Orientation-independent-DIC imaging reveals that a transient rise in depletion attraction contributes to mitotic chromosome condensation.

Genomic information must be faithfully transmitted into two daughter cells during mitosis. To ensure the transmission process, interphase chromatin is further condensed into mitotic chromosomes. Although protein factors like condensins and topoisomerase IIα are involved in the assembly of mitotic chromosomes, the physical bases of the condensation process remain unclear. Depletion attraction/macromolecular crowding, an effective attractive force that arises between large structures in crowded environments around chromosomes, may contribute to the condensation process. To approach this issue, we investigated the "chromosome milieu" during mitosis of living human cells using an orientation-independent-differential interference contrast module combined with a confocal laser scanning microscope, which is capable of precisely mapping optical path differences and estimating molecular densities. We found that the molecular density surrounding chromosomes increased with the progression from prophase to anaphase, concurring with chromosome condensation. However, the molecular density went down in telophase, when chromosome decondensation began. Changes in the molecular density around chromosomes by hypotonic or hypertonic treatment consistently altered the condensation levels of chromosomes. In vitro, native chromatin was converted into liquid droplets of chromatin in the presence of cations and a macromolecular crowder. Additional crowder made the chromatin droplets stiffer and more solid-like. These results suggest that a transient rise in depletion attraction, likely triggered by the relocation of macromolecules (proteins, RNAs, and others) via nuclear envelope breakdown and by a subsequent decrease in cell volumes, contributes to mitotic chromosome condensation, shedding light on a different aspect of the condensation mechanism in living human cells.

Automated feathered edge blood smear analysis: early diagnosis of carcinocythemia in a case of disseminated intravascular coagulation with multi-organ failure.

Carcinocythemia, known as the presence of circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood, is difficult to detect when the carcinoma cells are minimally present. We describe a case of a 56-year-old patient presenting with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiple organ failure. Despite initial suspicion of sepsis, a peripheral blood smear showed the presence of atypical cells, mainly located at the feathered edge, leading to a presumptive diagnosis of carcinocythemia of unknown primary origin. The presence of a high-fluorescent cell population detected by our hematology analyzer (Sysmex XN-9100) and immunohistochemical staining with pancytokeratin AE1/AE3 confirmed the carcinoma cell origin. The patient died 4 days after referral to our hospital. Postmortem examination revealed a pleomorphic lobular breast carcinoma (triple-negative, androgen receptor-negative). Given the clinical acuity of patients with carcinocythemia, early diagnosis is essential to guide management. This case underscores the importance of optimizing current workflows relying on complex flagging algorithms and enhanced digital imaging to aid in the early detection of such rare condition. When patients present with DIC of unknown origin and high fluorescent signals are detected on the hematology analyzer, carcinocythemia should actively be ruled out by extensive microscopic peripheral blood examination.

A Case of Recurrent Liver Injury-Associated Acute Pancreatitis (LIAAP).

Many etiologies of acute liver injury (ALI) include drug-induced liver injury (DILI), viral illness, and autoimmune disease. Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon though significant etiology of ALI caused by inflammation, fluid shifts, and ischemia secondary to microthrombi formation that can progress to liver failure if left untreated. We present a case of hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis resulting in liver injury-associated acute pancreatitis (LIAAP) and a concurrent consumptive coagulopathy consistent with an ischemic hepatopathy. Through treatment of her pancreatitis with intravenous insulin and plasmapheresis and subsequent transition to an oral regimen for her hypertriglyceridemia upon hospital discharge, the patient demonstrated full resolution of her ALI and coagulopathy. Through this case, we hope to highlight the importance of recognizing LIAAP and its underlying pathogenesis.

Comparison of Three Different Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Criteria and Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Antithrombin Investigation in Patients with Confirmed Sepsis-Induced Coagulopathy (SIC).

