Toward a Sustainable Approach for Durably Hydrophilic and UV Protective PET Fabric through Surface Activation and Immobilization Integrating Epigallocatechin Gallate and Citric Acid.

Enhancing the hydrophilicity and UV protective property of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric are two significant ways to upgrade its quality and enlarge the applicable area. Biobased finishes are greatly welcomed for the fabrication of sustainable textiles; however, their application on PET fabric is still challenging compared with the case of natural fabric. This study presents a strategy that immobilizes epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) onto PET fabric using citric acid (CA) for durably hydrophilic and UV-proof properties with negligible color change. A controllable surface-activating method integrating alkaline and deep eutectic solvent (DES) is customized for the PET fabric to promote the reactions among PET, CA, and EGCG. The hydrophilic, antistatic, and UV protective properties of functionalized PET fabric were explored. Results show that the hydrophilicity of the PET fabric after direct EGCG treatment increases but drops sharply after first-round washing due to weak interactions. The combined alkaline/DES pretreatment increases the number of hydrophilic groups and the roughness of PET fibers. After EGCG modification, the moisture regain (MR) of PET fabric increases from 0.41 to 0.64%. The contact angle and electrostatic charge half-life (T1/2) decreases from >120 to 23°, and from >60 to 0.13 s, respectively. The MR and T1/2 are well retained after a 10-cycle washing. In addition, the UV protective factor of the PET fabric increases from 18 to 36. A very slight yellowing phenomenon occurs on the PET fabric after the treatment. In all, this research attempts to integrate a biobased finishing agent and an eco-friendly cross-linker on synthetic fiber for durable functions, which is transferrable to the sustainable fabrication of other polymeric materials such as fibers or films.

Biocompatible and nondegradable microcapsules using an ethylamine-bridged EGCG dimer for successful therapeutic cell transplantation.

Conventional alginate microcapsules are widely used for encapsulating therapeutic cells to reduce the host immune response. However, the exchange of monovalent cations with divalent cations for crosslinking can lead to a sol-gel phase transition, resulting in gradual degradation and swelling of the microcapsules in the body. To address this limitation, we present a biocompatible and nondegradable epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-based microencapsulation with ethylamine-bridged EGCG dimers (EGCG(d)), denoted as 'Epi-Capsules'. These Epi-Capsules showed increased physical properties and Ca2+ chelating resistance compared to conventional alginate microcapsules. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) treatment is very effective in increasing the stability of Epi-Capsule((+)HRP) due to the crosslinking between EGCG(d) molecules. Interestingly, the Epi-Capsules(oxi) using a pre-oxidized EGCG(d) can support long-term survival (>90 days) of xenotransplanted insulin-secreting islets in diabetic mice in vivo, which is attributed to its structural stability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging for lower fibrotic activity. Collectively, this EGCG-based microencapsulation can create Ca2+ chelating-resistance and anti-oxidant activity, which could be a promising strategy for cell therapies for diabetes and other diseases.

Epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin inhibit Bcl-2: a pharmacophore and docking based approach against cancer.

The protein Bcl-2, well-known for its anti-apoptotic properties, has been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. Identifying the primary gene responsible for promoting improved cell survival and development has provided compelling evidence for preventing cellular death in the progression of malignancies. Numerous research studies have provided evidence that the abundance of Bcl-2 is higher in malignant cells, suggesting that suppressing Bcl-2 expression could be a viable therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. In this study, we acquired a compound collection using a database that includes constituents from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Initially, we established a pharmacophore model and utilized it to search the TCM database for potential compounds. Compounds with a fitness score exceeding 0.75 were selected for further analysis. The Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET) analysis identified six compounds with favorable therapeutic characteristics. The compounds that successfully passed the initial screening process based on the pharmacodynamic model were subjected to further evaluation. Extra-precision (XP) docking was employed to identify the compounds with the most favorable XP docking scores. Further analysis using the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area (MM-GBSA) method to calculate the overall free binding energy. The binding energy between the prospective ligand molecule and the target protein Bcl-2 was assessed by a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation for curcumin and Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The findings of this investigation demonstrate the identification of a molecular structure that effectively inhibits the functionality of the Bcl-2 when bound to the ligand EGCG. Consequently, this finding presents a novel avenue for the development of pharmaceuticals capable of effectively addressing both inflammatory and tumorous conditions.

Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG).

We studied antimicrobial activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenolic catechin, and its combined use with ceftazidime (CAZ) against bacterial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. EGCG exhibited no activity against strains of K. pneumoniae with a different sensitivity to CAZ. However, for a "sensitive" strain, a decrease in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CAZ (from 0.064 to 0.023 mg/liter) was revealed when CAZ was co-administered with EGCG. For a "resistant" stain, MIC of CAZ remained high, but activation of EGCG at its high concentrations was observed. Indirect evidence of antimicrobial effect of EGCG co-administered with CAZ on Klebsiella was obtained.

Advances in the Anti-Atherosclerotic Mechanisms of Epigallocatechin Gallate.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common clinical sickness and the major pathological basis of ischemic cardiocerebrovascular diseases (CCVDs). The pathogenesis of AS involves a variety of risk factors, and there is a lack of effective preventive and curative drugs that can completely treat AS. In recent years, with the improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits, the morbidity and mortality rates of AS are on the rise, and the age of onset tends to be younger. The formation of AS is closely related to a variety of factors, and the main factors include lipid metabolism disorders, endothelial damage, inflammation, unstable plaques, etc. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), as one of the main components of catechins, has a variety of pharmacological effects, and its role in the prevention of AS and the protection of cardiovascular and cerebral blood vessels has been highly valued. Recent epidemiological investigations and various in vivo and ex vivo experiments have shown that EGCG is capable of resisting atherosclerosis and reducing the morbidity and mortality of AS. In this paper, we reviewed the anti-AS effects of EGCG and its mechanisms in recent years, including the regulation of lipid metabolism, regulation of intestinal flora disorders, improvement of vascular endothelial cell functions, inhibition of inflammatory factors expression, regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and inhibition of platelet aggregation, which are helpful for the prevention of cardiocerebrovascular diseases.

Up-regulation of BMAL1 by epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves neurological damage in SBI rats.

Brain Muscle ARNT-Like Protein 1 (BMAL1) suppresses oxidative stress in brain injury during surgery. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a monomer in green tea, has been identified as an antioxidant and a potential agonist for BMAL1. In this work, the mechanism by which BMAL1 is regulated was investigated, as well as the therapeutic effect of EGCG on surgically injured rats. The pathological environment after brain injury during surgery was simulated by excising the right frontal lobe of rats. Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of EGCG immediately after surgery. Neurological scores and cerebral edema were recorded after surgery. Fluoro-Jade C staining, TUNEL staining, western blot, and lipid peroxidation analyses were conducted 3 days later. Here we show that the endogenous BMAL1 level decreased after brain injury. Postoperative administration of EGCG up-regulated the content of BMAL1 around the cerebral cortex, reduced the oxidative stress level, reduced neuronal apoptosis and the number of degenerated neurons, alleviated cerebral edema, and improved neurological scores in rats. This suggests that BMAL1 is an effective target for treating surgical brain injury, as well as that EGCG may be a promising agent for alleviating postoperative brain injury.

Mixing ratio of nano hydroxyapatite and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) towards viscosity and antibacterial effect as a potential pulp capping Material: An experimental study.

