Nutrient intake, productive and metabolic parameters of Nellore bulls feed a forage free diet using cottonseed cake as a fiber source.

We hypothesized that cottonseed cake in confined Nellore young bulls' diet as fiber source, could maintain or improve the nutrient intake, and productive and metabolic parameters. It was evaluated the total replacement of whole plant corn silage (WPCS) by cottonseed cake (CSC) as a source of fiber in the diet. A completely randomized design with two treatments and 12 replications was used. The treatments were two experimental diets containing 300 g/kg of WPCS or CSC as roughage. All animals at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 112 days were weighed to monitor productive performance and nutrient intake. Dry matter intakes, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, physically effective neutral detergent fiber, crude protein and non-fiber carbohydrates of the WPCS treatment cattle were higher (p < 0.05), and the ethereal extract intake of cattle fed CSC diet was higher. The BW of cattle fed WPCS was higher in the two initial periods of confinement (p < 0.05). Animals from both treatments showed linear growth during the confinement period. There was a fiber source × period interaction for total weight gain (TWG), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) (p < 0.05), with the lowest in the first 15 days and the highest at 30 days, reflecting a compensatory gain in animals fed with CSC. Bulls fed with CSC showed negative TWG and ADG in the first period (p < 0.05), but recovered in the following periods, surpassing that of the SC treatment in the last two periods. There was negative EF of bulls fed with CSC in the first period (P < 0.05), but in the following periods the CSC diet did not differ from the WPCS diet. The animals fed CSC diet showed a higher concentration of cholesterol and glucose in the blood plasma (p < 0.05). The forage-free diet containing cottonseed cake as a source of fiber replacing corn silage promoted better animal performance.

Flint corn silage management: influence of maturity stage, inoculation with Lentilactobacillus buchneri, and storage time on fermentation pattern, aerobic stability, and nutritional characteristics.

Introduction: High quality corn silage depends on factors such as corn type, stage of crop development at harvest time, fermentation time, in addition to use or not of inoculants. This study aimed to investigate the impact of maturity stage, bacterial inoculation, and storage time on fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional characteristics of flint corn silage and their implications for corn silage management. Methods: A flint corn hybrid was harvested very early, early, and medium (at 250, 300 and 350 g dry matter (DM)/kg as fed, respectively) and ensiled in mini-silos without (control) or with Lentilactobacillus buchneri CNCM I-4323 at 1 × 105 cfu/g for 120, 240 and 360 d to investigate how these factors interact with each other. Results and discussion: There was only a small increase (7 g/kg starch; p = 0.003) in starch digestibility (starch-D) in the silages stored for 360 d when compared to that stored for 240 d, but with no difference for 120 d. Despite the reduced starch-D (526 vs. 694 g/kg starch; p < 0.001), silages produced from medium harvest had higher (p < 0.001) starch content (317 vs. 137 g/kg DM) and higher amount of digestible starch (169 vs. 98.5 g/kg DM; p < 0.001) compared to very early harvest. The 2-way interactions (inoculation × storage time and maturity × storage time) showed that inoculation of corn silage with L. buchneri increased (p < 0.001) the aerobic stability, and that more mature crop silage had higher aerobic stability (140 h; p = 0.036) than the others (118 and 48.5 h for those silages from very early and early harvest). Conclusion: The storage for a longer time (>120 d) with the goal of increasing silage digestibility did not occur. Harvesting whole-crop flint corn with 300 to 350 g/kg DM is desirable to have higher DM yield and starch accumulation. Inoculation with L. buchneri is recommended to preserve the silage against aerobic deterioration. This study has shown the importance of harvesting flint corn at the right time, and the need for inoculation with L. buchneri to ensure greater yield, starch accumulation, and silage preservation, if 120 days of storage are not exceeded.

New bicompartmental model: an application for the production of gases using the in vitro technique / Novo modelo bicompartimental: uma aplicação para a produção de gases pela técnica in vitro

The purpose of this study was to propose a bicompartmental nonlinear model and to identify the best-performing model between the proposed model and the bicompartmental logistic (BL) mode regarding the quality of fit to the curve of cumulative gas production (CGP) using corn silage, sunflower, and their mixtures. Gas production was measured 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after beginning the in vitro fermentation process. The generated data were used to generate the parameters of each model tested using the stats package of the R computational tool version 4.0.4. The mathematical models were subjected to the following selection criteria: the adjusted coefficient of determination (Raj.), residual mean square (RMS), mean absolute deviation (MAD), and Akaike information criterion (AIC). It was demonstrated that the proposed model had better performance with a high Raj., and lower values of RMS, AIC, and MAD than the bicompartmental logistic model for the prediction of the parameters of cumulative gas production (CGP), per to present a superior fit in the set of criteria according to the methodology and conditions in which the present study was developed.(AU)