A new scoring system termed sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) has been proposed to diagnose early sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This study performed DIC-related analyses in patients with confirmed SIC. Data from the intensive care unit (ICU) departments of the three hospitals between 2020 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Finally, 125 patients with confirmed SIC were enrolled in the study. The diagnostic value of three widely used DIC criteria was assessed in patients with newly diagnosed SIC. In addition, the diagnostic and prognostic value of antithrombin (AT) was analyzed in patients with SIC. The Japanese Association for Acute Medicine DIC criteria (JAAM) exhibited the highest DIC diagnostic rate, while the mortality risk of SIC patients demonstrated a proportional increase with higher International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) and Chinese DIC scoring system (CDSS) scores. Low AT activity (<70%) in septic patients upon SIC diagnosis predicted a very high 28-day mortality rate, almost twice as high as in the normal AT activity (≥70%) group. A decreasing tendency in AT activity after clinical interventions was correlated with increased mortality. The area under the ROC curve (AU-ROC) of AT in DIC diagnosis was statistically significant when CDSS and ISTH were used as diagnostic criteria, but not JAAM. Each of the three DIC diagnostic criteria showed diagnostic and prognostic advantages for SIC. AT could be an independent prognostic indicator for SIC but demonstrated a relatively limited DIC diagnostic value. Adding AT to the SIC scoring system may increase its prognostic power.

Experimental Characterization of Anisotropic Mechanical Behaviour and Failure Mechanisms of Hardened Printed Concrete.

Extrusion-based printing of cementitious materials represents an innovative technology in civil engineering. The additive manufacturing process significantly influences the material properties in the hardened state, leading to anisotropic behaviour in terms of stiffness and strength compared to conventionally cast concrete. This experimental study aims to deepen the understanding of the mechanical behaviour of hardened printed concrete. Beam-like specimens with varying printing patterns, loading orientations and lengths are investigated within three-point bending tests (3PBT) and uniaxial compression tests (UCT). Homogenized material parameters such as Young's modulus, compressive and flexural tensile strength and density are statistically evaluated using optically measured displacement and strain fields on the specimen surface. The qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate a strong dependency of material properties and failure mechanisms on the printing pattern. The interfilamental and interlayer areas with weak adhesion are identified as the main reason for anisotropy.

A study of critically ill obstetric patients admitted to intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital.

Objectives: To evaluate characteristics, indications, complications and outcome of obstetric patients admitted to ICU of tertiary care hospital in KPK, Pakistan. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in department of OBGYN of Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from January 2021 till December 2021. A total of 62 patients were enrolled into the study using nonprobability consecutive sampling technique. Their data were collected on a proforma. All patients were followed till their death or discharge home from hospital. Results: The mean duration of ICU stay of patients, was 6.85 ± 4.82 days. Out of 62 patients 17 (27.41%) expired in ICU, while 45 (72.58%) patients survived and were discharged. Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia was the commonest primary diagnosis, accounting for 28 cases (45.2%) with a case fatality rate of 25%, followed by 13 cases (21%) of primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) as the second commonest reason for ICU admission and a case fatality rate of 38%. The underlying primary diagnosis had no statistically significant association with outcome of the patient. Acute Renal failure had statistically significant association with outcome of the patient with adjusted OR 4.79, CI:1.17-19.66, p-0.02. Similar positive association with mortality existed for patients having DIC (aOR:6.59; CI:1.34-32.34, p-0.02). Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia/Eclampsia is the commonest reason for intensive care admission, however PPH has the highest case fatality rate. The outcome of critically ill obstetric patients is dependent on complications and not primary underlying diagnosis.

Restoration of Strength in Polyamide Woven Glass Fiber Organosheets by Hot Pressing: Case Study of Impact and Compression after Impact.

Thermoplastic composite organosheets (OSs) are increasingly recognized as a viable solution for automotive and aerospace structures, offering a range of benefits including cost-effectiveness through high-rate production, lightweight design, impact resistance, formability, and recyclability. This study examines the impact response, post-impact strength evaluation, and hot-pressing repair effectiveness of woven glass fiber nylon composite OSs across varying impact energy levels. Experimental investigations involved subjecting composite specimens to impact at varying energy levels using a drop-tower test rig, followed by compression-after-impact (CAI) tests. The results underscore the exceptional damage tolerance and improved residual compressive strength of the OSs compared to traditional thermoset composites. This enhancement was primarily attributed to the matrix's ductility, which mitigated transverse crack propagation and significantly increased the amount of absorbed energy. To mitigate impact-induced damage, a localized hot-pressing repair approach was developed. This allowed to restore the post-impact strength of the OSs to pristine levels for impact energies below 40 J and by 83.6% for higher impact energies, when OS perforation was observed. The measured levels of post-repair strength demonstrate a successful restoration of OS strength over a wide range of impact energies, and despite limitations in achieving complete strength recovery above 40 J, hot-pressing repair emerges as a promising strategy for ensuring the longevity of thermoplastic composites through repairability.

