Cost-effective Solution for Maxillofacial Reconstruction Surgery with Virtual Surgical Planning and 3D Printed Cutting Guides Reduces Operative Time.

Background: This study aimed to explore a low-cost solution for virtual surgical planning/3D printed surgical guides in a training hospital, assessing the impact on intraoperative time and bleeding. Material and Methods: We included a total of 13 patients. 8 who underwent maxillofacial reconstruction surgery with fibula-free flap utilizing virtual surgical planning/3D printed guides (VP/SG), and 5 using conventional surgery (CS) from 2017 to 2020. The surgical time, bleeding, length of hospital stay, and comorbidities were collected and compared in two groups. We recorded the average cost for the complete surgical planning and 3D printed guides. We applied a qualitative survey to the surgeons involved in the surgical procedures. Results The mean surgical time in the VP/SG group was 8.16 ± 2.7, compared to the CS group 12.5 ± 3.8, showing a 4.34 hours difference with statistical significance (p = 0.033). Patients from the CS group had a higher bleeding volume of 921 ± 467.6 mL VS 760 ± 633.8 mL in the VP/SG group. The average cost for the complete surgical planning and 3D printed guides was 914.44 ± 46.39 USD. All the surgeons who answered the survey preferred to perform the procedure utilizing the virtual planning/3D printed guides. Conclusions Virtual planning and 3D printed surgical guides have the potential to reduce operation time in maxillofacial reconstruction.

Contexte : Cette étude visait à explorer une solution peu coûteuse pour la planification chirurgicale virtuelle/l'impression 3D de guides chirurgicaux dans un hôpital d'enseignement, en évaluant leur impact sur le temps peropératoire et le saignement. Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons inclus un total de 13 patients; 8 patients ont subi une chirurgie de reconstruction faciale avec lambeau libre de péroné (fibula) utilisant une planification chirurgicale virtuelle/des guides imprimés en 3D (VP/SG) et 5 patients ont subi une chirurgie conventionnelle (CS) entre 2017 et 2020. Le temps opératoire, le saignement, la durée de l'hospitalisation et les comorbidités ont été consignés et comparés entre les deux groupes. Nous avons enregistré le coût moyen pour la planification chirurgicale complète et les guides imprimés en 3D. Nous avons appliqué une enquête qualitative aux chirurgiens impliqués dans les procédures chirurgicales. Résultats : Le temps opératoire moyen dans le groupe VP/SG a été de 8,16 ± 2,7, comparativement à 12,5 ± 3,8 dans le groupe CS, soit une différence de 4,4 heures avec une signification statistique (P = 0033). Des patients du groupe CS ont perdu un plus grand volume de sang que les patients du groupe VP/SG (respectivement, 921 ± 467.6 mL contre 760 ± 633.8 mL). Le coût moyen de la planification chirurgicale complète et des guides imprimés en 3D a été de 914,44 ± 46,39 US$. Tous les chirurgiens ayant répondu à l'enquête ont préféré utiliser la planification virtuelle/les guides imprimés en 3D pour la réalisation de la procédure. Conclusions : La planification virtuelle et les guides chirurgicaux imprimés en 3D ont le potentiel de réduire les temps opératoires pour la reconstruction maxillo-faciale.

[Comparison of cervical fusion with autografting of fibula vs titanium cage]. / Comparación de artrodesis cervical mediante autoinjerto de peroné frente a caja de titanio.

Background: The anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is the gold standard in the treatment of cervical compression pathology and the titanium cage for fusion represents the most used procedure at an institutional level. A technique using fibular autograft has been described, with good results, lower morbidity and lower cost. Objective: To compare the rate of fusion, subsidence and functional clinical results after discectomy with titanium cage and fibular autograft. Material and methods: A clinical trial with follow-up at 3 and 6 months was carried out in patients diagnosed with cervical spondylosis, candidates for ACDF. 2 groups were formed: fibular autograft and titanium cage. Pre and post functional evaluation using the cervical disability score was made, as well as radiographic fusion and subsidence evaluation. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, t-test and ANOVA were obtained, establishing p < 0.05. Results: A sample of 20 patients with an average age of 56 years was obtained, finding a fusion rate of 90% for fibular autograft and 30% for titanium (p = 0.02) at 3 months. 10% of patients with fibular autograft presented subsidence and 70% with titanium cage at 3 and 6 months (p = 0.02). In the functional results was not found difference between both procedures (p = 0.874). Conclusions: The use of autologous fibular graft offers a better rate of fusion and subsidence compared to the titanium cage, as well as similar functional results at 3 months of follow-up. It represents an excellent treatment option for cervical spondylosis.

