ADAR-Mediated A>I(G) RNA Editing in the Genotoxic Drug Response of Breast Cancer.

Epitranscriptomics is a field that delves into post-transcriptional changes. Among these modifications, the conversion of adenosine to inosine, traduced as guanosine (A>I(G)), is one of the known RNA-editing mechanisms, catalyzed by ADARs. This type of RNA editing is the most common type of editing in mammals and contributes to biological diversity. Disruption in the A>I(G) RNA-editing balance has been linked to diseases, including several types of cancer. Drug resistance in patients with cancer represents a significant public health concern, contributing to increased mortality rates resulting from therapy non-responsiveness and disease progression, representing the greatest challenge for researchers in this field. The A>I(G) RNA editing is involved in several mechanisms over the immunotherapy and genotoxic drug response and drug resistance. This review investigates the relationship between ADAR1 and specific A>I(G) RNA-edited sites, focusing particularly on breast cancer, and the impact of these sites on DNA damage repair and the immune response over anti-cancer therapy. We address the underlying mechanisms, bioinformatics, and in vitro strategies for the identification and validation of A>I(G) RNA-edited sites. We gathered databases related to A>I(G) RNA editing and cancer and discussed the potential clinical and research implications of understanding A>I(G) RNA-editing patterns. Understanding the intricate role of ADAR1-mediated A>I(G) RNA editing in breast cancer holds significant promise for the development of personalized treatment approaches tailored to individual patients' A>I(G) RNA-editing profiles.

TFEB; Beyond Its Role as an Autophagy and Lysosomes Regulator.

Transcription factor EB (TFEB) is considered the master transcriptional regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, which regulates target gene expression through binding to CLEAR motifs. TFEB dysregulation has been linked to the development of numerous pathological conditions; however, several other lines of evidence show that TFEB might be a point of convergence of diverse signaling pathways and might therefore modulate other important biological processes such as cellular senescence, DNA repair, ER stress, carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism and WNT signaling-related processes. The regulation of TFEB occurs predominantly at the post-translational level, including phosphorylation, acetylation, SUMOylating, PARsylation, and glycosylation. It is noteworthy that TFEB activation is context-dependent; therefore, its regulation is subjected to coordinated mechanisms that respond not only to nutrient fluctuations but also to stress cell programs to ensure proper cell homeostasis and organismal health. In this review, we provide updated insights into novel post-translational modifications that regulate TFEB activity and give an overview of TFEB beyond its widely known role in autophagy and the lysosomal pathway, thus opening the possibility of considering TFEB as a potential therapeutic target.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Tumors Harboring Homologous Recombination Deficiency: Challenges in Attaining Efficacy.

Cancer cells harbor genomic instability due to accumulated DNA damage, one of the cancer hallmarks. At least five major DNA Damage Repair (DDR) pathways are recognized to repair DNA damages during different stages of the cell cycle, comprehending base excision repair (BER), nucleotide excision repair (NER), mismatch repair (MMR), homologous recombination (HR), and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The unprecedented benefits achieved with immunological checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in tumors with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) have prompted efforts to extend this efficacy to tumors with HR deficiency (HRD), which are greatly sensitive to chemotherapy or PARP inhibitors, and also considered highly immunogenic. However, an in-depth understanding of HRD's molecular underpinnings has pointed to essential singularities that might impact ICIs sensitivity. Here we address the main molecular aspects of HRD that underlie a differential profile of efficacy and resistance to the treatment with ICIs compared to other DDR deficiencies.

The Role of SIRT1 on DNA Damage Response and Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer.

Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is a class-III histone deacetylase (HDAC), an NAD+-dependent enzyme deeply involved in gene regulation, genome stability maintenance, apoptosis, autophagy, senescence, proliferation, aging, and tumorigenesis. It also has a key role in the epigenetic regulation of tissue homeostasis and many diseases by deacetylating both histone and non-histone targets. Different studies have shown ambiguous implications of SIRT1 as both a tumor suppressor and tumor promoter. However, this contradictory role seems to be determined by the cell type and SIRT1 localization. SIRT1 upregulation has already been demonstrated in some cancer cells, such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and primary colon, prostate, melanoma, and non-melanoma skin cancers, while SIRT1 downregulation was described in breast cancer and hepatic cell carcinomas. Even though new functions of SIRT1 have been characterized, the underlying mechanisms that define its precise role on DNA damage and repair and their contribution to cancer development remains underexplored. Here, we discuss the recent findings on the interplay among SIRT1, oxidative stress, and DNA repair machinery and its impact on normal and cancer cells.

