Physical Activity Perceptions and Participation of People With Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the Dominican Republic.

INTRODUCTION: Physical activity (PA) improves health outcomes for people with type II diabetes mellitus (diabetes), but little is known about PA among Dominicans. The purpose was to evaluate PA participation and perceptions among people with diabetes in the Dominican Republic (DR). METHODS: Participants (N=29) were recruited from an urban diabetes clinic in DR. PA was assessed via accelerometry and Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ). RESULTS: Eighteen women and 11 men enrolled (age: 55 ± 13 years; BMI: 28.6 ± 4.5 kg·m-2). Twenty-seven participants reached acceptable wear time. Using a one-minute bout minimum, moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) was 152.2 ± 59.7 min·day-1; no vigorous PA was recorded. GLTEQ scores (103 ± 98) classified 25 participants as active. Around 93% reported that PA was "very important" for their health. There was no association between GLTEQ and MVPA (p>0.2). Participants who reported being "very active" (n=17) did more MVPA than those who were "rarely active" or "somewhat active" (n=10; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Dominicans with diabetes are highly physically active but do very little vigorous PA. The GLTEQ was not an accurate measure of PA. Future research should develop validated questionnaires and evaluate structured exercise and dietary interventions.

The Prevalence of Severely Increased Albuminuria in the Type 2 Diabetes Population with Chronic Kidney Disease of Low Socioeconomic Status in San Juan: A Population in Need of Improved Accessibility to Disease-Modifying Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of severely increased albuminuria and the percentage of patients with the indication for canagliflozin in the type 2 diabetes population with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and low socioeconomic status in the San Juan City Hospital. METHODS: This cross-sectional study examined the electronic records of 129 Hispanic type 2 diabetes patients. CKD in this population was defined according to the most recent nephrology and endocrinology guidelines. Albuminuria was diagnosed with two positive urine albumin/creatinine ratio results within 3-6 months. Data was obtained from July 2017 to January 2020 and analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics and correlations. RESULTS: The prevalence of moderately and severely increased albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD were 51.2% and 18.6% respectively. The number of patients with type 2 diabetes who filled the FDA indication for canagliflozin were 16.3%. The prevalence of hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF) was 61.2%, 15.5% and 10.1% respectively. Between albuminuria severity and decreased renal function, a tendency was observed although not statistically significant (r = -0.14, 95% CI: -0.31, 0.03; P = 0.109). While evaluating association between albuminuria groups and CAD, there was a noticeable tendency close to reaching statistical significance (P = 0.060). CONCLUSION: There is a scarcity of studies regarding the prevalence of severely increased albuminuria in type 2 diabetics with CKD and this study contributes to the literature. On analysis of associations, statistical significance not reached likely due to small sample size.

Health and economic effects on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the long run: predictions for the Chilean population.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is associated to a high financial and disease burden, explaining a large proportion of expenditure of the health system in one year. The purpose of this study was to estimate long-term costs and health outcomes of recently diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes in Chile. METHODS: Cost and consequence study based on mathematical discrete event simulation (DES) model. We modelled expected costs (USD) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) from diagnosis to death (or the age of 95) of a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 incident cases, simulated based on the Chilean National Health Survey 2018. The incidence of twelve complications was estimated assuming the hazard functions provided by the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study. We explore heterogeneity across patients based on their baseline risk covariates and their impact on costs and QALYs. RESULTS: The expected cost and QALY of a recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes patient in Chile were USD 8660 and 12.44 QALYs. Both costs and QALYs were independently determined by baseline risk and the patient's life expectancy from the diagnosis. Length of life since diagnosis showed the major impact on costs (5.2% increase for every additional year). Myocardial infarction was the most frequent complication (47.4%) and the most frequent cause of death. CONCLUSION: Diabetes type 2 determines a significant expenditure of the health system and substantial health losses. Although the control of cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic control of the disease, both have an important impact on costs and outcomes, the main impact is achieved by postponing the age of onset of the disease.

Pharmacogenetics of Metformin Transporters Suggests No Association with Therapeutic Inefficacy among Diabetes Type 2 Mexican Patients.

Mexico has been under official epidemiological alert due to diabetes since 2016. This study presents new information on the frequency and variants of metformin transporters OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, ABCB1, and CYP2C9 variants as well. It also reports the association with HbA1c control on 103 DMT2 patients. They were genotyped through real-time PCR (TaqMan assays) and grouped according to treatment: metformin and metformin + glibenclamide. Metformin plasmatic levels were determined through mass spectrometry. The analysis of HbA1c showed statistical significance across genotypes in polymorphisms rs72552763 (p = 0.022), rs622342 (p = 0.009), rs1128503 (p = 0.021), and rs2032582 (p = 0.009) within the monotherapy group. Bivariate analysis found no association between any polymorphism and HbA1c control. Two logistic regression models accounted for two diplotypes in OCT1 and ABCB1, including statistically significant covariates. The first model yielded significance in age (p = 0.026), treatment period [p = 0.001], BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.043), and combined therapy (p < 0.001). There was no association with GAT/GAT of rs72552763 or A/A rs622342 in OCT1. The second model yielded significance in age (p = 0.017), treatment period (p = 0.001), BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.042), and combined therapy (p < 0.001), finding no association with C/C of rs1128503 or G/G of rs2032582 in ABCB1. Our multinomial logistic regression results may benefit future predictive analyses in diabetic populations.