Introducción: la disectomía cervical anterior y fusión (ACDF) es el estándar de oro en el tratamiento de la patología compresiva cervical. La caja de titanio para artrodesis es el procedimiento más usado a nivel institucional. Se ha descrito una técnica con autoinjerto de peroné, con buenos resultados, menor morbilidad y menor costo. Objetivo: comparar la tasa de fusión, subsidencia y resultados clínicos funcionales posteriores a disectomía con caja de titanio y autoinjerto de peroné. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico con seguimiento a tres y seis meses en pacientes con diagnóstico de espondilosis cervical, candidatos a ACDF. Se formaron dos grupos: autoinjerto de peroné y caja de titanio. Se hizo evaluación funcional antes y después mediante la escala de discapacidad cervical, y evaluación de fusión y subsidencia radiográficas. Se usó estadística descriptiva, prueba exacta de Fisher, prueba t y ANOVA, estableciendo una p < 0.05. Resultados: se obtuvo una muestra de 20 pacientes con promedio de 56 años; hubo una tasa de fusión del 90% para autoinjerto de peroné y 30% para titanio (p = 0.02) a los tres meses. De los pacientes con autoinjerto de peroné, 10% presentaron subsidencia y un 70% con caja de titanio a los tres y seis meses (p = 0.02). No se encontró diferencia en los resultados funcionales a tres y seis meses de ambos procedimientos. Conclusiones: el uso de injerto autólogo de peroné ofrece mejor tasa de fusión y subsidencia en comparación con la caja de titanio, así como resultados funcionales similares a los tres meses. Es una excelente opción para tratar la espondilosis cervical.

Lateral exposure of the proximal and distal peroneal artery without bone resection.

Surgical revascularization with distal bypass surgery is associated with good outcomes for chronic limb-threatening ischemia. The peroneal artery, the most-often preserved outflow vessel, is commonly reached through a lateral approach involving resection of the fibula. We present two different techniques for a lateral approach to the peroneal artery: the first by proximal exposure and the second by exposing the distal segment of the peroneal artery. Both techniques are performed without bone resection.

Enfermedad ultrarara frecuente en Perú: Reporte de casos del síndrome FATCO

El síndrome FATCO (fibular aplasia, tibial camptomelia, oligosyndactyly) está caracterizado por la presencia de anomalías en miembros inferiores. Es una enfermedad, de la cual no se ha precisado la etiología genética hasta la actualidad; sin embargo, se ha planteado que el tipo de herencia es dominante autosómica. La frecuencia de presentación a nivel global es muy rara y esta es la razón principal de los pocos pacientes publicados hasta la fecha. Existe un reporte de la presentación inusual de catorce pacientes peruanos, diagnosticados en un solo centro, con las características clínicas del síndrome FATCO en un período de 13 años. A la fecha, se han publicado catorce pacientes a nivel mundial, con los cuales se comparó y discutió los datos clínicos y radiológicos. Además, se analizaron las características demográficas, antecedentes familiares, sexo, edad y anomalías concomitantes.

The fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, oligosyndactyly (FATCO) syndrome is characterized by the variable leg anomalies. The genetic etiology of this disease has not been determined to date; however, it has been suggested that the genetic inheritance is autosomal dominant. The frequency of presentation globally is infrequent and this is the main reason for the low number of patient reports. There's a report of the unusually high presentation of 14 peruvian patients diagnosed at a single center with the clinical features of FATCO syndrome over a 13-year period. We compare and discuss the clinical and radiological data of our patients with those of the 14 cases described worldwide. In addition, the demographic characteristics, family history, sex, age, and concomitant anomalies are analyzed.

Can CT-based assessment of lateral malleolus anatomy indicate when and how to perform an intramedullary fixation in distal fibula fractures? An analysis of 150 ankles.

PURPOSE: The primary aim was to analyse the lateral malleolus morphology with a focus on the shape of the distal fibula for IM fixation of the fibula in infra- and transsyndesmotic fracture patterns. The secondary aim was to propose a treatment algorithm according to the lateral malleolar anatomy. METHODS: 77 healthy, skeletally mature volunteers underwent CT scanning of the ankle. The fibula medullary canal and its cortical thickness were quantitatively analysed at 4 different levels measured from the fibular tip (1.5 cm, 3.0 cm, 4.5 cm, and 6.0 cm). A geometric classification was proposed, and a decision algorithm was developed. Statistical significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS: The smallest diameter of the medullary canal of the fibula was at 6.0 cm from the tip of the fibula, in 98.2% of the ankles. The distal fibula can be classified into triangular and rectangular type, according to the cortical thickness index (p < 0.0001). In 16.7% ankles, the internal diameter of the fibula at 6.0 cm was equal or narrower than 3.5 mm (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The shape of the distal fibula as evaluated by CT-guided analysis allows for IM osteosynthesis of the lateral malleolus in 83% of individuals. In our study, the smallest diameter of the medullary canal of the fibula was located 6.0 cm from the tip of the lateral malleolus. Coronal CT evaluation is advantageous in indicating which type of IM implant should be used safely for infra- and transsyndesmotic fracture patterns, potentially reducing intraoperative risks.