DNA damage repair gene mutations and their association with tumor immune regulatory gene expression in muscle invasive bladder cancer subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Molecular subtyping of urothelial cancer (UC) has significantly advanced the understanding of bladder tumor heterogeneity and development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Evolving evidence across cancers strongly suggests that tumor immunoediting has a profound impact on the behaviour of cancer cells and their adaptation to the co-evolving microenvironment and response to treatment. In alignment with these concepts, recent immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies in UC have demonstrated the predictive potential of mutations in the DNA damage repair (DDR) genes. A comprehensive understanding of DDR gene inactivation associated expression of immune regulatory genes could thus aid in expansion of current immunotherapies and predictive biomarkers for the design of patient-tailored combination treatments. METHODS: We investigated pre-treatment tumor transcriptomic profiles of the five recently described molecular subtypes of muscle invasive urothelial cancer (MIUC; n = 408) from The Cancer Genome Atlas, to determine subtype specific immune cell abundance, expression of 67 immune regulatory genes, and association with DDR gene inactivation (via mutation, copy number alteration) profiles. RESULTS: Analysis using CIBERSORT immune cell abundance determination tool showed significant differences in immune cell profiles and abundance between MIUC subtypes. Expression patterns of a selected panel of 67 genes including both immune stimulatory and inhibitory genes, showed significant associations with subtypes, and DDR gene mutation status. CONCLUSION: Findings from our study provide compelling evidence for co-expression of multiple immune checkpoint genes including, PD-1, PD-L1, IDO1, TIGIT, TIM-3, TGFB1, LAG3, and others, that potentially contribute to compensatory immune evasion in bladder tumors. Our findings also emphasize the urgent need for biomarker discovery approaches that combine molecular subtype, DDR gene mutation status, tumor immune landscape classification, and immune checkpoint gene expression to increase the number of patients responding to immunotherapies.

Further in vivo evidence implying DNA apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity in Trypanosoma cruzi oxidative stress survival.

Trypanosoma cruzi is under the attack of reactive species produced by its mammalian and insect hosts. To survive, it must repair its damaged DNA. We have shown that a base excision DNA repair (BER)-specific parasite TcAP1 endonuclease is involved in the resistance to H2 O2 . However, a putative TcAP1 negative dominant form impairing TcAP1 activity in vitro did not show any in vivo effect. Here, we show that a negative dominant form of the human APE1 apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease (hAPE1DN) induces a decrease in epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote viability when parasites were exposed to H2 O2 . Those results confirm that TcAP1 AP endonuclease activity plays an important role in epimastigote and in infective metacyclic trypomastigote oxidative DNA damage resistance leading to parasite persistence in the insect and mammalian hosts. All along its biological cycle and in its different cellular forms, T. cruzi, the etiological parasite agent of Chagas' disease, is under the attack of reactive species produced by its mammalian and insect hosts. To survive, T. cruzi must repair their oxidative damaged DNA. We have previously shown that a specific parasite TcAP1 AP endonuclease of the BER is involved in the T. cruzi resistance to oxidative DNA damage. We have also demonstrated that epimastigotes and cell-derived trypomastigotes parasite forms expressing a putative TcAP1 negative dominant form (that impairs the TcAP1 activity in vitro), did not show any in vivo effect in parasite viability when exposed to oxidative stress. In this work, we show the expression of a negative dominant form of the human APE1 AP endonuclease fused to a green fluorescent protein (GFP; hAPE1DN-GFP) in T. cruzi epimastigotes. The fusion protein is found both in the nucleus and cytoplasm of noninfective epimastigotes but only in the nucleus in metacyclic and cell-derived trypomastigote infective forms. Contrarily to the TcAP1 negative dominant form, the ectopic expression of hAPE1DN-GFP induces a decrease in epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote viability when parasites were exposed to increasing H2 O2 concentrations. No such effect was evident in expressing hAPE1DN-GFP cell-derived trypomastigotes. Although the viability of both wild-type infective trypomastigote forms diminishes when parasites are submitted to acute oxidative stress, the metacyclic forms are more resistant to H2 O2 exposure than cell-derived trypomastigotes.Those results confirm that the BER pathway and particularly the AP endonuclease activity play an important role in epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote oxidative DNA damage resistance leading to parasite survival and persistence inside the mammalian and insect host cells.