Whole-Body Vibration Associated with Strength Training on the Lower-Limb Blood Flow and Mobility in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Vascular endothelium insults caused by high serum glucose levels affect the oxygen supply to tissues, via the microvascular endothelium, resulting in an increased perfusion heterogeneity. These insults may lead to the underuse of blood capillaries, while other vessels are overused and effectively overload their oxygen supply capacity, which eventually causes damages to distal parts of the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, the proprioceptive and exteroceptive feedback information will be gradually lost and contribute to a mobility reduction. This study aims to assess the efficacy of whole-body vibration (WBV) associated with strength training (ST) on lower-limb blood flow and mobility in older adults with type 2 diabetes (DM2). Methods and analyses: This is a protocol (1st version) for Pa single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial guided by the SPIRIT guidelines. Our sample will consist of 51 older adults with DM2 randomly allocated to three groups: low frequency WBV (16−26 Hz) associated to ST (G1), WBV sham (G2) and nonintervention control (G3). The study protocol is set for a 12-week (three times per week) schedule. Primary outcomes: skin temperature using infrared thermographic imaging (ITI); mean peripheral arterial blood flow velocity (MBF) by a handheld Doppler ultrasound (DU), and functional mobility by Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Secondary outcomes: quasi-static posture using the DX100 BTS Smart optoelectronic system, and plantar pressure and body balance using the MPS stabilometric platform. Data will be collected and analyzed at baseline and post-intervention, considering p-value < 0.05 level of significance. The analyses will also be conducted with an intention-to-treat method and effect size. Dissemination: All results will be published in peer-reviewed journals as well as presented in conferences.

NT-proBNP as a predictor of death and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Existing risk prediction scores based on clinical and laboratory variables have been considered inaccurate in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Circulating concentrations of natriuretic peptides have been used to aid in the diagnosis and to predict outcomes in heart failure. However, there is a growing body of evidence for the use of natriuretic peptides measurements, mainly N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), as a tool in risk stratification for individuals with T2DM. Studies have demonstrated the ability of NT-proBNP to improve outcomes prediction when incorporated into multivariate models. More recently, evidence has emerged of the discriminatory power of NT-proBNP, demonstrating, as a single variable, a similar and even superior ability to multivariate risk models for the prediction of death and cardiovascular events in individuals with T2DM. Natriuretic peptides are synthesized and released from the myocardium as a counter-regulatory response to increased cardiac wall stress, sympathetic tone, and vasoconstriction, acting on various systems and affecting different biological processes. In this article, we present a review of the accumulated knowledge about these biomarkers, underscoring the strength of the evidence of their predictive ability for fatal and non-fatal outcomes. It is likely that, by influencing the functioning of many organs, these biomarkers integrate information from different systems. Although not yet recommended by guidelines, measurement of natriuretic peptides, and particularly NT-proBNP, should be strongly considered in the risk stratification of individuals with T2DM.

Porphyromonas gingivalis en fluido crevicular de pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Porphyromonas gingivalis in crevicular fluid of type 2 diabetic patients

RESUMEN Objetivo : Obtener la prevalencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis en pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Material y método : Este estudio fue de tipo descriptivo transversal. El tipo de muestreo fue por conveniencia y la muestra estuvo conformada por 50 pacientes diagnosticados con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Los grados de Periodontitis se clasificaron de acuerdo a los criterios de Papapanou et al., año 2018. Se obtuvo la prevalencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis por PCR de punto final. La muestra se tomó en dos sitios con mayor profundidad de bolsa. El control de la glucosa se evaluó midiendo el porcentaje de hemoglobina glicosilada. El análisis estadístico fue realizado mediante el Software InfoStat 2019, y se empleó la Prueba de Independencia mediante el estadístico Chi-Cuadrado con un 5% de significancia. Resultados : Se obtuvo una prevalencia del 30 % de P. gingivalis. Un 56% de la muestra presentó un grado 0 de periodontitis un, 24 % grado I, 8% presentó un grado II y un 12%, un grado III. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia de P. gingivalis y los grados de periodontitis. Conclusión: La prevalencia de P. gingivalis en la muestra de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 es de un 30% y su distribución es independiente del grado de enfermedad periodontal.

ABSTRACT Objective : To obtain the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Material and method : This study was descriptive and cross-sectional. The type of sampling was for convenience and the sample consisted of 50 patients diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The degrees of Periodontitis were classified according to the criteria of Papapanou et al., (2018). The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis was obtained by end-point PCR. The sample was taken in two places with greater depth of pocket. Glucose control was evaluated by measuring the percentage of glycosylated hemoglobin. The statistical analysis was performed using the InfoStat 2019 Software and the Independence Test was used using the Chi-Square statistic with 5% significance. Results : A 30% prevalence of P. gingivalis was obtained. 56% of the sample had a grade 0 of periodontitis, 24% grade I, 8% had grade II and 12% had grade III. No statistically significant difference was found between the presence of P. gingivalis and the degrees of periodontitis. Conclusions: The prevalence of P. gingivalis in the sample of patients with type 2 diabetes is 30% and its distribution is independent of the degree of periodontal disease.