Background: Finding a new natural scaffold is challenging due to crucial impact on long-term treatment outcomes in pulp capping. In this context, nano hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) is a potential candidate having similar properties to bone tissue in the body. The compound is often synthesized with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which offers anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. Therefore, this study aims to contribute novel insights into the development of effective pulp capping materials by determining the viscosity ratio of the combination of nano-HA and EGCG applied to the cavity according to standard pulp capping material, as well as proving the antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus acidophilus. Methods: The combination of nano-HA - EGCG is divided into three treatment groups, (G1) 1:1 ratio, (G2) 1:1.5 ratio, (G3) 1:2 ratio, as well as control group G4 (Ca(OH)2 and aquadest) with a ratio of 1:1. Meanwhile, each group is tested for viscosity using a Brookfield viscometer. The well diffusion method is used to determine the antibacterial activity by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone for each treatment, with C1 (Ca(OH)2 and aquadest) as control group at a ratio of 1:1, and three treatment groups (nano-HA - EGCG), (C2) 0.5:1 ratio, (C3) 1:1 ratio, and (C4) 2:1 ratio. Results: The results show that there is a difference in the viscosity of each group with G3 having a viscosity of 12.0183 cP, which is closest to control. Furthermore, significant differences are also reported in antibacterial activity between control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The ratio of 1:2 (G3) has a viscosity that closely matches the standard of pulp capping materials. The combinations of nano-HA and EGCG are proven to have antibacterial power against Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Erythrocyte membrane biomimetic EGCG nanoparticles attenuate renal injury induced by diquat through the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway.

Diquat (DQ) poisoning can cause multiple organ damage, and the kidney is considered to be the main target organ. Increasing evidence shows that alleviating oxidative stress and inflammatory response has promising application prospects. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, red blood cell membrane (RBCm)-camouflaged polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized to deliver EGCG (EGCG-RBCm/NPs) for renal injury induced by DQ. Human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) were stimulated with 600 µM DQ for 12 h and mice were intraperitoneally injected with 50 mg/kg b.w. DQ, followed by 20 mg/kg b.w./day EGCG or EGCG-RBCM/NPs for 3 days. The assessment of cellular vitality was carried out using the CCK-8 assay, while the quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was performed through ROS specific probes. Apoptosis analysis was conducted by both flow cytometry and TUNEL staining methods. Pathological changes in renal tissue were observed. The expressions of NLRP3, IL-1ß, IL-18, NFκB and Caspase1 were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. The results showed that the DQ group had increased ROS expression, increased the level of oxidative stress, and increased apoptosis rate compared with the control group. Histopathological analysis of mice in the DQ group showed renal tubular injury and elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and cystatin C (Cys C). Furthermore, the DQ group exhibited heightened expression of NLRP3, p-NFκB p65, Caspase1 p20, IL-1ß, and IL-18. However, EGCG-RBCm/NPs treatment mitigated DQ-induced increases in ROS, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, as well as renal toxicity and decreases in renal biomarker levels. Meanwhile, the expression of the above proteins were significantly decreased, and the survival rate of mice was ultimately improved, with an effect better than that of the EGCG treatment group. In conclusion, EGCG-RBCm/NPs can improve oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by DQ. This effect is related to the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Overall, this study provides a new approach for treating renal injury induced by DQ.

Formation of pea protein amyloid-like nanofibrils-derived hydrogels mediated by epigallocatechin gallate.

This study investigated the interaction between pea protein amyloid-like nanofibril and epigallocatechin gallate, constructed and characterized the novel pea protein nanofibrils-derived hydrogel mediated by epigallocatechin gallate, and researched the functionalities of the hydrogel. Epigallocatechin gallate remodeled the structure of pea protein nanofibrils, and a stable and strong hydrogel was formed at a relatively low protein concentration (4.5%). Additionally, the hydrogels exhibited various surface structures and hydrogel properties dependent on the mass ratio. Strongest gel strength (51 g) was attained at 0.25 epigallocatechin gallate/pea protein nanofibrils mass ratio. Whereas, the hydrogels exhibited the highest water holding capacity (87%) at 0.05 mass ratio. The primary driving forces in the formation and maintaining of the hydrogels were hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds. Progressive rise of ß-sheet content of pea protein nanofibrils occurred increasing epigallocatechin gallate concentration. This hydrogel holds great potential for applications in food processing, targeted delivery of nutraceuticals and biomedicine.