No presente trabalho, com silagem de milho, girassol e suas misturas, objetivou-se propor um modelo não linear bicompartimental e identificar entre o modelo proposto e Logístico Bicompartimental (LB), aquele que apresenta maior qualidade de ajuste à curva de cinética de produção cumulativa de gases (PCG). A leitura da produção de gás foi realizada nos tempos 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas, após o início do processo de fermentação in vitro. Os dados gerados foram utilizados para geração dos parâmetros de cada modelo testado com auxílio do pacote stats da ferramenta computacional R versão 4.0.4. Os modelos matemáticos foram submetidos aos seguintes critérios de seleção o coeficiente de determinação ajustado (Raj.), quadrado médio do resíduo (QMR), desvio médio absoluto (DMA) e o critério de informação de Akaike (AIC). Foi demonstrado que o modelo proposto teve melhor desempenho com altos Raj., e menores valores de QMR, AIC e DMA, por apresentar um ajustamento superior no conjunto dos critérios em comparação com o modelo logístico bicompartimental para a predição dos parâmetros de produção cumulativa de gases (PCG) de acordo com a metodologia e condições em que foi desenvolvido o presente estudo.(AU)

Effect of different dietary inclusion levels of whole plant green tomato (Physalis philadelphica) silage on nutrient intake and digestibility, and in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics in sheep.

Mexico has many agricultural by-products that can be used for animal feed, and green tomatoes are produced throughout the country and can be an alternative to overcome the high prices of cereal-based feeds. This study determined in vitro fermentation kinetics, production performance, nutrient intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance from sheep supplemented with whole plant green tomato (GT) on corn silage (CS) based diets. For 21 days, eighteen Suffolk lambs (38 ± 4 kg of live weight) were grouped into three dietary GT inclusion levels to replace CS: a control diet based on 100% CS (GT0, 570 g /kg dry matter, DM), while 100 g/kg DM (GT100) and 200 g/kg DM (GT200) of GT were included as a replacement for CS. A completely randomized design was used to measure in vitro gas production, in vitro rumen fermentation, chemical composition, and in vivo parameters. In vitro gas production, "A" (ml/g DM), fermentation rates "B," (h-1), and "C" (h-½), were lower for GT200, while DM disappearance (mg/100mg) was lower for GT100 compared with GT0. Compared to GT0, GT100 and GT200 did not affect (P > 0.05) DM and organic matter (OM) intake (g/kgLW0.75). Ether extract intake was higher for GT0 and GT100 (P < 0.001) compared to GT200. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake was higher (P < 0.05) for GT200 compared with GT0. Intake of lignin was higher (P < 0.001) for GT200 than that of GT0 and GT100. Digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, NDF, and Acid detergent fiber (ADF) were lower (P < 0.05) in GT100 than in the rest of the treatments. Nitrogen intake and N excreted in feces and urine were lower (P < 0.001) for GT0. N balance was negative for all treatments, being higher for GT200 (P < 0.05). Overall, the addition of GT at 100 or 200 g/kg DM in sheep diets negatively affects nutrient digestibility and N balance, so their dietary inclusion is not recommended.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and its metabolites on corn silage quality.

Cellulolytic micro-organisms are potent silage inoculants that decrease the fibrous content in silage and increase the fibre digestibility and nutritional value of silage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis CCMA 0087 and its enzyme ß-glucosidase on the nutritional value and aerobic stability of corn silage after 30 and 60 days of storage. We compared the results among silage without inoculant (SC) and silages inoculated with B. subtilis 8 log10 CFU per kg forage (SB8), 9 log10 CFU per kg forage (SB9) and 9·84 log10 CFU per kg forage + ß-glucosidase enzyme (SBE). No differences were observed in the levels of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre due to the different treatments or storage times of the silos. Notably, the population of spore-forming bacteria increased in the SB9-treated silage. At 60 days of ensiling, the largest populations of lactic acid bacteria were found in silages treated with SB8 and SBE. Yeast populations were low for all silages, irrespective of the different treatments, and the presence of filamentous fungi was observed only in the SBE-treated silage. Among all silage treatments, SB9 treatment resulted in the highest aerobic stability.