Image-Based Hidden Damage Detection Method: Combining Stereo Digital Image Correlation and Finite Element Model Updating.

Maintenance and damage detection of structures are crucial for ensuring their safe usage and longevity. However, damage hidden beneath the surface can easily go unnoticed during inspection and assessment processes. This study proposes a detection method based on image techniques to detect and assess internal structural damage, breaking the limitation of traditional image methods that only analyze the structure's surface. The proposed method combines full-field response on the structure's surface with finite element model updating to reconstruct the structural model, using the reconstructed model to detect and assess hidden structural damage. Initially, numerical experiments are conducted to generate known damaged areas and parameter distributions. Data from these experiments are used to update the finite element model, establish and validate the proposed model updating method, and assess its accuracy in evaluating hidden damage, achieving an accuracy rate of 90%. Furthermore, discussions on more complex damage scenarios are carried out through numerical experiments to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method in reconstructing different forms of damage. Ultimately, this study utilizes stereoscopic digital imaging techniques to acquire full-field information on surfaces, and applies the proposed method to reconstruct the structure, enabling the detection and assessment of hidden damage with an accuracy rate of 86%.

Inorganic carbon migration and transformation in groundwater evaporation discharge area.

During groundwater evaporation discharge, a series of carbon-related water-rock interactions potentially impact the terrestrial carbon cycle significantly. However, the migration and transformation of carbon in groundwater evaporation discharge area remain inadequately understood. Using the Tumochuan Plain in Inner Mongolia as a case study, this paper constructs a carbon balance equation for groundwater evaporation discharge area by employing mass balance principles and hydrogeochemical simulation methods, thereby analyzing the mechanisms of carbon diversion during groundwater evaporation. The result showed that evaporation discharge area of Tumochuan Plain was a 'carbon sink'. Carbon emission rate to atmosphere in study area was 7.35 g/(m2·a), while carbon fixation rate by calcite precipitation and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into groundwater was 37.15 g/(m2·a). The precipitation of calcite and the dissolution of dolomite were the main water-rock interactions controlling the migration and transformation of DIC. The carbon absorbed by dolomite dissolution reached 21,698.02 t/a (30.56 g/(m2·a)), offsetting a significant portion of the CO2 emitted during calcite precipitation. In addition, the calcium released by the dissolution of dolomite and anorthite effectively promoted the precipitation of calcite, which was the primary factor for groundwater to become a carbon sink in this area.

Role of M6a Methylation in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity.

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, with acute myocardial infarction and anticancer drug-induced cardiotoxicity being the significant factors. The most effective treatment for acute myocardial infarction is rapid restoration of coronary blood flow by thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention. However, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MI/RI) after reperfusion therapy is common in acute myocardial infarction, thus affecting the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. There is no effective treatment for MI/RI. Anthracyclines such as Doxorubicin (DOX) have limited clinical use due to their cardiotoxicity, and the mechanism of DOX-induced cardiac injury is complex and not yet fully understood. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays a crucial role in many biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that m6A methylation plays a critical regulatory role in MI/RI and DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC), suggesting that m6A may serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for MI/RI and DIC. M6A methylation may mediate the pathophysiological processes of MI/RI and DIC by regulating cellular autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. In this paper, we first focus on the relationship between m6A methylation and MI/RI, then further elucidate that m6A methylation may mediate the pathophysiological process of MI/RI through the regulation of cellular autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Finally, briefly outline the roles played by m6A in DIC, which will provide a new methodology and direction for the research and treatment of MI/RI and DIC.