Donor Site Morbidity of Nonvascularized Bone Graft: A Systematic Review

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the donor site morbidity of iliac and fibular nonvascularized bone graft after mandibular resection. Material and Methods: This study was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in PubMed, Proquest, Science Direct, and Ebsco. A total of 12 studies met the criteria of studies in humans using iliac and fibular nonvascularized bone grafts in mandibular reconstruction after mandibular resection. Results: A greater proportion of patients received iliac nonvascularized bone graft (88.9%) than fibular nonvascularized bone graft (11.1%). Of the 385 cases of iliac bone graft, 153 cases (40%) experienced complications at the iliac donor site, whereas in 48 cases of fibular bone graft, two (4%) experienced complications at the donor site. Hemorrhage, bone fracture, infection requiring debridement, and hematoma were the major complications. Conclusion: The morbidity rate of the nonvascularized bone graft donor site of the fibula (4%) tended to be lower than that of the ilium (40%). Patient age and defect size were not significantly correlated with the occurrence of morbidity donor sites in either the ilium or fibula.

El peroné flotante: resultado de una luxación tibioastragalina pura con lesión de la articulación tibioperonea proximal: reporte de caso / The floating fibula: outcome of pure tibiotalar dislocation with lesion to the proximal tibiofibular joint: case report

ANTECEDENTES El peroné flotante tras un traumatismo de alta energía es una entidad muy poco frecuente. Este es el primer reporte de caso asociado a luxación del tendón bicipital. OBJETIVO Presentar un caso de peroné flotante tras luxación divergente de tobillo asociado a luxación peronea proximal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Mujer de 17 añ que, tras accidente de tráfico, sufrió caída y presentó dolor y deformidad del tobillo izquierdo, junto con dolor e impotencia funcional de la rodilla ipsilateral. En las radiografías, se apreció una luxación pura divergente del tobillo izquierdo de tipo IV. Se realizó reducción cerrada en urgencias. El estudio se complementó con una resonancia magnética que mostró una rotura completa de la sindesmosis y del ligamento deltoideo, así como una fractura no desplazada de la meseta tibial externa, junto con un desgarro de la cápsula tibioperonea proximal y desprendimiento completo del ligamento lateral externo y del tendón bicipital desde su inserción en la cabeza del peroné. Se realizó reanclaje de la sindesmosis y del ligamento deltoideo, así como del ligamento lateral externo y del tendón bicipital mediante anclajes óseos metálicos y reducción de peroné tanto proximal como distalmente, mediante sistema de sutura tipo botón. Se inmovilizó con férula cruropédica por cuatro semanas. RESULTADOS La paciente presentó recuperación completa de la fuerza a los cinco meses de seguimiento, con movilidad completa del tobillo y de la rodilla. CONCLUSIÓN El peroné flotante es muy poco frecuente; sólo se ha descrito un caso en la literatura. Implica la disrupción de la articulación tibioperonea proximal y distal, lo que puede provocar inestabilidad en la rodilla y en el tobillo. Por tanto, ante un traumatismo de alta energía en el tobillo, es necesaria la exploración minuciosa de la rodilla ipsilateral.

BACKGROUND Floating fibula after high-energy trauma is a very uncommon entity. The present is the first report of a case associated with avulsion of the bicipital tendon. PURPOSE To present a case of floating fibula after divergent ankle dislocation associated with proximal peroneal dislocation. MATERIALS AND METHODOS A 17-year-old woman who fell after a traffic accident and presented pain and deformity of the left ankle with pain and functional impotence in the ipsilateral knee. The radiographs showed a pure divergent type-IV left-ankle dislocation. Closed reduction was performed in the emergency room. The study was complemented with a magnetic resonance imaging scan which showed complete rupture of the syndesmosis and the deltoid ligament, as well as a non-displaced fracture of the external tibial plateau together with a tear of the proximal tibiofibular capsule and complete detachment of the external lateral ligament and bicipital tendon from its insertion in the peroneal head. The syndesmosis and deltoid ligament were reanchored, as well as the external lateral ligament and the bicipital tendon, using metallic bone anchors and fibula reduction both proximally and distally, using a suture-button system. The patient was immobilized with a long-leg splint for four weeks. RESULTS The patient presented complete recovery of strength at five months of follow-up. CONCLUSSION Floating fibula is a rare entity, with only one case described in the literature. It involves a disruption of the proximal and distal tibiofibular joint, which can lead to knee and ankle instability. Therefore, in cases of high-energy trauma to the ankle, a careful examination of the ipsilateral knee is necessary.