Epigallocatechin Gallate Derivative Y6 Reverses Oxaliplatin Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Targeting the MiR-338-3p/HIF-1α/TWIST Axis to Inhibit EMT.

BACKGROUND: The emergence of drug resistance to oxaliplatin (OXA) is one of the critical obstacles in the therapy of advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). As an ethyl derivative of the natural compound epigallocatechin gallate (epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG), Y6 was found to be able to enhance the sensitivity of HCC cells to doxorubicin. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Y6 on oxaliplatin resistance in HCC. METHODS: MTT was used to determine the reversal effect of Y6 on OXA resistance. To further explore the reversal mechanism, we treated OXA alone or in combination with Y6 or EGCG in drugresistant cells and observed the morphological changes of the cells. At the same time, transwell assay was used to detect the invasion and migration ability of cells. Moreover, Real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed to determine the expression levels of the miR-338-3p gene, HIF-1α/Twist proteins, and EMT-related proteins. RESULTS: We found that Y6 could inhibit the proliferation of HCC cells and effectively reverse the drug resistance of oxaliplatin-resistant human liver cancer cells (SMMC-7721/OXA) to OXA, and the reversal effect was more significant than that of its lead drug EGCG. Most of the cells in the control group and OXA group showed typical mesenchymal-like cell morphology, while most of the cells in co-administration groups showed typical epithelioid cell morphology, and the ability of the cells to invade and migrate decreased dramatically, particularly in Y6 plus OXA group. At the same time, Y6 could up-regulate the EMT epithelial marker protein E-cadherin and down-regulate the interstitial marker protein Vimentin. In addition, in co-administration groups, the expression of miR-338-3p was up-regulated, while the expression of HIF-1α and Twist was down-regulated. CONCLUSION: Y6 significantly enhanced the susceptibility of drug-resistant cells to OXA, and the process may be related to the regulation of miR-338-3p/HIF-1α / TWIST pathway to inhibit EMT. Therefore, Y6 could be considered an effective medication resistance reversal agent, which could improve the therapeutic effect for hepatocellular cancer patients.

Chemoprophylaxis Effect of EGCG on the Recurrence of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The recurrence rate of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) after cure is always high. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether green tea extract (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has an effective preventive effect on the recurrence of CRC. METHODS: We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the effects of taking EGCG or placebo on disease recurrence in patients after colon polyp removal. RESULTS: Five Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were included in this review. A double-blind drug trial involving 1389 participants involved EGCG and placebo. The results showed no significant publication bias or heterogeneity in the five studies (I2 = 38%; p = 0.17). Patients taking EGCG had a lower recurrence rate of CRC than those in the placebo group. The results were statistically significant (Z=2.83, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that long-term EGCG can prevent CRC recurrence to a certain extent.

Nano-encapsulation of epigallocatechin gallate using starch nanoparticles: Characterization and insights on in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility.