A Rare Cause of Septicemia After Pork Meat Ingestion.

Streptococcus suis infection in humans occurs due to consuming raw or undercooked pork meat and after contact with pigs. The highest prevalence occurs in Southeast Asian countries, which have the largest pork industry. We report the first case of a 50-year-old healthy male patient from a rural area of São Paulo, Brazil, with septicemia from undercooked pork meat ingestion. The patient was diagnosed at the emergency department with septicemia and multiple organ dysfunctions, including streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Blood cultures yielded the growth of S. suis. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone and was maintained for two weeks, according to sensitivity tests. The outcome was favorable but developed deafness as a sequela. This report aims to give importance to recognizing this disease regarding typical signs and symptoms and occupational and epidemiological history.

Experimental Investigation of Strain Rate Influence on Anisotropy of Uniaxial Tensile Mechanical Properties of CuFe2P Alloy Sheet.

Wire crimping, a process commonly used in the automotive industry, is a solderless method for establishing electrical and mechanical connections between wire strands and terminals. The complexity of predicting the final shape of a crimped terminal and the imperative to minimize production costs indicate the use of advanced numerical methods. Such an approach requires a reliable phenomenological elasto-plastic constitutive model in which material behavior during the forming process is described. Copper alloy sheets, known for their ductility and strength, are commonly selected as terminal materials. Generally, sheet metals exhibit significant anisotropy in mechanical properties, and this phenomenon has not been sufficiently investigated experimentally for copper alloy sheets. Furthermore, the wire crimping process is conducted at higher velocities; therefore, the influence of the strain rate on the terminal material behavior has to be known. In this paper, the influence of the strain rate on the anisotropic elasto-plastic behavior of the copper alloy sheet CuFe2P is experimentally investigated. Tensile tests with strain rates of 0.0002 s-1, 0.2 s-1, 1 s-1, and 5.65 s-1 were conducted on sheet specimens with orientations of 0°, 45°, and 90° to the rolling direction. The influence of the strain rate on the orientation dependences of the stress-strain curve, elastic modulus, tensile strength, elongation, and Lankford coefficient was determined. Furthermore, the breaking angle at fracture and the inelastic heat fraction were determined for each considered specimen orientation. The considered experimental data were obtained by capturing the loading process using infrared thermography and digital image correlation techniques.

Experimental Analysis of the Low-Velocity Impact and CAI Properties of 3D Four-Directional Braided Composites after Hygrothermal Aging.

Three-dimensional braided composites (3D-BCs) have better specific strength and stiffness than two-dimensional planar composites (2D-PCs), so they are widely used in modern industrial fields. In this paper, two kinds of 3D four-directional braided composites (3D4d-BCs) with different braided angles (15°, denoted as H15, and 30°, denoted as H30) were subjected to hydrothermal aging treatments, low-velocity impact (LVI) tests, and compression after impact (CAI) tests under different conditions. This study systematically studied the hygroscopic behavior and the effect of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of 3D4d-BC. The results show that higher temperatures and smaller weaving angles can significantly improve the moisture absorption equilibrium content. When the moisture absorption content is balanced, the energy absorption effect of 3D4d-BC is better, but the integrity and residual compression rate will be reduced. Due to the intervention of oxygen molecules, the interface properties between the matrix and the composite material will be reduced, so the compressive strength will be further reduced. In the LVI test, the peak impact load of H15 is low. In CAI tests, the failure of H15 mainly occurs on the side, and the failure form is buckling failure. The main failure direction of H30 is 45° shear failure.

Failure Mechanism and Control Mechanism of Intermittent Jointed Rock Bridge Based on Acoustic Emission (AE) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC).