Self-Management Capacity in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Using Educational Interventions: A Pilot Study.

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) has been increasing in prevalence over the last decade in Mexico. The glycemic control actions can help to prevent complications. The aimed is to pilot an educational intervention in self- management of adults with T2D through using text messages. Findings show the respondents reported a low level of self-care skills of T2D and there was an increase in the self-care skills after it.

Prevalencia del uso de medicina tradicional herbolaria y el perfil de uso en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 de una zona urbana

RESUMEN En México la interculturalidad en salud se plantea como una integración de dos sistemas de conocimiento, el conocimiento ancestral carente de bases científicas y que se transmite a través de las generaciones, y el modelo médico convencional. En múltiples estudios se describe que existe un gran porcentaje de médicos que han recibido pacientes que hacen uso de esta terapéutica. El objetivo fue identificar la prevalencia del uso de medicina tradicional herbolaria y el perfil de uso en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en una zona urbana. Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal descriptivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, pertenecientes a un sistema de seguridad social de la ciudad de Querétaro, en un periodo mayor a 6 meses. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó promedios, porcentajes, intervalos de confianza para promedios e intervalos de confianza para porcentajes. Se identificó que la prevalencia de uso de la medicina tradicional herbolaria era de 22.2%, con una edad promedio de 60.98 años, con predominio en el sexo femenino y una escolaridad secundaria o menos, la planta más utilizada fue moringa en un 45%, el uso más frecuente para el control glucémico en un 97% y su consumo era como agua de tiempo en la mayoría de las plantas. En este estudio se pudo describir la prevalencia de uso en una zona urbana, así como el perfil de las personas que hacen uso de esta terapéutica, con la finalidad de generar nuevas informaciones y promover el estudio de estas prácticas.

ABSTRACT In Mexico the interculturality in health is posed as an integration of the two systems of knowledge, the ancient knowledge lacking scientific bases which is transmitted through generations, and the conventional medical model. In multiple studies, the existence of a great percentage of medical doctors that have received patients using this therapy is described. The objective was to identify the prevalence of the use of herbal traditional medicine and the profile of use in patients with diabetes type 2 in an urban zone. This was an observational, transversal descriptive study performed in patients with diagnostic of diabetes mellitus type 2, belonging to a system of social security in Queretaro city, in a period greater than 6 months. The plan of statistical analysis included averages, percentages, confidence intervals for averages and percentages. The prevalence of use of the herbal traditional medicine was 22.2% with and average age of 60.98 years old, with predominance of the female sex and a scholarship of middle school or less, the plant mostly used was moringa in a 45%, the most frequent use was the glycemic control in 97% and the consumption was as natural water in most plants. In this study, it was described the prevalence of the use in an urban zone, as well as the profile of the people that use this therapy, with the purpose of generate new information and promote the study of these practices.

Contextualizing Evidence for Action on Diabetes in Low-Resource Settings-Project CEAD Part-II, Strengthening the Health System: A Mixed-Methods Study Protocol.

Diabetes is a major public health problem, increasingly affecting low- and middle-income countries. The project CEAD (Contextualizing Evidence for Action in Diabetes in low-resource settings) aims to evaluate the implementation of comprehensive diabetes care in two low-resource settings in Ecuador and to stimulate context-led health systems innovations to improve diabetes care and reduce inequity. The mixed-methods approach includes a 24-month retrospective study to assess the current level of implementation of comprehensive diabetes care and participants will be followed up prospectively for two years to assess changes in healthcare and clinical outcomes from the outset of the research. We will include individuals diagnosed with type-2 diabetes aged over 18 years, who are accessing diabetes care in health facilities in the study districts. Varied stakeholders (patients and family members, community members, healthcare workers and decision-makers) will interpret the underlying causes of the observed weaknesses and propose solutions to strengthen diabetes-related healthcare in focus group discussions (FG). A second set of FG will analyze perceived improvements in healthcare based on prospective cohort findings and consider the success/failure of any context-led innovations occurring throughout the research. Our study will demonstrate how evidence can be contextualized to stimulate local innovations and overcome weaknesses of diabetes-related healthcare in low resource settings.