Alimentando matrizes, garanhões e receptoras de maneira eficiente / Feeding donor mares, stallions and recipients in a effective way

Para alcançar o desempenho reprodutivo ótimo nos equinos precisamos que o animal tenha saúde, conforto e viva em uma condição pouco estressante. O manejo nutricional é fundamental para alcançar esta condição. A dieta dos animais é composta por água, sal mineral e volumoso. Quando a combinação destes nutrientes não atinge o requerimento da categoria do animal complementamos esta diferença com ração concentrada. Baseamos nossas recomendações no NRC (National Research Council). As categorias mais fáceis de alimentar são as éguas vazias e garanhões fora do período de monta e as categorias mais difíceis de nutrir são as éguas a partir do 5º mês de gestação, garanhões durante a temporada de monta e as categorias mais exigentes é o das éguas paridas. Os requerimentos nutricionais para os garanhões são muito dependentes do comportamento destes animais e variam muito de um animal para outro e precisam ser individualizados, já a dieta das receptoras é influenciada pelo custo dos componentes da dieta, sendo esta a categoria onde mais se utiliza as dietas alternativas e estas muitas vezes oferecem riscos à saúde das éguas. A variação na qualidade e preço do volumoso durante o ano nos obriga a analisar periodicamente a composição bromatológica das diferentes fontes de volumosos disponíveis, sendo que o uso do NIR (“Near Infrared”) uma ferramenta útil e confiável para esta função.

Horses healthy, comfortable and low-stress condition live are essential to get optimal reproduction index. Nutritional management is the key to achieve this condition. The animals' diet consists of water, mineral salt and roughage. When the combination of those nutrients does not reach the requirement of the animal we should supplement this difference with grains. We base our recommendations on the NRC (National Research Council). Barren mares and stallions out of season are the easiest to feed. Pregnant mares (> 5 months) and Active stallions have high nutrient demand and the most demanding categories are lactating mares. Nutritional requirements for stallions are highly dependent of stallion behavior. The recipientes diet must be cost effective. Alternatives feeds are not well known and more research must be done. The quality and price oscilation of roughage during the year demands periodically analyzes and NIR ("Near Infrared") is a useful and reliable tool for it.

A two-location trial for selecting corn silage hybrids for the humid tropic: forage and grain yields and in vitro fermentation characteristics

The goal of our study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of dented corn hybrids for silage production. We performed a two-location trial in which 19 dented corn hybrids and five corn controls grew in four randomized blocks within two experimental areas located in the Northern (Campos dos Goytacazes) and Northwestern (Itaocara) Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. We recorded yields of fresh and dry forage matter and yields of fresh and dry grain matter, as well as chemical composition variables. We interpreted variables by assuming a Normal distribution for yield variables and a Beta distribution for chemical composition and ratios. The SAS GLIMMIX procedure fitted the linear model under those assumptions. Dual-pool models fitted the gas production profiles generated by in vitro anaerobic fermentations. We used the nlme of R software to fit the dual-pool models and the information-theoretic approach to evaluate their quality of fit. We did a cluster analysis (NbClust of R) to group corn hybrids based on fresh and DM yields and kinetic parameters of in vitro gas production. Three clusters of corn hybrids stood out, their basic differences relied on fresh and DM yields. Nonetheless, the least-squares means for gas production characteristics among groups did not present disjoint confidence intervals. Therefore, we can infer that dented corn hybrids rank by forage yield, but not by forage quality, and recommend the most productive ones that consistently outstand in both locations (hybrids UENF-2203, UENF-2192, UENF-2193, and UENF-506-11).

Effect of ensiling time on apparent total tract starch digestibility in Southern Brazilian dairy herds

Ensiling corn for longer periods is a strategy used to increase rumen bacteria access to starch. In fact, when corn is ensiled for insufficient periods, starch digestibility decreases, as evidenced by excreted starch. This study investigates the effects of corn silage ensiling time on starch digestibility of dairy cows through fecal starch analysis. The trial was conducted during the spring of 2013 and the fall of 2014 on twenty dairy herds located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Total mixed ration (TMR), whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and fecal samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and starch. Apparent total tract starch digestibility (ATTSD) was calculated using equations developed by Fredin et al. (2014) and Bal et al. (1997). Data were analyzed using the CORR, REG and GLM procedures of SAS. Spring and fall WPCS were ensiled for 260 and 132 days, respectively (p < 0.01). There was no difference (p > 0.05) in ATTSD-Fredin from season to season though there was a trend (p = 0.11) towards greater ATTSD-Bal for spring samples. ATTSD-Bal was positively correlated with ensiling days (r = 0.31). Starch digestibility was not negatively affected by WPCS harvesting maturity. Differences in post-ruminal starch digestion, variation between farms in DM intake and diets, limitations of the equations, influence of uncontrolled factors, and the small number of experimental units might have contributed to the absence of significant results. Overall, Bal et al. (1997) equation was more efficient in distinguishing ATTSD from different ensiling periods.(AU)

Effect of ensiling time on apparent total tract starch digestibility in Southern Brazilian dairy herds