The present work investigates the in vitro cholesterol reduction bioactivity of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) prior to and after nano-encapsulation using potato starch nanoparticle (SNP) as wall material. EGCG encapsulation in potato SNPs was achieved through a green inclusion complexation method. The encapsulated EGCG was characterized for its morphology, thermal, and crystalline properties using FESEM, DSC, XRD, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies. The bioactivity of EGCG to reduce gut cholesterol was studied using in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility study. The encapsulated EGCG exhibited enhanced thermal and crystalline properties. The FESEM results indicated successful nano-encapsulation of EGCG at 20-120 nm diameter. The melting point enhanced from 225.7°C in EGCG to 282.9°C in encapsulated EGCG. The crystallinity also enhanced and could be observed through the increased intensity in the encapsulated EGCG. The FTIR results affirmed a shifting of peaks at 3675, 2927, 1730, and 1646 cm-1, which corresponds to formation of new H bonds and confirms successful encapsulation of EGCG in SNPs. Further, EGCG had significantly reduced the cholesterol concentration by 91.63% as observed through the in vitro micellar inhibition study. The encapsulated EGCG was not able to reduce cholesterol as observed in the in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility study. This effect occurred due to the unavailability of EGCG after it formed a complex with SNPs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study first investigates the utilization of newly synthesized potato starch nanoparticles as a coating material for nano-encapsulation of EGCG. The enhanced thermal and crystalline properties of these nanoparticles contribute to improved attributes in the nano-encapsulated EGCG. Such properties hold promise for applications in functional food matrices subjected to high-temperature processing, including functional cookies, bread, and cakes. Furthermore, this research explores the bioactivity of EGCG concerning its capacity to reduce gut cholesterol levels. It also examines the potential application of nano-encapsulated EGCG in lowering gut cholesterol through a micellar solubility study.

Ca2+-promoted free radical grafting of whey protein to EGCG: As a novel nanocarrier for the encapsulation of apigenin.

Whey protein (WP) is often used as a delivery carrier due to its superior biological activity and nutritional value. Covalent binding of WP to epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) can significantly improve the performance of WP in encapsulated materials. Nevertheless, the preparation of WP-EGCG covalent complexes still suffers from low grafting rates. Studies have shown that calcium ions (Ca2+) can modify the structure of proteins. We therefore explored the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the free radical grafting of EGCG and WP. The experimental results showed that the grafting rate of free radicals increased by 17.89% after adding Ca2+. Furthermore, the impact of WP-EGCG-Ca2+ covalent complex on the entrapment efficiency of apigenin (AP) was further examined, and the results revealed that the entrapment rate could reach 93.66% at an apigenin concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. Simulated gastrointestinal digestion showed that WP-EGCG-Ca2+ covalent complex could significantly improve the bioavailability of AP. The study provides new ideas to broaden the application of WP as a carrier for delivering bioactive substances.

Reducing the Allergenicity of ß-Lactoglobulin by Covalent Modification with Different Contents of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG): In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

ß-Lactoglobulin (ßLG) is a major allergen in bovine milk protein. This study was designed to investigate changes in ßLG structure, digestibility, and allergenicity induced by covalent binding modification with different contents of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG). The reaction of EGCG conjugation with ßLG reached saturation at a molar ratio of 1:60 ßLG:EGCG. Conjugation with EGCG altered the ßLG structure, decreased IgE-binding capacity, and increased digestibility in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo studies showed that covalent conjugation with EGCG can reduce ßLG-induced allergic symptoms with reducing levels of IgE, histamine, and mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) and the percentage of sensitized mast cells. Allergenicity was reduced more effectively in saturated ßLG-EGCG conjugates compared to semisaturated conjugates. Observed changes in IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and TGF-ß levels suggested that ßLG-EGCG conjugates were able to promote Th1/Th2 immune balance. These findings further our understanding of the relationship between the degree of polyphenol conjugation and the allergenicity of food allergens.

MYH7 R453C induced cardiac remodelling via activating TGF-ß/Smad2/3, ERK1/2 and Nox4/ROS/NF-κB signalling pathways.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a monogenic cardiac disorder commonly induced by sarcomere gene mutations. However, the mechanism for HCM is not well defined. Here, we generated transgenic MYH7 R453C and MYH6 R453C piglets and found both developed typical cardiac hypertrophy. Unexpectedly, we found serious fibrosis and cardiomyocyte loss in the ventricular of MYH7 R453C, not MYH6 R453C piglets, similar to HCM patients. Then, RNA-seq analysis and western blotting identified the activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt pathways in MYH7 R453C. Moreover, we observed an increased expression of fetal genes and an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MYH7 R453C piglet models, which was produced by Nox4 and subsequently induced inflammatory response. Additionally, the phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3, ERK1/2 and NF-kB p65 proteins were elevated in cardiomyocytes with the MYH7 R453C mutation. Furthermore, epigallocatechin gallate, a natural bioactive compound, could be used as a drug to reduce cell death by adjusting significant downregulation of the protein expression of Bax and upregulated Bcl-2 levels in the H9C2 models with MYH7 R453C mutation. In conclusion, our study illustrated that TGF-ß/Smad2/3, ERK1/2 and Nox4/ROS pathways have synergistic effects on cardiac remodelling and inflammation in MYH7 R453C mutation.

Hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of l-theanine and epigallocatechin gallate combined intervention in alcoholic fatty liver rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic fatty liver, posing substantial health risks. l-Theanine (LTA) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in tea exert antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. However, the combined effects of LTA and EGCG on rats with alcoholic fatty liver, and the underlying mechanisms of such effects, remain unclear. In this study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed with alcohol for 6 weeks to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Subsequently, for another 6 weeks, the rats were administered LTA (200 mg kg-1 day-1), EGCG (200 mg kg-1 day-1), or a combination of LTA with EGCG (40 mg kg-1 day-1 l-Thea +160 mg kg-1 day-1 EGCG), respectively. RESULTS: The combined use of LTA and EGCG for alcoholic fatty liver disease had more significant effects than their individual administration. This combination reduced the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as the levels of hepatic triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rats. The combined intervention also increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity. Reductions in hepatic fat accumulation and inflammatory responses were observed. The mechanism underlying these effects primarily involved the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and the alleviation of lipid peroxidation through the downregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of TNF-α, SREBP1c, and CYP2E1 and the upregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of ADH1, ALDH2, Lipin-1, PPARαPPARα, AMPK, and PGC-1α, thereby promoting the oxidative decomposition of fatty acids and reducing the synthesis of cholesterol and glucose. CONCLUSION: l-Theanine and EGCG appear to be able to alleviate alcoholic fatty liver by modulating lipid metabolism and ameliorating oxidative stress, indicating their potential as natural active ingredients in anti-alcoholic fatty liver food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Fabrication of soy protein-polyphenol covalent complex nanoparticles with improved wettability to stabilize high-oil-phase curcumin emulsions.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that the wettability of protein-based emulsifiers is critical for emulsion stability. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of varying epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentrations on the wettability of protein-based emulsifiers. Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of soy protein-EGCG covalent complex nanoparticles with improved wettability as emulsifiers for stabilizing high-oil-phase (≥ 30%) curcumin emulsions. RESULTS: Soy protein isolate (SPI)-EGCG complex nanoparticles (SPIEn) with improved wettability were fabricated to stabilize high-oil-phase curcumin emulsions. The results showed that EGCG forms covalent bonds with SPI, which changes its secondary structure, enhances its surface charge, and improves its wettability. Moreover, SPIEn with 2.0 g L -1 EGCG (SPIEn-2.0) exhibited a better three-phase contact angle (56.8 ± 0.3o) and zeta potential (-27 mV) than SPI. SPIEn-2.0 also facilitated the development of curcumin emulsion gels at an oil volume fraction of 0.5. Specifically, the enhanced network between droplets as a result of the packing effects and SPIEn-2.0 with inherent antioxidant function was more effective at inhibiting curcumin degradation during long-term storage and ultraviolet light exposure. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that SPIEn with 2.0 g L -1 EGCG (SPIEn-2.0) comprises the optimum conditions for fabricating emulsifiers with improved wettability. Additionally, SPIEn-0.2 can improve the physicochemical stability of high-oil-phase curcumin emulsions, suggesting a novel strategy to design and fabricate high-oil-phase emulsion for encapsulating bioactive compounds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Epigallocatechin gallate modulates ferroptosis through downregulation of tsRNA-13502 in non-small cell lung cancer.