Calidad percibida del control de la diabetes en indígenas chontales / Perceived quality of diabetes control in chontal indigenous people / Percepção da qualidade do controle do diabetes em povos indígenas chontal / Perception de la qualité du contrôle du diabètedans la populationautochtone chontal

Resumen Objetivo Interpretar la percepción de pacientes indígenas chontales sobre su enfermedad y la calidad en el control de la diabetes tipo 2 en el estado mexicano de Tabasco. Materiales y métodos Se realizó investigación cualitativa en tres unidades médicas que dan atención a población indígena chontal. Participaron 44 personas con diabetes tipo 2 en cuatro grupos focales. Se emplearon guías de entrevista y dinámica de grupos. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó el software MAXQDA 2018. Se integraron los discursos más representativos, estos fueron documentados, organizados, categorizados y codificados. Resultados Los discursos de los indígenas chontales revelan que los problemas que perciben para lograr la calidad en el controlde su enfermedad son: su situación económica precaria, desigualdad y rezago para recibir atención médica, el escaso apoyo de la familia, la hegemonía del médico en la atención, la violencia doméstica en el caso de las mujeres, la necesidad de ser tratados como personasy no como una enfermedad, la manera como descifran su enfermedad, basada en mitos y creencias erróneas. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio muestran que la cosmovisión de las personas para comprender la diabetes que padecen ylograr su control metabólico, es clave para los servicios de salud en la mejora de la calidad.

Abstract Objective To interpret the perception of indigenous chontal patients about their disease and the quality in the control of type 2 diabetes in the Mexican state of Tabasco. Materials and methods Qualitative research was conducted in three medical units that provide attention to the indigenous Chontal population. 44 people with type 2 diabetes participated in four focus groups. Interview guides and group dynamics were used. For the analysis of the data, the MAXQDA 2018 software was used. The most representative speeches were integrated, these were documented, organized, categorized and codified. Results The speeches of the Chontal Indians reveal that the problems they perceive to achieve quality in the control of their disease are: their precarious economic situation, inequality and lag to receive medical care, poor family support, doctor's hegemony in care, domestic violence in the case of women, the need to be treated as people and not as a disease, the way they decipher their disease, based on myths and mistaken beliefs. Conclusions The results of this study show that the worldview of people to understand the diabetes they suffer and achieve their metabolic control, is key for health services in improving quality.

Resumo Objetivo Interpretar a percepção dos pacientes indígenas chontales sobre sua doença e a qualidade no controle da diabetes tipo 2 no estado mexicano de Tabasco. Materiais e métodos Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em três unidades médicas que atendem a população indígena Chontal. Participaram 44 pessoas com diabetes tipo 2 divididas em quatro grupos focais. Foram utilizados guias de entrevista e dinâmica de grupo. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o software MAXQDA 2018. Os discursos mais representativos foram integrados, sendo documentados, organizados, categorizados e codificados. Resultados Os discursos dos índios chontales revelam que os problemas que eles percebem para obter a qualidade no controle de sua doença são: situação econômica precária; desigualdade e atraso na atenção médica; apoio familiar insuficiente; hegemonia médica no cuidado; violência doméstica no caso das mulheres; a necessidade de serem tratados como pessoas e não como um doente; e a maneira como decifram sua doença com base em mitos e crenças equivocadas. Conclusões Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a visão de mundo das pessoas para entender a sua diabetes e alcançar seu controle metabólico é fundamental para os serviços de saúde na melhoria de sua qualidade.

Résumé Objectif Interpréter la perception de patients autochtones chontal de leur maladie et de la qualité du contrôle du diabète de type 2 dans l'État mexicain de Tabasco. Matériels et méthodes Une recherche qualitative a été menée dans trois unités médicales qui fournissent des soins à la population autochtone chontal. 44 personnes atteintes de diabète de type 2 ont participé à quatre groupes de discussion. Des guides d'entretien et des dynamiques de groupe ont été utilisés. L'analyse des données a été réalisée avec le logiciel MAXQDA 2018. Les discours les plus représentatifs ont été intégrés, documentés, organisés, catégorisés et codés. Résultats Les discours des autochtones chontal révèlent que les problèmes qu'ils perçoivent pour atteindre la qualité dans le contrôle de leur maladie sont les suivants : leur situation économique précaire, l'inégalité et le retard social dans l'accès aux services médicaux, le faible soutien de la famille, l'hégémonie du médecin, la violence domestique dans le cas des femmes, le besoin d'être traité comme des personne et non comme une maladie, leur façon d'interpréter leur maladie sur la base de mythes et de croyances erronées. Conclusions Les résultats de cette étude montrent que la cosmovision des personnes en relation à leur compréhension du diabète dont elles souffrent et à leur possibilité de parvenir à contrôler leur métabolisme est essentielle pour l'amélioration de la qualité des services de santé.

Atorvastatin Inhibited ROS Generation and Increased IL-1ß And IL-6 Release by Mononuclear Cells from Diabetic Patients.