Ensiling corn for longer periods is a strategy used to increase rumen bacteria access to starch. In fact, when corn is ensiled for insufficient periods, starch digestibility decreases, as evidenced by excreted starch. This study investigates the effects of corn silage ensiling time on starch digestibility of dairy cows through fecal starch analysis. The trial was conducted during the spring of 2013 and the fall of 2014 on twenty dairy herds located in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. Total mixed ration (TMR), whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) and fecal samples were collected for determination of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and starch. Apparent total tract starch digestibility (ATTSD) was calculated using equations developed by Fredin et al. (2014) and Bal et al. (1997). Data were analyzed using the CORR, REG and GLM procedures of SAS. Spring and fall WPCS were ensiled for 260 and 132 days, respectively (p 0.05) in ATTSD-Fredin from season to season though there was a trend (p = 0.11) towards greater ATTSD-Bal for spring samples. ATTSD-Bal was positively correlated with ensiling days (r = 0.31). Starch digestibility was not negatively affected by WPCS harvesting maturity. Differences in post-ruminal starch digestion, variation between farms in DM intake and diets, limitations of the equations, influence of uncontrolled factors, and the small number of experimental units might have contributed to the absence of significant results. Overall, Bal et al. (1997) equation was more efficient in distinguishing ATTSD from different ensiling periods.

Evaluation of methodologies of urine collection to estimate microbial synthesis in bovines diets containing lipids or not / Avaliação de metodologias de coleta de urina para estimar a síntese microbiana em dietas de bovinos contendo ou não lipídios

This study investigated the effectiveness of the urine sample collection method in predicting the volume urinary and synthesis of microbial nitrogen. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. There was no effect of diets on daily creatinine excretion (P>0.05). There were differences (P<0.05) between the urinary volume and microbial synthesis values determined by the total urine collection and those estimated from the urine spot samples and equations proposed by different authors. The estimation of microbial synthesis based on the urine excretion of purine derivatives should be performed from the total collection of the urine for a period of 24 hours.

Este estudo investigou a eficácia do método de coleta de amostras de urina sobre a predição do volume urinário e síntese de nitrogênio microbiano. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. Não houve efeito de dietas na excreção diária de creatinina (P> 0,05). Houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre o volume urinário e os valores de síntese microbiana determinados pela coleta total de urina e os estimados a partir das amostras de manchas de urina e equações propostas por diferentes autores. A estimativa da síntese microbiana baseada na excreção de urina dos derivados de purina deve ser realizada a partir da coleta total da urina por um período de 24 horas.

Intake, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis of steers fed with or without lipid addition / Consumo, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana de novilhos alimentados com ou sem adição de lipídios

This study investigated the influence of energy supplementation with or without the addition of lipids on microbial production, microbial synthesis efficiency and nitrogen balance. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. The concentrations of ammonia in the rumen were determined immediately at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. The diets with concentrate increased (P<0.05) the microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis and nitrogen balance without a difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Concentrated diets presented higher concentrations of urea nitrogen in the serum and urinary urea excretion (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Energy supplementation, with or without lipid addition, can be used as a strategy to increase the synthesis of the microbial protein in the cattle fed corn silage.

Este estudo investigou a influência da suplementação energética com ou sem adição de lipídios na produção microbiana, eficiência de síntese microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. As concentrações de amônia no rúmen foram determinadas imediatamente às 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após a alimentação. As dietas com concentrado aumentaram (P<0,05) a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese e o balanço de nitrogênio sem diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). As dietas concentradas apresentaram maiores concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no soro e excreção urinária de uréia (P <0,05), mas não houve diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). A suplementação energética, com ou sem adição de lipídios, pode ser utilizada como estratégia para aumentar a síntese da proteína microbiana em bovinos alimentados com silagem de milho.

Corn supplementation on milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows grazing on temperate annual pasture / Efeito da suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho sobre o nitrogênio ureico no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno

The excretion of urinary nitrogen (N), one of the most important environmental contaminants from livestock systems, is highly correlated with milk urea N content. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of different types of corn supplementation on milk urea N in grazing dairy cows. Twelve Holstein × Jersey lactating dairy cows were divided into six uniform groups according to milk production, lactation stage and live weight. Treatments were compared according to a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experimental design, with three periods of seventeen days (twelve days to adaptation and five to measurements). The experimental treatments were exclusively grazing (G); grazing + supplementation with 4.2 kg DM of corn silage (CS) and grazing + supplementation with 3.2 kg DM of ground corn (GC). The pasture used was annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and white oats (Avena sativa L.). The milk protein production increased 65 g/day in the GC treatment group compared to the G and CS groups. The supplemented dairy cows showed lower milk urea N (-2.8 mg/dL) than unsupplemented cows, but the N utilization efficiency (g N output in milk/ g N intake) did not change between treatments (average = 0.26). Additionally, there was a relationship between milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (R2 = 0.64). In conclusion, for dairy cows grazing annual temperate pastures, corn ground supplementation increased milk protein production and reduced the excretion of milk urea N, whereas corn silage reduced the excretion of milk urea N without affecting milk protein production.(AU)