Serotonin synthesis protects the mouse colonic crypt from DNA damage and colorectal tumorigenesis.

Serotonin (5-HT) signaling pathways are thought to be involved in colorectal tumorigenesis (CRT), but the role of 5-HT synthesis in the early steps of this process is presently unknown. In this study, we used carcinogen treatment in the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 knockout (Tph1KO) and transgenic (Tph1fl/fl VillinCre ) mouse models defective in 5-HT synthesis to investigate the early mutagenic events associated with CRT. Our observations of the colonic crypt post-treatment followed a timeline designed to understand how disruption of 5-HT synthesis affects the initial steps leading to CRT. We found Tph1KO mice had decreased development of both allograft tumors and colitis-related CRT. Interestingly, carcinogenic exposure alone induced multiple colon tumors and increased cyclooxygenase-2 (Ptgs2) expression in Tph1KO mice. Deletion of interleukin 6 (Il6) in Tph1KO mice confirmed that inflammation was a part of the process. 5-HT deficiency increased colonic DNA damage but inhibited genetic repair of specific carcinogen-related damage, leading to CRT-related inflammatory reactions and dysplasia. To validate a secondary effect of 5-HT deficiency on another DNA repair pathway, we exposed Tph1KO mice to ionizing radiation and found an increase in DNA damage associated with reduced levels of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (Atr) gene expression in colonocytes. Restoring 5-HT levels with 5-hydroxytryptophan treatment decreased levels of DNA damage and increased Atr expression. Analysis of Tph1fl/fl VillinCre mice with intestine-specific loss of 5-HT synthesis confirmed that DNA repair was tissue specific. In this study, we report a novel protective role for 5-HT synthesis that promotes DNA repair activity during the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Biochemical and genetic analysis of a unique poly(ADP-ribosyl) glycohydrolase (PARG) of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici contains a single gene encoding a predicted poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (FOXG_05947.2, PARG). Here, we assessed whether this gene has a role as a global regulator of DNA repair or in virulence as an ADP ribosylating toxin homologue of bacteria. The PARG protein was purified after expressing its encoding gene in Escherichia coli. Its inhibition by 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate monohydrate and tannins was similar to its human orthologue that is involved in DNA repair. A deletion strain of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici showed no growth defects and was not affected in pathogenicity. Together, our results indicate that the PARG protein of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is involved in DNA repair and does not act in pathogenicity as an effector.

Dual action of high estradiol doses on MNU-induced prostate neoplasms in a rodent model with high serum testosterone: Protective effect and emergence of unstable epithelial microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: Estrogens are critical players in prostate growth and disease. Estrogen therapy has been the standard treatment for advanced prostate cancer for several decades; however, it has currently been replaced by alternative anti-androgenic therapies. Additionally, studies of its action on prostate biology, resulting from an association between carcinogens and estrogen, at different stages of life are scarce or inconclusive about its protective and beneficial role on induced-carcinogenesis. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether estradiol exerts a protective and/or stimulatory role on N-methyl-N-nitrosurea-induced prostate neoplasms. METHODS: We adopted a rodent model that has been used to study induced-prostate carcinogenesis: the Mongolian gerbil. We investigated the occurrence of neoplasms, karyometric patterns, androgen and estrogen receptors, basal cells, and global methylation status in ventral and dorsolateral prostate tissues. RESULTS: Histopathological analysis showed that estrogen was able to slow tumor growth in both lobes after prolonged treatment. However, a true neoplastic regression was observed only in the dorsolateral prostate. In addition to the protective effects against neoplastic progression, estrogen treatment resulted in an epithelium that exhibited features distinctive from a normal prostate, including increased androgen-insensitive basal cells, high androgens and estrogen receptor positivity, and changes in DNA methylation patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Estrogen was able to slow tumor growth, but the epithelium exhibited features distinct from a normal prostatic epithelium, and this unstable microenvironment could trigger lesion recurrence over time.