BACKGROUND: Atorvastatin (ATV) inhibits the conversion of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonate formation and promotes lowering of the LDL cholesterol fraction. However, ATV exhibits pleiotropic metabolic actions beyond cholesterol-lowering properties. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of ATV on oxidizing species generation and cytokine secretion in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMNC) of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients in comparison to healthy control. METHODS: Both NADPH-oxidase-dependent and mitochondrial ROS generation were assessed by chemoluminescence luminol-dependent assay and fluorometric experiment, using Dichlorofluorescein Assay (DCFH-DA), respectively. IL-1ß and IL-6 were quantified by classical ELISA. RESULTS: ATV inhibited NADPH-oxidase dependent ROS generation, but showed no effect on mitochondrial ROS generation and activated IL-1ß and IL-6 secretions in PBMNC from control and T2DM patients. ROS generation and cytokine secretion in the presence of an inhibitor of Protein Kinase Cß (iPKCß) and ATV led to similar results. The secretion of IL-1ß, PDB-induced in the presence of iPKCß, but not ATV, was increased. ATV and iPKCß exacerbated PDB-induced IL-6 secretion. LPS activated the secretion of IL-1ß and IL-6 which was potentiated by ATV. CONCLUSION: ATV inhibited ROS generation and activated IL-1 ß/IL-6 secretion in PBMNC of diabetes patients. Its effect was not affected by the hyperglycemia.

Representación social de la diabetes tipo 2 en mujeres bajo la teoría del núcleo central / Social Representation of the Diabetes Type 2 in Women according to the Central Core / Theory Representação social da diabete tipo 2 em mulheres sob a teoria do núcleo central

Introducción: La diabetes como enfermedad crónica es un evento catastrófico que origina comportamientos negativos hacia la adherencia terapéutica, lo que hace necesario usar teorías cognoscitivas y sociales para reorientar los cuidados de enfermería. Objetivo: Dar respuesta a las preguntas orientadoras de la investigación: ¿cuál es la representación social que la mujer tiene sobre la diabetes tipo 2? ¿Qué elementos integran el núcleo central y los sistemas periféricos de la representación social? Método: Revisión integrativa utilizando como guía el método prisma, de artículos cuyos descriptores primarios fueran "representaciones sociales", "diabetes tipo 2" y "mujeres" y secundarios "pacientes con diabetes tipo 2". La búsqueda se realizó en bases de datos informatizadas: Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Bireme y CUIDEN. Resultados: Los hallazgos señalan que el fenómeno de la diabetes dio origen a una representación social irreversible. Este sistema de informaciones, actitudes y creencias se organizan y estructuran alrededor del padecimiento, alimentación, ejercicio y medicación, lo que dificulta la identidad social y, probablemente, la adherencia terapéutica a la enfermedad. Conclusión: El identificar la estructura de la representación social y elementos que integran el núcleo central les permite a los profesionales de la salud planear intervenciones que favorezcan la identidad social y la adherencia terapéutica de las mujeres en la diabetes tipo 2.

Introduction: As a chronic disease, diabetes is a disastrous event bringing about negative behaviors regarding the treatment adherence, which makes necessary the use of cognitive and social theories in order to redirect the nursing care. Objective: To answer the guiding research questions: What is the social representation that women have about Diabetes Type 2? What elements form the central core and the peripheral systems of the social representation? Method: This is a comprehensive review using the Prism Method as a guide. It includes articles whose primary descriptors are "social representations", "Diabetes Type 2" and "women"; and the secondary descriptor "type 2 diabetes patients". The search was carried out in systematized databases: Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Bireme, and CUIDEN. Results: The findings indicate that diabetes phenomenon gave rise to an irreversible social representation. This system of data, attitudes and beliefs is organized and structured around the suffering, feeding, exercise and medication, which makes difficult to ascertain the social identity and, probably, the treatment adherence specific to this disease. Conclusion: To identify the structure of the social representation and elements forming the central core allows the health professionals to plan interventions intended to favor the social identity and treatment adherence among women with diabetes type 2.

Introdução: O diabete como urna doença crónica é um evento catastrófico que origina comportamentos negativos para a adesão terapêutica, o que faz preciso usar teorias cognoscitivas e sociais para reorientar os cuidados de enfermagem. Objetivo: Dar resposta às perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa: qual a representação social que a mulher possue sobre o diabete tipo 2? Quais elementos compõem o núcleo central e os sistemas periféricos da representação social? Método: Revisão integrativa utilizando como guia o método prisma, de artigos cujos descritores primarios foram "representações sociais", "diabete tipo 2" e "mulheres" e secundarios "pacientes com diabete tipo 2". A busca foi realizada em bases de dados informatizadas: Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Birerne e CUIDEN. Resultados: Os achados apontam que o fenômeno da diabete deu origem a urna representação social irreversível. Esse sistema de informações, atitudes e crenças é organizado e estruturado em torno do padecimento, alimentação, exercício e medicação, o que dificulta a identidade social e, provavelmente, a adesão terapêutica à doença. Conclusão: Identificar a estrutura da representação social e elementos que integram o núcleo central permite os pro fissionais de a saúde planejarem intervenções favorecendo a identidade social e a adesão terapêutica das mulheres em diabetes tipo 2.