A excreção de nitrogênio (N) urinário é um dos mais importantes contaminantes ambientais nos sistemas de produção animal, e possui alta correlação com as concentrações de N ureico no leite. Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho na excreção de N ureico e produção de proteína no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno. Doze vacas em lactação cruza Holandês × Jersey foram divididas em seis lotes uniformes de acordo com a produção de leite, estádio de lactação e peso vivo. Os tratamentos foram comparados de acordo com um delineamento experimental em duplo Quadrado Latino 3 × 3, com três períodos de dezessete dias (doze dias de adaptação e cinco de avaliações). Os tratamentos experimentais foram exclusivamente pastejo (G), suplementação com 4.2 kg de MS de silagem de milho (CS) e 3.2 kg de MS de milho moído (GC). O pasto utilizado foi Azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.) e Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.). A produção de proteína no leite aumentou 65 g/dia nos animais do grupo GC quando comparados aos dos grupos G e CS. As vacas suplementadas reduziram os teores de N ureico do leite em comparação às não suplementadas (-2,8 mg/dL), mas a eficiência de uso do N (g N produzido no leite/g N ingerido) foi semelhante entre os tratamentos (média = 0,26). Além disso, houve uma relação positiva entre as concentrações de N ureico no leite e no plasma (R2 = 0.64). Em conclusão, a suplementação com o grão de milho se mostrou eficiente na redução da excreção de N ureico com aumento na produção de proteína do leite, enquanto a silagem de milho permitiu reduções na excreção de N ureico sem afetar a produção de proteína do leite.(AU)

Corn supplementation on milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows grazing on temperate annual pasture / Efeito da suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho sobre o nitrogênio ureico no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno

ABSTRACT: The excretion of urinary nitrogen (N), one of the most important environmental contaminants from livestock systems, is highly correlated with milk urea N content. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of different types of corn supplementation on milk urea N in grazing dairy cows. Twelve Holstein × Jersey lactating dairy cows were divided into six uniform groups according to milk production, lactation stage and live weight. Treatments were compared according to a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experimental design, with three periods of seventeen days (twelve days to adaptation and five to measurements). The experimental treatments were exclusively grazing (G); grazing + supplementation with 4.2 kg DM of corn silage (CS) and grazing + supplementation with 3.2 kg DM of ground corn (GC). The pasture used was annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and white oats (Avena sativa L.). The milk protein production increased 65 g/day in the GC treatment group compared to the G and CS groups. The supplemented dairy cows showed lower milk urea N (-2.8 mg/dL) than unsupplemented cows, but the N utilization efficiency (g N output in milk/ g N intake) did not change between treatments (average = 0.26). Additionally, there was a relationship between milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (R2 = 0.64). In conclusion, for dairy cows grazing annual temperate pastures, corn ground supplementation increased milk protein production and reduced the excretion of milk urea N, whereas corn silage reduced the excretion of milk urea N without affecting milk protein production.

RESUMO: A excreção de nitrogênio (N) urinário é um dos mais importantes contaminantes ambientais nos sistemas de produção animal, e possui alta correlação com as concentrações de N ureico no leite. Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho na excreção de N ureico e produção de proteína no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno. Doze vacas em lactação cruza Holandês × Jersey foram divididas em seis lotes uniformes de acordo com a produção de leite, estádio de lactação e peso vivo. Os tratamentos foram comparados de acordo com um delineamento experimental em duplo Quadrado Latino 3 × 3, com três períodos de dezessete dias (doze dias de adaptação e cinco de avaliações). Os tratamentos experimentais foram exclusivamente pastejo (G), suplementação com 4.2 kg de MS de silagem de milho (CS) e 3.2 kg de MS de milho moído (GC). O pasto utilizado foi Azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.) e Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.). A produção de proteína no leite aumentou 65 g/dia nos animais do grupo GC quando comparados aos dos grupos G e CS. As vacas suplementadas reduziram os teores de N ureico do leite em comparação às não suplementadas (-2,8 mg/dL), mas a eficiência de uso do N (g N produzido no leite/g N ingerido) foi semelhante entre os tratamentos (média = 0,26). Além disso, houve uma relação positiva entre as concentrações de N ureico no leite e no plasma (R2 = 0.64). Em conclusão, a suplementação com o grão de milho se mostrou eficiente na redução da excreção de N ureico com aumento na produção de proteína do leite, enquanto a silagem de milho permitiu reduções na excreção de N ureico sem afetar a produção de proteína do leite.