BRCA1 recruitment to damaged DNA sites is dependent on CDK9.

Double strand break lesions, the most toxic type of DNA damage, are repaired primarily through 2 distinct pathways: homology-directed recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). BRCA1 and 53BP1, 2 proteins containing the BRCT modular domain, play an important role in DNA damage response (DDR) by orchestrating the decision between HR and NHEJ, but the precise mechanisms regarding both pathways are not entirely understood. Previously, our group identified a putative interaction between BRCA1 and BARD1 (BRCA1-associated RING domain 1) and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK9). CDK9 is a component of the positive transcription elongation complex and has been implicated in genome integrity maintenance associated with the replication stress response. Here we show that CDK9 interacts with endogenous BRCA1 and BARD1 mediated by their RING finger and BRCT domains, and describe CDK9 ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF) formation and its co-localization with BRCA1 in DNA damage sites. Cells lacking CDK9 are characterized by an altered γ-H2AX foci dynamics after DNA damage, a reduced efficiency in HR but not in NHEJ repair, failure to form BRCA1 and RAD51 IRIF and increased sensitivity to genotoxic agents. These data indicate that CDK9 is a player in the DDR and is consistent with its participation in HR pathway by modulating BRCA1 response.

Daño basal del ADN en un grupo de individuos cubanos sanos mediante ensayo Cometa alcalino / Basal DNA damage on a group of Cuban healthy individuals by alkaline Comet assay / Dano basal no DNA em um grupo de indivíduos cubanos saudáveis através do ensaio Cometa alcalino

El ADN de las células humanas está sujeto de forma constante a diferentes tipos de daños debido a factores ambientales y a procesos metabólicos propios de la célula, que de no ser reparados y renovada su integridad, provocan inestabilidad genómica. Consecuentemente el daño en el ADN ha sido utilizado como marcador biológico en el biomonitoreo humano. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el daño basal del ADN en linfocitos aislados de sangre periférica de individuos voluntarios sanos, sin antecedentes patológicos y/o exposición a agentes genotóxicos. Se incluyó un total de 95 sujetos residentes en La Habana, con una edad promedio de 34±12 años, en los que el 71,13% correspondió a mujeres. Se empleó la variante alcalina del ensayo Cometa. Los niveles de daño fueron determinados en unidades arbitrarias. El daño basal del ADN, cuantificado en los 95 individuos, fue de 34,98±19,6 UA (25%=20,5 UA, 75%=47,5 UA). Los valores determinados constituyen los valores de referencia del laboratorio para el daño basal del ADN, en sujetos sanos. El punto de corte de daño al ADN, correspondiente al percentil 75, presenta aplicabilidad en el estudio de pacientes e individuos expuestos a xenobióticos. El uso de este valor permite la realización de estrategias de intervención oportunas que contribuyan a reparar tempranamente el daño detectado.

Human cell DNA is constantly subject to different types of damage due to environmental factors and metabolic processes of the same cell, which cause genomic instability if not repaired and completely renewed. Consequently, DNA damage has been used as a biomarker in human biomonitoring. The aim of this study was to determine basal DNA damage in lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers with no medical history and/or exposure to genotoxic agents. A total of 95 subjects from the western region of Cuba, with an average age of 34±12 years, 71.13% of whom were female were included. Alkaline Comet assay variant was used. Damage levels were determined in arbitrary units. Basal DNA damage, measured in 95 subjects, was 34.98 ± 19.6 AU (25% = 20.5 AU, 75% = 47.5 AU). The values determined are the laboratory reference values for basal DNA damage in healthy subjects. The cutoff of DNA damage, corresponding to 75 percentile, has applicability in the study of patients and subjects exposed to xenobiotics. Use of this value allows for the realization of appropriate intervention strategies that help early repair of the damage detected.