Conhecimento do diabetes tipo 2 e relação com o comportamento de adesão ao tratamento / Knowledge about type 2 diabetes and its relationship with the adherence to treatment / Conocimiento del diabetes tipo 2 y relación con el comportamiento de adhesión al tratamiento

O Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 pode ser prevenido e controlado desde que a pessoa faça algumas adaptações em seu estilo de vida. O conhecimento do paciente frente a doença pode contribuir com a baixa adesão ao tratamento, ou seja, não seguir as recomendações passadas pela equipe de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi relacionar o conhecimento do participante sobre o DM tipo 2 e comportamento de adesão ao tratamento. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com cinco diabéticos que responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Após realizada uma análise de conteúdo observou-se que a comunicação do diagnóstico não foi considerada fator de não adesão. Os participantes conseguiram promover mudanças em costumes cristalizados há algum tempo sem alto custo de resposta e apresentaram comportamento de adesão para autocuidado, por exemplo: exercícios físicos e uso de medicação. Em contrapartida, observou-se baixa adesão para seguir dieta alimentar prescrita por profissional de saúde.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 can be prevented and controlled as long as the person makes some adjustments in their lifestyle. The knowledge of the patient regarding their condition can contribute with low adherence to treatment that is, not to follow the recommendations passed by the health team. The objective of this study was to relate the participant's knowledge about type 2 DM and treatment adherence behavior. Five patients were asked to take part in a qualitative investigation in which they answered a semi-structured interview. A content analysis was performed and it was observed that the communication of the diagnosis was not considered a nonadherence factor. Participants were able to promote changes in crystallized customs for some time without a high cost of response and they presented adherence behavior for self-care, for example: physical exercises and medication use. On the other hand, there was low adherence to follow the diet prescribed by health professionals. K

La Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2 puede prevenirse y controlarse siempre que la persona realice algunos ajustes en su estilo de vida. El conocimiento del paciente contra la enfermedad puede contribuir a una mala adherencia al tratamiento, o sea, que no siguen las recomendaciones aprobadas por el equipo de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar los conocimientos de los participantes de la DM tipo 2 y el comportamiento de la adherencia al tratamiento. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con cinco diabéticos que respondieron a una entrevista semiestructurada. Después se llevaron a cabo análisis de contenido y reveló que la notificación del diagnóstico no se consideró factor de no adherencia. Los participantes fueron capaces de hacer cambios en las costumbres cristalizados durante algún tiempo sin respuesta costoso y mostraron comportamientos de adhesión para el cuidado personal, por ejemplo, el ejercicio y la medicación. Por otra parte, se observó una baja adherencia a seguir la dieta prescrita por un profesional de la salud.

Evaluating the effectiveness of an empowerment program for self-care in type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasing substantially worldwide, leading to serious economic effects, complications and deaths. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an empowerment program providing support for psychosocial, behavioral, and clinical aspects of diabetes to help Brazilian users of public health services obtain metabolic control of this condition. METHODS: In this cluster randomized trial, participants aged 30-80 diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were recruited from ten Brazilian public health units in 2014 and 2015. Five units were randomly assigned to receive the empowerment program based on a behavior change protocol, and five continued to receive only conventional treatment. The primary outcome was the biochemical and anthropometric parameters, and the secondary outcomes were self-care, attitude, knowledge and empowerment related to diabetes. The effect of the experiment was defined as the percentage variation between the values at the initial and final periods. To evaluate this effect and to compare it in the two groups, tests were used for paired and independent samples, respectively. RESULTS: There were 238 participants: 127 and 111 in the intervention and control group, respectively. For glycated hemoglobin, the mean effect in the control and intervention groups was 3.93 and -5.13, respectively (p < 0.001). Levels of glycated hemoglobin and other metabolic indicators, as well as the most part of the secondary outcomes showed a significant difference in the experimental group compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The empowerment program improved metabolic control of type 2 diabetes in Brazilian users. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02132338 - April 22, 2014.

Intervención educativa con participación comunitaria dirigida a adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2 / Educational intervention with community participation aimed at type 2 diabetic old-age people

Introducción: una de las formas más factibles para identificar problemas, y buscar soluciones es la investigación-acción-participativa como dimensión de la Educación Popular. Objetivo: promover la participación comunitaria en la dilucidación de problemas, en la toma de decisiones y en las medidas iniciadas para transformar los factores de riesgo y pronósticos de complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el adulto mayor. Métodos: la investigación clasifica como desarrollo tecnológico, al brindar la metodología utilizada en la intervención educativa comunitaria. El estudio se realizó en el policlínico Hermanos Cruz de Pinar del Río en el período de 2011-2014. Como universo se consideró la totalidad de población adulta mayor con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (U= 1369), del policlínico para el año 2012. La muestra por conglomerados bietápico quedó conformada por 123 pacientes. En la primera etapa se hizo un estudio descriptivo. A partir de estos resultados, se desarrolló la metodología educativa, donde se plantearon diferentes acciones reflejadas en el plan de acciones comunitarias Renacer a la Vida. Resultados: se verificó la responsabilidad de la comunidad junto al médico y la enfermera de la familia, para que las personas adultas mayores con diabetes modifiquen sus opiniones, hábitos y conocimientos. Igualmente se confirmó que en la comunidad se pueden hacer muchas acciones con las organizaciones políticas y de masas, además de actividades deportivas y culturales para trabajar la importancia de la educación al diabético. Conclusiones: el nivel primario de atención es excelente para establecer programas educativos con participación comunitaria dirigidos a adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2(AU)