Deep foundation pit excavation is an important way to develop underground space in congested urban areas. Rock bridges prevent the interconnection of joints and control the deformation and failure of the rock mass caused by excavation for foundation pits. However, few studies have considered the acoustic properties and strain field evolution of rock bridges. To investigate the control mechanisms of rock bridges in intermittent joints, jointed specimens with varying rock bridge length and angle were prepared and subjected to laboratory uniaxial compression tests, employing acoustic emission (AE) and digital image correlation (DIC) techniques. The results indicated a linear and positive correlation between uniaxial compressive strength and length, and a non-linear and negative correlation with angle. Moreover, AE counts and cumulative AE counts increased with loading, suggesting surges due to the propagation and coalescence of wing and macroscopic cracks. Analysis of RA-AF values revealed that shear microcracks dominated the failure, with the ratio of shear microcracks increasing as length decreased and angle increased. Notably, angle exerted a more significant impact on the damage form. As length diminished, the failure plane's transition across the rock bridge shifted from a complex coalescence of shear cracks to a direct merger of only coplanar shear cracks, reducing the number of tensile cracks required for failure initiation. The larger the angle, the higher the degree of coalescence of the rock bridge and, consequently, the fewer tensile cracks required for failure. The decrease of length and the increase of angle make rock mass more fragile. The more inclined the failure mode is to shear failure, the smaller the damage required for failure, and the more prone the areas is to rock mass disaster. These findings can provide theoretical guidance for the deformation and control of deep foundation pits.

A Novel Simulation Method for 3D Digital-Image Correlation: Combining Virtual Stereo Vision and Image Super-Resolution Reconstruction.

3D digital-image correlation (3D-DIC) is a non-contact optical technique for full-field shape, displacement, and deformation measurement. Given the high experimental hardware costs associated with 3D-DIC, the development of high-fidelity 3D-DIC simulations holds significant value. However, existing research on 3D-DIC simulation was mainly carried out through the generation of random speckle images. This study innovatively proposes a complete 3D-DIC simulation method involving optical simulation and mechanical simulation and integrating 3D-DIC, virtual stereo vision, and image super-resolution reconstruction technology. Virtual stereo vision can reduce hardware costs and eliminate camera-synchronization errors. Image super-resolution reconstruction can compensate for the decrease in precision caused by image-resolution loss. An array of software tools such as ANSYS SPEOS 2024R1, ZEMAX 2024R1, MECHANICAL 2024R1, and MULTIDIC v1.1.0 are used to implement this simulation. Measurement systems based on stereo vision and virtual stereo vision were built and tested for use in 3D-DIC. The results of the simulation experiment show that when the synchronization error of the basic stereo-vision system (BSS) is within 10-3 time steps, the reconstruction error is within 0.005 mm and the accuracy of the virtual stereo-vision system is between the BSS's synchronization error of 10-7 and 10-6 time steps. In addition, after image super-resolution reconstruction technology is applied, the reconstruction error will be reduced to within 0.002 mm. The simulation method proposed in this study can provide a novel research path for existing researchers in the field while also offering the opportunity for researchers without access to costly hardware to participate in related research.

Factor VIII Levels and ISTH Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Scores Do Not Distinguish Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation from the Coagulopathy of Liver Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Distinguishing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) from the coagulopathy of liver disease represents a common clinical challenge. Here, we evaluated the utility of two diagnostic tools frequently used to differentiate between these conditions: factor VIII (FVIII) levels and the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) DIC score. METHODS: To this end, we conducted a retrospective chart review of patients with DIC, liver disease, or both. Multiple logistic regression was performed, and receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to calculate the area under curve (AUC) for distinguishing DIC in the setting of liver disease. RESULTS: Among 123 patients with DIC, liver disease, or liver disease plus DIC, FVIII levels did not differ significantly. ISTH scores were lower in patients with DIC than in liver disease with or without DIC. Addition of several laboratory parameters to the ISTH score, including mean platelet volume, FV, FVIII, international normalized ratio, and activated partial thromboplastin time, improved AUC for distinguishing DIC in liver disease from liver disease alone (AUC = 0.76; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that FVIII levels do not distinguish DIC from liver disease, and ISTH DIC scores are not predictive of DIC in patients with liver disease. Inclusion of additional lab variables within the ISTH DIC score may aid in identifying DIC in patients with liver disease.

Practical approach to thrombocytopenia in patients with sepsis: a narrative review.

