El análisis de aceptabilidad de la intervención EMIRA permitió identificar tres categorías: Intervención compleja EMIRA: nueva experiencia que ayuda a entender el cateterismo cardíaco, Intervención compleja EMIRA: una experiencia que genera satisfacción e Intervención compleja EMIRA: una experiencia que calma la ansiedad. Los participantes relataron sensaciones de calma, alivio, tranquilidad y satisfacción, y recomendaron el uso de la EMIRA. Conclusión La experiencia de los participantes con la intervención EMIRA fue positiva, lo que sugiere una buena aceptabilidad de la IC por parte de personas que aguardan la realización de un cateterismo no programado en la unidad de emergencia.

Abstract Objective To analyze the acceptability of people undergoing unscheduled cardiac catheterization about a complex nursing intervention (CI) to reduce anxiety. Methods This is a qualitative and evaluative study of the acceptability of 15 participants who underwent cardiac catheterization regarding a nursing CI. Data collection was carried out in the emergency unit of a highly complex hospital in the city of São Paulo, specialized in cardiology. Participants had a diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome and received the CI, consisting of a musical and educational component, called Education and Music Intervention to Reduce Anxiety (EMIRA). Data were collected from September to October 2021, and participants underwent a semi-structured interview. The guiding questions of the interview were elaborated based on Kazdin. The interviews were recorded and transcribed for Bardin's content analysis. To analyze EMIRA participants' participants, Representations of Everyday Life's theoretical contribution was used. Results Acceptability analysis in relation to EMIRA allowed identifying three categories: EMIRA complex intervention: new experience that helps to understand cardiac catheterization; Complex EMIRA intervention: an experience that generates satisfaction; and EMIRA complex intervention: an anxiety-relieving experience. Participants reported feelings of calm, relief, tranquility, satisfaction, and recommended using EMIRA. Conclusion Participants' experience with EMIRA was positive, suggesting good acceptability of CI by people awaiting unscheduled catheterization in the emergency unit.

Efeito da nitroglicerina no espasmo e na oclusão da artéria radial em cateterismos transradiais realizados em mulheres / Effect of nitroglycerin on radial artery spasm and occlusion in transradial catheterizations performed in women

Introdução: O benefício do cateterismo transradial já foi confirmado em pacientes do sexo feminino. Mulheres submetidas a exames por cateterismo transradial apresentam desafios únicos. A ocorrência de espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial após o procedimento é maior em mulheres. Objetivamos avaliar o benefício da nitroglicerina na redução de espasmo e oclusão da artéria radial em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo transradial. Métodos: Estudo multicêntrico, prospectivo, randomizado 2x2 fatorial, duplo-cego. Participantes foram randomizados para nitroglicerina 500mcg ou placebo em dois momentos: após colocação do introdutor hemostático e antes da retirada. A avaliação de espasmo da artéria radial foi clínica, por meio de escala dor. A avaliação da oclusão da artéria radial foi realizada com Doppler, nas primeiras 12 horas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 2.040 pacientes, sendo 774 (37,5%) mulheres. A média de idade foi similar entre os sexos (62,2 anos versus 61,5 anos; p=0,27). A incidência de espasmo da artéria radial foi maior nas mulheres (21,2% versus 6,6%; p<0,01), bem como a incidência de oclusão da artéria radial (3,4% versus 1,8%; p=0,03). O uso da nitroglicerina no início do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de espasmo da artéria radial em mulheres quando comparado com o placebo (19,7% versus 22,6%; p=0,34), tampouco as taxas de oclusão da artéria radial (4,3% versus 2,5%; p=0,17). O uso da nitroglicerina ao fim do procedimento não reduziu a incidência de oclusão da artéria em mulheres (2,8% versus 3,9%; p=0,37). Conclusões: O espasmo e a oclusão da artéria radial são mais frequentes em mulheres submetidas a cateterismo transradial quando comparadas aos homens. O uso da nitroglicerina não apresenta efeito benéfico na redução dessas incidências.

Background: The benefit of transradial catheterization is well established in female patients. Women undergoing transradial catheterization exams present with unique challenges. The occurrence of radial artery spasm and occlusion after the procedure is higher in women. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefit of nitroglycerin in reducing radial artery spasm and occlusion in women undergoing transradial catheterization. Methods: This was a 2x2 factorial randomized, multicenter, prospective, double-blinded study. Participants were randomized to nitroglycerin 500mcg or placebo at two time points: after placement of the hemostatic introducer and before its removal. The evaluation of the radial artery spasm was clinical, using a pain scale The evaluation of the radial artery occlusion was performed with Doppler, in the first 12 hours. Results: A total of 2,040 patients were included, of which 774 (37.5%) were female. Mean age was similar between sexes (62.2 years versus 61.5 years; p=0.27). The incidence of radial artery spasm was higher in women (21.2% versus 6.6%; p<0.01), as well as the incidence of radial artery occlusion (3.4% versus 1.8%; p=0.03). The use of nitroglycerin at the beginning of the procedure did not reduce the incidence of radial artery spasm in women when compared with placebo (19.7% versus 22.6%; p=0.34), nor did the rates of radial artery occlusion (4.3% versus 2.5%; p=0.17). The use of nitroglycerin at the end of the procedure did not reduce the incidence of artery occlusion in women (2.8% versus 3.9%; p=0.37). Conclusions: Radial artery spasm and occlusion are more frequent in women undergoing transradial catheterization when compared to men. The use of nitroglycerin does not have a beneficial effect in reducing these incidences.