Introduction: One of the most feasible ways to identify problems and find solutions is through the participative-action research as a dimension of what is known as Popular Education. Objective: To promote community participation in the elucidation of problems, decision-making and the steps taken to transform risk factors and the prognosis of chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Methods: This research classifies as technological development by providing the methodology used in the community educational intervention. The study was conducted at Hermanos Cruz polyclinic of Pinar del Río during 2011-2014. The target group comprised the entire elderly population with type-2 diabetes mellitus (U= 1369) during 2012. The two-stage cluster sample was composed of 123 patients. A descriptive study was carried out in the first stage. From these results, an educational methodology was established, reflecting the different actions developed in the community; which is known as Renacer a la Vida. Results: Community's responsibility was verified by the doctor and family nurse, for old-people suffering from diabetes modify their view points, habits and knowledge. It was also confirmed that several activities can be planned in the community supported on the political and mass organizations; such as sport and cultural activities emphasizing the importance of education for diabetic population. Conclusions: Primary health care is an excellent context to establish educational programs involving the community, with the aim of educating type-2 diabetic old-age people(AU)

Intervención educativa con participación comunitaria dirigida a adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2 / Educational intervention with community participation aimed at type 2 diabetic old-age people

Introducción: una de las formas más factibles para identificar problemas, y buscar soluciones es la investigación-acción-participativa como dimensión de la Educación Popular. Objetivo: promover la participación comunitaria en la dilucidación de problemas, en la toma de decisiones y en las medidas iniciadas para transformar los factores de riesgo y pronósticos de complicaciones crónicas de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el adulto mayor. Métodos: la investigación clasifica como desarrollo tecnológico, al brindar la metodología utilizada en la intervención educativa comunitaria. El estudio se realizó en el policlínico Hermanos Cruz de Pinar del Río en el período de 2011-2014. Como universo se consideró la totalidad de población adulta mayor con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (U= 1369), del policlínico para el año 2012. La muestra por conglomerados bietápico quedó conformada por 123 pacientes. En la primera etapa se hizo un estudio descriptivo. A partir de estos resultados, se desarrolló la metodología educativa, donde se plantearon diferentes acciones reflejadas en el plan de acciones comunitarias Renacer a la Vida. Resultados: se verificó la responsabilidad de la comunidad junto al médico y la enfermera de la familia, para que las personas adultas mayores con diabetes modifiquen sus opiniones, hábitos y conocimientos. Igualmente se confirmó que en la comunidad se pueden hacer muchas acciones con las organizaciones políticas y de masas, además de actividades deportivas y culturales para trabajar la importancia de la educación al diabético. Conclusiones: el nivel primario de atención es excelente para establecer programas educativos con participación comunitaria dirigidos a adultos mayores diabéticos tipo 2(AU)

Introduction: One of the most feasible ways to identify problems and find solutions is through the participative-action research as a dimension of what is known as Popular Education. Objective: To promote community participation in the elucidation of problems, decision-making and the steps taken to transform risk factors and the prognosis of chronic complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly. Methods: This research classifies as technological development by providing the methodology used in the community educational intervention. The study was conducted at Hermanos Cruz polyclinic of Pinar del Río during 2011-2014. The target group comprised the entire elderly population with type-2 diabetes mellitus (U= 1369) during 2012. The two-stage cluster sample was composed of 123 patients. A descriptive study was carried out in the first stage. From these results, an educational methodology was established, reflecting the different actions developed in the community; which is known as Renacer a la Vida. Results: Community's responsibility was verified by the doctor and family nurse, for old-people suffering from diabetes modify their view points, habits and knowledge. It was also confirmed that several activities can be planned in the community supported on the political and mass organizations; such as sport and cultural activities emphasizing the importance of education for diabetic population. Conclusions: Primary health care is an excellent context to establish educational programs involving the community, with the aim of educating type-2 diabetic old-age people(AU)

Expression of CD73 and A2A receptors in cells from subjects with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Regulatory T cells have various mechanisms to suppress the inflammatory response, among these, the modulation of the microenvironment through adenosine and with the participation of CD39, CD73 and A2A. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of CD73 and A2A in immune cells and the effect of activation of A2A by an adenosine analogue on apoptosis in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). CD73 and A2A expression were analyzed by flow cytometry in lymphocyte subpopulations from patients with obesity (n = 22), T2D (n = 22), and healthy subjects (n = 20). Lymphocytes were treated with the selective A2A antagonist (ZM241385) or the selective A2A agonist (CGS21680), and apoptotic cells were detected by Annexin V. We found an increased expression of CD39 coupled to a decrease in CD73 in the patient groups with obesity and T2D compared to the control group in the different studied lymphocyte subpopulations. A2A expression was found to be increased in different subpopulations of lymphocytes from T2D patients. We also detected positive correlations between CD39+ cells and age and BMI. Meanwhile, CD73+ cells showed negative correlations with age, WHR, BMI, FPG, HbAc1, triglycerides and cholesterol. Moreover, an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells from T2D patients with regard to the groups with obesity and control was observed. In addition, the CD8+ T cells of patients with T2D exhibited decreased apoptosis when treated with the A2A agonist. In conclusion, our data suggest a possible role for CD73 and A2A in inflammation observed in patients with T2D and obesity mediated via apoptosis.