Thrombocytopenia frequently occurs in patients with sepsis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) may be a possible cause of thrombocytopenia owing to its high prevalence and association with poor outcomes; however, it is important to keep the presence of other diseases in mind in sepsis practice. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), which is characterized by thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and complement-mediated HUS, is characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and organ damage. TMA has become widely recognized in recent years because of the development of specific treatments. Previous studies have reported a remarkably lower prevalence of TMA than DIC; however, its epidemiology is not well defined, and there may be cases in which TMA is not correctly diagnosed, resulting in poor outcomes. Therefore, it is important to differentiate DIC from TMA. Nevertheless, differentiating between DIC and TMA remains a challenge as indicated by previous reports that most patients with TMA can be diagnosed as DIC using the universal coagulation scoring system. Several algorithms to differentiate sepsis-related DIC from TMA have been suggested, contributing to improving the care of septic patients with thrombocytopenia; however, it may be difficult to apply these algorithms to patients with coexisting DIC and TMA, which has recently been reported. This review describes the disease characteristics, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment, of DIC, TMA, and other diseases with thrombocytopenia and proposes a novel practical approach flow, which is characterized by the initiation of the diagnosis of TMA in parallel with the diagnosis of DIC. This practical flow also refers to the longitudinal diagnosis and treatment flow with TMA in mind and real clinical timeframes. In conclusion, we aim to widely disseminate the results of this review that emphasize the importance of incorporating consideration of TMA in the management of septic DIC. We anticipate that this practical new approach for the diagnostic and treatment flow will lead to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of complex cases, improve patient outcomes, and generate new epidemiological evidence regarding TMA.

Pretreatment methods in ion chromatography: A review.

As an advanced analytical technology, Ion Chromatography (IC) has been widely used in various fields. At present, it is faced with the challenges of sample complexity and instrument precision. It is necessary to select appropriate pretreatment methods to achieve sample preparation and protect the instruments. Therefore, this paper reviews several commonly used sample pretreatment technologies in IC, focusing on sample digestion and purification techniques. Additionally, we introduce some advanced IC technologies and automatic sample processing devices. We provide a comprehensive summary of the basic principles, primary applications and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Pretreatment methods should be carefully selected and optimized on the specific characteristics of the sample and the ions to be measured, in order to achieve better analysis results.

Hyperfibrinolysis during the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma.

Background: Coagulopathies are frequently observed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) being the most common presentation. However, hyperfibrinolysis represents a distinct but often overlapping and potentially life-threatening subset of coagulation disorders that requires specific diagnostic and management approaches. Key Clinical Question: How can clinicians identify hyperfibrinolysis and what are the implications for management? Clinical Approach: This case report describes a 25-year-old man with metastatic ARMS arising from the prostate who developed persistent gross hematuria one week after initiating chemotherapy. A comprehensive coagulation workup was performed, including assessment of platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products. Management included repletion of fibrinogen and the use of anti-fibrinolytic agents. Conclusion: Recognizing hyperfibrinolysis in ARMS patients is crucial for appropriate management. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for hyperfibrinolysis in ARMS patients presenting with severe coagulation abnormalities, particularly those with prostatic involvement or undergoing chemotherapy. In cases of primary hyperfibrinolysis, antifibrinolytic agents may be considered, whereas they are generally contraindicated in DIC.

Bending Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced (CFR) Polyamide-Based Composite Additively Manufactured through Material Extrusion.

This paper shows the three-point bending strength analysis of a composite material consisting of polyamide doped with chopped carbon fiber and reinforced with continuous carbon fiber produced by means of the material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing technique. For a comparison, two types of specimens were produced: unreinforced and continuous fiber-reinforced (CFR) with the use of carbon fiber. The specimens were fabricated in two orientations that assure the highest strength properties. Strength analysis was supplemented by additional digital image correlation (DIC) analysis that allowed for the identification of regions with maximum strain within the specimens. The utilization of an optical microscope enabled a fractographic examination of the fracture surfaces of the specimens. The results of this study demonstrated a beneficial effect of continuous carbon fiber reinforcement on both the stiffness and strength of the material, with an increase in flexural strength from 77.34 MPa for the unreinforced composite to 147.03 MPa for the composite reinforced with continuous carbon fiber.