O DNA das células humanas está constantemente sujeito a diferentes tipos de danos devido a fatores ambientais e a processos metabólicos próprios da célula, que se não forem reparados e a sua integridade renovada, provocam instabilidade genômica. Por conseguinte, o dano no DNA foi utilizado como um biomarcador no biomonitoramento humano. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o dano basal do DNA em linfócitos isolados de sangue periférico de voluntários saudáveis, sem antecedentes patológicos e/ou exposição a agentes genotóxicos. Um total de 95 indivíduos residentes em Havana foram incluídos, com uma idade em média de 34±12 dos quais 71,13% eram mulheres. Foi utilizada a variante alcalina do ensaio Cometa. Os níveis de dano foram determinados em unidades arbitrárias. O dano basal do DNA, medido nos 95 pacientes, foi de 34,98 ± 19,6 UA (25% = 20,5 UA, 75%=47,5 UA). Os valores determinados são os valores de referência do laboratório para o dano basal do DNA em indivíduos saudáveis. O ponto de corte de dano ao DNA, correspondente ao 75 percentil, tem aplicabilidade no estudo de pacientes e indivíduos expostos a xenobióticos. O uso deste valor permite a realização de estratégias de intervenção adequadas que ajudem a reparar precocemente o dano detectado.

Daño basal del ADN en un grupo de individuos cubanos sanos mediante ensayo Cometa alcalino / Basal DNA damage on a group of Cuban healthy individuals by alkaline Comet assay / Dano basal no DNA em um grupo de indivíduos cubanos saudáveis através do ensaio Cometa alcalino

El ADN de las células humanas está sujeto de forma constante a diferentes tipos de daños debido a factores ambientales y a procesos metabólicos propios de la célula, que de no ser reparados y renovada su integridad, provocan inestabilidad genómica. Consecuentemente el daño en el ADN ha sido utilizado como marcador biológico en el biomonitoreo humano. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el daño basal del ADN en linfocitos aislados de sangre periférica de individuos voluntarios sanos, sin antecedentes patológicos y/o exposición a agentes genotóxicos. Se incluyó un total de 95 sujetos residentes en La Habana, con una edad promedio de 34±12 años, en los que el 71,13% correspondió a mujeres. Se empleó la variante alcalina del ensayo Cometa. Los niveles de daño fueron determinados en unidades arbitrarias. El daño basal del ADN, cuantificado en los 95 individuos, fue de 34,98±19,6 UA (25%=20,5 UA, 75%=47,5 UA). Los valores determinados constituyen los valores de referencia del laboratorio para el daño basal del ADN, en sujetos sanos. El punto de corte de daño al ADN, correspondiente al percentil 75, presenta aplicabilidad en el estudio de pacientes e individuos expuestos a xenobióticos. El uso de este valor permite la realización de estrategias de intervención oportunas que contribuyan a reparar tempranamente el daño detectado.(AU)

Human cell DNA is constantly subject to different types of damage due to environmental factors and metabolic processes of the same cell, which cause genomic instability if not repaired and completely renewed. Consequently, DNA damage has been used as a biomarker in human biomonitoring. The aim of this study was to determine basal DNA damage in lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers with no medical history and/or exposure to genotoxic agents. A total of 95 subjects from the western region of Cuba, with an average age of 34±12 years, 71.13% of whom were female were included. Alkaline Comet assay variant was used. Damage levels were determined in arbitrary units. Basal DNA damage, measured in 95 subjects, was 34.98 ± 19.6 AU (25% = 20.5 AU, 75% = 47.5 AU). The values determined are the laboratory reference values for basal DNA damage in healthy subjects. The cutoff of DNA damage, corresponding to 75 percentile, has applicability in the study of patients and subjects exposed to xenobiotics. Use of this value allows for the realization of appropriate intervention strategies that help early repair of the damage detected.(AU)