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent regulated cell death mechanism, holds significant promise as a therapeutic strategy in oncology. In the current study, we explored the regulatory effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a prominent polyphenol in green tea, on ferroptosis and its potential therapeutic implications for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Treatment of NSCLC cell lines with varying concentrations of EGCG resulted in a notable suppression of cell proliferation, as evidenced by a reduction in Ki67 immunofluorescence staining. Western blot analyses demonstrated that EGCG treatment led to a decrease in the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) while increasing the levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4). These molecular changes were accompanied by an increase in intracellular iron, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS), alongside ultrastructural alterations characteristic of ferroptosis. Through small RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR, transfer RNA-derived small RNA 13502 (tsRNA-13502) was identified as a significant target of EGCG action, with its expression being upregulated in NSCLC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissues. EGCG was found to modulate the ferroptosis pathway by downregulating tsRNA-13502 and altering the expression of key ferroptosis regulators (GPX4/SLC7A11 and ACSL4), thereby promoting the accumulation of iron, MDA, and ROS, and ultimately inducing ferroptosis in NSCLC cells. This study elucidates EGCG's multifaceted mechanisms of action, underscoring the modulation of ferroptosis as a viable therapeutic approach for enhancing NSCLC treatment outcomes.

Study on the inactivation effect and mechanism of EGCG disinfectant on Bacillus subtilis.

The widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants in drinking water treatment has led to the proliferation of chlorine-resistant bacteria and the risk of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), posing a serious threat to public health. This study aims to explore the effectiveness and potential applications of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) against chlorine-resistant Bacillus and its spores in water, providing new insights for the control of chlorine-resistant bacteria and improving the biological stability of distribution systems. The inactivation effects of EGCG on Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and its spores were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, ATP measurement, and transcriptome sequencing analysis to determine changes in surface structure, energy metabolism, and gene expression levels, thereby elucidating the inactivation mechanism. The results demonstrate the potential application of EGCG in continuously inhibiting chlorine-resistant B. subtilis in water, effectively improving the biological stability of the distribution system. However, EGCG is not suitable for treating raw water with high spore content and is more suitable as a supplementary disinfectant for processes with strong spore removal capabilities, such as ozone, ultraviolet, or ultrafiltration. EGCG exhibits a disruptive effect on the morphological structure and energy metabolism of B. subtilis and suppresses the synthesis of substances, energy metabolism, and normal operation of the antioxidant system by inhibiting the expression of multiple genes, thereby achieving the inactivation of B. subtilis.

Development of UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS Technique for Determination of Proanthocyanidins (PAs) Monomer Composition Content in Persimmon.

The main units of persimmon proanthocyanidins (PAs) are composed of flavan-3-ols including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and gallocatechin gallate (GCG). Precise quantification of GCG is challenging due to its trace amounts in persimmon. In this study, to establish the optimal UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS technique for the determination of PAs monomer composition in persimmon fruit flesh of different astringency types, mass spectrometry and chromatographic conditions were optimized. The results showed that when operating in negative ion mode, using a T3 chromatographic column (a type of C18 column with high-strength silica), acetonitrile as the organic phase, a 0.1% mobile phase acid content, and a mobile phase flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, the chromatographic peak shape and resolution of the PAs monomer composition improved. Additionally, there was no tailing phenomenon observed in the chromatographic peaks. At the same time, the intra-day and inter-day precision, stability, and recovery of the procedure were good. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of stability was less than 5%. The intra-day precision was in the range of 1.14% to 2.36%, and the inter-day precision ranged from 1.03% to 2.92%, both of which were less than 5%. The recovery rate ranged from 94.43% to 98.59% with an RSD less than 5%. The results showed that the UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS technique established in this study can not only be used for the quantification of EGCG and GCG in persimmon fruit flesh but also be suitable for analyzing other PAs monomer compositions, providing robust support for the related research on persimmon PAs.