Substituition of urea for soybean meal and forced intake of minerals on the performance of growing crossbred calves / Substituição da ureia por farelo de soja e consumo forçado de minerais no desempenho de bezerros em crescimento

Forty eight crossbred calves, 24 males and 24 females, with weight and age of 203.6±3.7kg and 11.8±1.0 months were allotted to the following treatments: MT- mineral salt ad libitum and sugar cane mixed with 10g kg-1 mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate in a 9:1 proportion; MA - sugar cane mixed with 16g kg-1 of a concentrate of urea (550g kg-1), ammonium sulfate (60g kg-1) and minerals (390g kg-1); SU - sugar cane mixed with 50g kg-1 of a concentrate of soybean meal (830g kg-1), urea (52g kg-1) and minerals (118g kg-1) and MC - corn silage mixed with 10g kg-1 of a concentrate of urea (500g kg-1), ammonium sulfate (50g kg-1) and minerals (450g kg-1). Minerals mixed with sugar cane (MA) resulted in greater weight gain (0.258 x 0.188kg d-1) for similar intakes of DM (3.29 x 3.30kg d-1). Substitution of part of urea nitrogen in the MA by soybean meal (SU) resulted in greater ADG (0.538 x 0.258kg d-1), due to higher sugar cane intake (4.10 x 3.13kg d-1). ADG of calves receiving corn silage was greater (0.406 x 0.258kg d-1) than for calves receiving sugar cane.(AU)

Quarenta e oito bezerros cruzados, com peso vivo de 203,6±3,7kg e idade de 11,8±1,0 meses, sendo 24 machos e 24 fêmeas, foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: MT - sal mineral à vontade e cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 10g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia e sulfato de amônio na proporção de 9:1; MA - cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 16g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia (55%), sulfato de amônio (6%) e minerais (39%); SU - cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 50g kg -1 de uma mistura de farelo de soja (83%), ureia (5,2%) e minerais (11,8%); e MC - silagem de milho adicionada de 10g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia (50%), sulfato de amônio (5%) e minerais (45%). Minerais misturados no volumoso resultaram em maior ganho de peso (0, 258 x 0,188kg/dia) com consumos semelhantes de matéria seca (3,29 x 3,30kg/dia). Substituição de parte do nitrogênio da ureia no MA pelo do farelo de soja resultou em aumento do ganho de peso (0,258 x 0,538kg/dia) e no consumo de cana (3,13 x 4,10kg/dia). Ganho de peso dos bezerros que receberam silagem de milho foi superior ao dos bezerros que receberam o MA (0,406 x 0,258kg/dia), devido ao maior consumo de silagem (4,71 x 3,13kg/dia).(AU)

Substituition of urea for soybean meal and forced intake of minerals on the performance of growing crossbred calves / Substituição da ureia por farelo de soja e consumo forçado de minerais no desempenho de bezerros em crescimento

Forty eight crossbred calves, 24 males and 24 females, with weight and age of 203.6±3.7kg and 11.8±1.0 months were allotted to the following treatments: MT- mineral salt ad libitum and sugar cane mixed with 10g kg-1 mixture of urea and ammonium sulfate in a 9:1 proportion; MA - sugar cane mixed with 16g kg-1 of a concentrate of urea (550g kg-1), ammonium sulfate (60g kg-1) and minerals (390g kg-1); SU - sugar cane mixed with 50g kg-1 of a concentrate of soybean meal (830g kg-1), urea (52g kg-1) and minerals (118g kg-1) and MC - corn silage mixed with 10g kg-1 of a concentrate of urea (500g kg-1), ammonium sulfate (50g kg-1) and minerals (450g kg-1). Minerals mixed with sugar cane (MA) resulted in greater weight gain (0.258 x 0.188kg d-1) for similar intakes of DM (3.29 x 3.30kg d-1). Substitution of part of urea nitrogen in the MA by soybean meal (SU) resulted in greater ADG (0.538 x 0.258kg d-1), due to higher sugar cane intake (4.10 x 3.13kg d-1). ADG of calves receiving corn silage was greater (0.406 x 0.258kg d-1) than for calves receiving sugar cane.(AU)