Incidencia de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 y factores de riesgo en una cohorte de trabajadores de la salud / Incidence of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and associated risk factors in a cohort of health workers / Incidência de Diabetes Melito tipo 2 e fatores de risco numa coorte de trabalhadores da saúde

La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es un serio problema de salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue medir su incidencia y los factores de riesgo asociados en una cohorte de trabajadores hospitalarios de la ciudad de Posadas, Misiones, desde el año 2001 al 2012. Se reclutaron 391 empleados, 295 mujeres y 96 varones sin diabetes al inicio del periodo. Se realizaron encuestas personales, mediciones antropométricas, de presión arterial y extracciones sanguíneas para las determinaciones bioquímicas. La tasa de incidencia fue de 0,49 (IC: 0,28-0,78)/100 personas-año. Se utilizó el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox, usando como variable dependiente la aparición de DM2. Las variables independientes fueron analizadas en forma individual y multivariada. En el análisis individual se observó edad (cuantitativa, años), Hazard Ratio (HR)=1,06 p:0,030; antecedentes familiares HR=2,00 p:0,159; Índice de masa corporal (IMC) (categorías obeso HR=20,77 p:0,004, sobrepeso HR=9,64 p:0,033, normal-categoría de referencia); síndrome metabólico HR=4,14 p:0,003; inactividad física HR=0,67 (p:0,402); tabaquismo HR=0,95 p:0,921) y glucemia en ayunas alterada HR=2,89, p:0,037. Por regresión múltiple únicamente el IMC permaneció asociado significativamente (HRsobrepeso=8,21, p:0,049, HRobeso=12,51 p:0,025). Estos hallazgos servirán de sustento a las autoridades de salud pública para fortalecer los programas de salud dirigidos hacia esta población.

Diabetes Mellitus type 2(DM2) is a serious health problem. The aim of this study was to measure Diabetes Mellitus type 2 incidence (DM2) and associ-ated risk factors in a cohort of hospital workers in Posadas city, Misiones, from 2001 to 2012. A total of 391 employees were recruited, 295 female, 96 male without diabetes at the beginning of the period. Personal quiz, anthropometric measures, blood pressure data, and blood sampling for biochemical determinations were performed. Incidence rate was 0.49 (IC: 0.28-0.78)/100 people/year; Cox proportional risk model was chosen, using DM2 appearance as dependent variable. The independent variables were analyzed individually and multivariate. In the individual analysis, age (quantitative, years) Hazard Ratio(HR)=1.06 p:0.030; family records HR=2.00 p:0.159; body mass in-dex-BMI (categories obesity HR=20.77 p:0.004, overweight HR=9.64 p:0.033, normal-category reference); metabolic syndrome HR= 4.14 p:0.003; physical activity HR=0.67 (p:0.402); smoking HR=0.95 p:0.921 and impaired fasting glycemia HR=2.89 p:0.037 were observed. Only BMI remained significantly associated by multiple regression (HRoverweight=8.21 p:0.049, HRobese=12.51 p:0.025). These fndings will be helpful to support public health authorities to strengthen health programs addressed to this population group.

A Diabetes Melito tipo 2(DM2) é um serio problema de saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a sua in-cidência e os fatores de risco associados, numa coorte de trabalhadores de hospital na cidade de Posadas, Misiones, desde 2001 até 2012. Foram recrutados 391 empregados, 295 do sexo feminino e 96 do sexo masculino sem diabetes no início do período. Foram feitas entrevistas pessoais, medições antropométricas, da pressão arterial e coleta de sangue para as determinações bioquímicas. A taxa de incidência foi de 0,49 (IC: 0,28-0,78)/100 pessoas-ano. O modelo dos riscos proporcionais de Cox foi o utilizado, tendo como vari-ável dependente o aparecimento de DM2. As variáveis independentes foram analisadas de forma individual e multivariada. Na análise individual observou-se idade (quantitativa, anos), Hazard Ratio (HR)=1,06 p:0,030; histórico familiar HR=2,00 p:0,159; índice de massa corporal (IMC) (categoria obeso HR=20,77 p:0,004, sobrepeso HR=9,64 p:0,033, normal-categoria de referencia); síndrome metabólica HR=4,14 p:0,003; ina-tividade física HR=0,67 (p:0,402); tabagismo HR=0,95 p:0,921 e glicemia em jejum alterada HR=2,89 p:0,037. Por regressão múltipla apenas o IMC se manteve associado significativamente (HR SOBREPESO=8,21 p:0,049, HR OBESO=12,51 p:0,025). Estes achados vão servir para apoiar as autoridades da saúde pública no fortalecimento dos programas de saúde encaminhados para esta população.