O DNA das células humanas está constantemente sujeito a diferentes tipos de danos devido a fatores ambientais e a processos metabólicos próprios da célula, que se nÒo forem reparados e a sua integridade renovada, provocam instabilidade gen¶mica. Por conseguinte, o dano no DNA foi utilizado como um biomarcador no biomonitoramento humano. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o dano basal do DNA em linfócitos isolados de sangue periférico de voluntários saudáveis, sem antecedentes patológicos e/ou exposiþÒo a agentes genotóxicos. Um total de 95 indivíduos residentes em Havana foram incluídos, com uma idade em média de 34±12 dos quais 71,13% eram mulheres. Foi utilizada a variante alcalina do ensaio Cometa. Os níveis de dano foram determinados em unidades arbitrárias. O dano basal do DNA, medido nos 95 pacientes, foi de 34,98 ± 19,6 UA (25% = 20,5 UA, 75%=47,5 UA). Os valores determinados sÒo os valores de referÛncia do laboratório para o dano basal do DNA em indivíduos saudáveis. O ponto de corte de dano ao DNA, correspondente ao 75 percentil, tem aplicabilidade no estudo de pacientes e indivíduos expostos a xenobióticos. O uso deste valor permite a realizaþÒo de estratégias de intervenþÒo adequadas que ajudem a reparar precocemente o dano detectado.(AU)

NFκB mediates cisplatin resistance through histone modifications in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment of choice for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The efficiency of platinum-based therapies is directly influenced by the development of tumor resistance. Multiple signaling pathways have been linked to tumor resistance, including activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). We explore a novel mechanism by which NFκB drives HNSCC resistance through histone modifications. Post-translational modification of histones alters chromatin structure, facilitating the binding of nuclear factors that mediate DNA repair, transcription, and other processes. We found that chemoresistant HNSCC cells with active NFκB signaling respond to chemotherapy by reducing nuclear BRCA1 levels and by promoting histone deacetylation (chromatin compaction). Activation of this molecular signature resulted in impaired DNA damage repair, prolonged accumulation of histone γH2AX and increased genomic instability. We found that pharmacological induction of histone acetylation using HDAC inhibitors prevented NFκB-induced cisplatin resistance. Furthermore, silencing NFκB in HNSCC induced acetylation of tumor histones, resulting in reduced chemoresistance and increased cytotoxicity following cisplatin treatment. Collectively, these findings suggest that epigenetic modifications of HNSCC resulting from NFκB-induced histone modifications constitute a novel molecular mechanism responsible for chemoresistance in HNSCC. Therefore, targeted inhibition of HDAC may be used as a viable therapeutic strategy for disrupting tumor resistance caused by NFκB.

Expression, functionality, and localization of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonucleases in replicative and non-replicative forms of Trypanosoma cruzi.

Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease. The parasite has to overcome oxidative damage by ROS/RNS all along its life cycle to survive and to establish a chronic infection. We propose that T. cruzi is able to survive, among other mechanisms of detoxification, by repair of its damaged DNA through activation of the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. BER is highly conserved in eukaryotes with apurinic/apirimidinic endonucleases (APEs) playing a fundamental role. Previous results showed that T. cruzi exposed to hydrogen peroxide and peroxinitrite significantly decreases its viability when co-incubated with methoxyamine, an AP endonuclease inhibitor. In this work the localization, expression and functionality of two T. cruzi APEs (TcAP1, Homo sapiens APE1 orthologous and TcAP2, orthologous to Homo sapiens APE2 and to Schizosaccaromyces pombe Apn2p) were determined. These enzymes are present and active in the two replicative parasite forms (epimastigotes and amastigotes) as well as in the non-replicative, infective trypomastigotes. TcAP1 and TcAP2 are located in the nucleus of epimastigotes and their expression is constitutive. Epimastigote AP endonucleases as well as recombinant TcAP1 and TcAP2 are inhibited by methoxyamine. Overexpression of TcAP1 increases epimastigotes viability when they are exposed to acute ROS/RNS attack. This protective effect is more evident when parasites are submitted to persistent ROS/RNS exposition, mimicking nature conditions. Our results confirm that the BER pathway is involved in T. cruzi resistance to DNA oxidative damage and points to the participation of DNA AP endonucleases in parasite survival.