Quarenta e oito bezerros cruzados, com peso vivo de 203,6±3,7kg e idade de 11,8±1,0 meses, sendo 24 machos e 24 fêmeas, foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: MT - sal mineral à vontade e cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 10g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia e sulfato de amônio na proporção de 9:1; MA - cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 16g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia (55%), sulfato de amônio (6%) e minerais (39%); SU - cana-de-açúcar adicionada de 50g kg -1 de uma mistura de farelo de soja (83%), ureia (5,2%) e minerais (11,8%); e MC - silagem de milho adicionada de 10g kg -1 de uma mistura de ureia (50%), sulfato de amônio (5%) e minerais (45%). Minerais misturados no volumoso resultaram em maior ganho de peso (0, 258 x 0,188kg/dia) com consumos semelhantes de matéria seca (3,29 x 3,30kg/dia). Substituição de parte do nitrogênio da ureia no MA pelo do farelo de soja resultou em aumento do ganho de peso (0,258 x 0,538kg/dia) e no consumo de cana (3,13 x 4,10kg/dia). Ganho de peso dos bezerros que receberam silagem de milho foi superior ao dos bezerros que receberam o MA (0,406 x 0,258kg/dia), devido ao maior consumo de silagem (4,71 x 3,13kg/dia).(AU)

Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass at two pasture allowances / Suplementação com silagem de milho para vacas leiteiras manejadas em duas ofertas diárias em pastagens de azevém anual

Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare two supplementation levels (0 and 4kg dry matter [DM]/day of a 7:1 mixture of corn silage and soybean meal) in dairy cows strip-grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at two pasture allowances (PA, low= 25 and high = 40kg DM/d at ground level). The study was carried out according to an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design, using 12 cows and three experimental periods of 12 days. The green leaves allowances were only 4.9 and 8.5kg DM/d at the low and high PA, respectively. The total DM intake and milk production increased in supplemented cows compared to un-supplemented cows at the low PA, but were similar between supplementation levels at the high PA. The PI was unaffected by the PA, whereas the substitution rate was 0.68 in cows at the low PA and 1.35 in cows at the high PA. Corn silage supplementation may improve the total DM intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures, but only at a low PA.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de dois níveis de suplementação (0 e 4kg de matéria seca [MS]/dia de uma mistura de silagem de milho e farelo de soja na razão de 7:1) para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejados em faixas diárias com duas ofertas (OF, baixa= 25 e alta= 40kg de MS/dia medidas em nível do solo). Os tratamentos foram comparados em delineamento quadrado latino incompleto 4 × 3, com 12 vacas em três períodos de 12 dias. A oferta de folhas foi somente de 4,9 e 8,5kg de MS/dia nas OF baixa e alta, respectivamente. O consumo total de MS e a produção de leite aumentaram com a suplementação somente quando os animais estavam em baixa OF, não havendo efeito da suplementação em alta OF. O consumo do pasto não foi afetado pela OF, entretanto a taxa de substituição foi de 0,68 em baixa OF e de 1,35 em alta OF. A suplementação com silagem de milho promove o aumento do consumo total de MS e da produção de leite de vacas manejadas em pastos anuais de clima temperado somente em situações de baixa OF.(AU)

Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing annual ryegrass at two pasture allowances / Suplementação com silagem de milho para vacas leiteiras manejadas em duas ofertas diárias em pastagens de azevém anual

Corn silage supplementation for dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare two supplementation levels (0 and 4kg dry matter [DM]/day of a 7:1 mixture of corn silage and soybean meal) in dairy cows strip-grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) at two pasture allowances (PA, low= 25 and high = 40kg DM/d at ground level). The study was carried out according to an incomplete 4 × 3 Latin square design, using 12 cows and three experimental periods of 12 days. The green leaves allowances were only 4.9 and 8.5kg DM/d at the low and high PA, respectively. The total DM intake and milk production increased in supplemented cows compared to un-supplemented cows at the low PA, but were similar between supplementation levels at the high PA. The PI was unaffected by the PA, whereas the substitution rate was 0.68 in cows at the low PA and 1.35 in cows at the high PA. Corn silage supplementation may improve the total DM intake and milk production of dairy cows grazing in temperate annual pastures, but only at a low PA.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de dois níveis de suplementação (0 e 4kg de matéria seca [MS]/dia de uma mistura de silagem de milho e farelo de soja na razão de 7:1) para vacas leiteiras em pastos de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) manejados em faixas diárias com duas ofertas (OF, baixa= 25 e alta= 40kg de MS/dia medidas em nível do solo). Os tratamentos foram comparados em delineamento quadrado latino incompleto 4 × 3, com 12 vacas em três períodos de 12 dias. A oferta de folhas foi somente de 4,9 e 8,5kg de MS/dia nas OF baixa e alta, respectivamente. O consumo total de MS e a produção de leite aumentaram com a suplementação somente quando os animais estavam em baixa OF, não havendo efeito da suplementação em alta OF. O consumo do pasto não foi afetado pela OF, entretanto a taxa de substituição foi de 0,68 em baixa OF e de 1,35 em alta OF. A suplementação com silagem de milho promove o aumento do consumo total de MS e da produção de leite de vacas manejadas em pastos anuais de clima temperado somente em situações de baixa OF.(AU)

Effect of inoculants combining Lactobacillus buchneri strain LN40177 in different strata of the silo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and rumen disappearance rate of dry matter of corn silages with inoculants combining L. buchneri strain LN40177 in different strata of the silo. The experimental design was a 3x2 randomized complete block design, with three treatments: Control: corn silage without inoculant; 11CFT: corn silage with inoculant which combines L. buchneri strain LN40177 (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ) with L. casei (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ); and 11C33: corn silage with inoculant which combines L. buchneri strain LN40177 (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ) with L. plantarum (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ) and Enterococcus faecium (1 x 1010 CFU g-1 ), associated with two strata of the silo (lower and upper). The silage inoculated with 11C33 presented higher contents of crude protein and NDF and lower hemicellulose content in relation to the control treatment and 11CFT. The use of both inoculants resulted in silages with higher concentrations of soluble nutrients. Lower stratum silage had a higher rumen disappearance rate of dry matter compared to the upper stratum. In general, the combinations of L. buchneri promoted nutritional improvements in corn silage, but in presence of L. casei, there were more outstanding improvements.

Effect of inoculants combining Lactobacillus buchneri strain LN40177 in different strata of the silo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and rumen disappearance rate of dry matter of corn silages with inoculants combining L. buchneri strain LN40177 in different strata of the silo. The experimental design was a 3x2 randomized complete block design, with three treatments: Control: corn silage without inoculant; 11CFT: corn silage with inoculant which combines L. buchneri strain LN40177 (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ) with L. casei (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ); and 11C33: corn silage with inoculant which combines L. buchneri strain LN40177 (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ) with L. plantarum (1.1 x 1011 CFU g-1 ) and Enterococcus faecium (1 x 1010 CFU g-1 ), associated with two strata of the silo (lower and upper). The silage inoculated with 11C33 presented higher contents of crude protein and NDF and lower hemicellulose content in relation to the control treatment and 11CFT. The use of both inoculants resulted in silages with higher concentrations of soluble nutrients. Lower stratum silage had a higher rumen disappearance rate of dry matter compared to the upper stratum. In general, the combinations of L. buchneri promoted nutritional improvements in corn silage, but in presence of L. casei, there were more outstanding improvements.(AU)

Glicerina em substituição ao milho no concentrado de vacas em lactação / Glycerin replacing corn in the concentrate of lactating cows

Foram avaliados o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a produção e a composição do leite de vacas Holandês x Gir alimentadas com dietas baseadas em silagem de milho suplementada com concentrado contendo ou não glicerina obtida da produção de biodiesel. Os tratamentos basearam-se na substituição parcial do amido do milho moído pelo glicerol da glicerina. O experimento foi realizado durante 96 dias utilizando delineamento em blocos casualizados, nove vacas por tratamento e três medidas repetidas no tempo. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre tratamentos para consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Foram observados menores consumos de amido e extrato etéreo para as vacas que receberam concentrado com glicerina que, por sua vez, consumiram maior (P<0,05) quantidade de glicerol. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da inclusão de glicerina sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, produção e composição do leite, mas foi observada maior (P<0,05) produção de leite corrigida para 4% de gordura e menor teor de nitrogênio ureico no leite das vacas que receberam concentrado sem glicerina. Em dietas de vacas Holandês x Gir a suplementação da silagem de milho com concentrado contendo níveis médios de 8,12% de glicerina em substituição ao milho moído, apresenta potencial para produção de 20 kg/dia de leite com elevado teor de sólidos.

Intake, digestibility of nutrients, production and milk composition of Holstein x Gyr fed diets based on corn silage supplemented with concentrates containing glycerin or no coproduct of biodiesel production were evaluated. The treatments were based on the partial replacement of ground corn starch by the glycerol of glycerine. The experiment was conducted during 96 days using a randomized block design, nine cows per treatment and three repeated measurements over time. There was no difference (P>0.05) between treatments regarding the dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients. Smaller consumption of starch and lipids were observed by cows receiving concentrated with glycerin,that, in turn, consumed higher (P<0.05) amount of glycerol. There was no difference (P>0.05) among treatments for nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition, but there was a higher yield of milk corrected to 4% fat and lower levels of urea nitrogen in the milk of cows fed concentrate without glycerol (P<0.05). For Holstein x Gyr cows receiving diets based on corn silage, the supplementation with concentrate containing the average level of 8,12% of glycerine as ground corn replacer shows potential milk production of 20 kg/day with a high solid content.