No unión infectada de fractura subtrocantérica de fémur, tratada con autoinjerto y placa / No infected union of subtrochanteric fracture of femur, treated with autograft and plate

Resumen: Las fracturas de cadera se consideran un problema de salud pública en el mundo, entre las fracturas de cadera encontramos las subtrocantéricas, que se definen como fracturas proximales de fémur situadas en la región trocantérea dentro de los 5 cm debajo del trocánter menor; tienen una incidencia aproximada de 15 a 20 por cada 100,000 personas. El objetivo de este de caso es reportar el éxito de la reconstrucción de una fractura subtrocantérica infectada, con un segmento del peroné no vascularizado y una placa de soporte condíleo de fémur distal. Caso clínico: masculino de 41 años de edad que sufre fractura subtrocantérica derecha producto de un accidente de tránsito que requirió manejo de osteosíntesis. Con posterior ruptura del clavo cefalomedular en su tercio proximal, no unión de la fractura e infecciones en sitio de la fractura. Fue tratado con múltiples lavados quirúrgicos, antibioticoterapia y un procedimiento ortopédico y quirúrgico poco convencional como el uso de una placa de soporte condíleo de fémur distal y un injerto óseo endomedular con un segmento de 10 cm de peroné no vascularizado. Paciente con evolución satisfactoria y favorable.

Abstract: Hip fractures are considered a public health problem in the world. Among hip fractures we find subtrochanteric fractures that are defined as proximal femur fractures located in the trochanteric region within 5 cm below the lesser trochanter; and they have an approximate incidence of 15 to 20 per 100,000 people. The objective of this case is to report the success of the reconstruction of an infected subtrochanteric fracture, with a non-vascularized fibular segment and a distal femur condylar support plate. Clinical case: 41-year-old male patient suffering from a right subtrochanteric fracture as a result of a traffic accident that required the use of osteosynthesis material. With subsequent rupture of the cephalomedullary nail in its proximal third, non-union of the fracture and infections at the fracture site. He was treated with multiple surgical lavages, antibiotic therapy, and an unconventional orthopedic and surgical procedure, such as the use of a distal femur condylar support plate and an endomedullary bone graft with a 10-cm segment of non-vascularized fibula. Patient with satisfactory and favorable evolution.

[No infected union of subtrochanteric fracture of femur, treated with autograft and plate]. / No unión infectada de fractura subtrocantérica de fémur, tratada con autoinjerto y placa.

Hip fractures are considered a public health problem in the world. Among hip fractures we find subtrochanteric fractures that are defined as proximal femur fractures located in the trochanteric region within 5 cm below the lesser trochanter; and they have an approximate incidence of 15 to 20 per 100,000 people. The objective of this case is to report the success of the reconstruction of an infected subtrochanteric fracture, with a non-vascularized fibular segment and a distal femur condylar support plate. Clinical case: 41-year-old male patient suffering from a right subtrochanteric fracture as a result of a traffic accident that required the use of osteosynthesis material. With subsequent rupture of the cephalomedullary nail in its proximal third, non-union of the fracture and infections at the fracture site. He was treated with multiple surgical lavages, antibiotic therapy, and an unconventional orthopedic and surgical procedure, such as the use of a distal femur condylar support plate and an endomedullary bone graft with a 10-cm segment of non-vascularized fibula. Patient with satisfactory and favorable evolution.

Las fracturas de cadera se consideran un problema de salud pública en el mundo, entre las fracturas de cadera encontramos las subtrocantéricas, que se definen como fracturas proximales de fémur situadas en la región trocantérea dentro de los 5 cm debajo del trocánter menor; tienen una incidencia aproximada de 15 a 20 por cada 100,000 personas. El objetivo de este de caso es reportar el éxito de la reconstrucción de una fractura subtrocantérica infectada, con un segmento del peroné no vascularizado y una placa de soporte condíleo de fémur distal. Caso clínico: masculino de 41 años de edad que sufre fractura subtrocantérica derecha producto de un accidente de tránsito que requirió manejo de osteosíntesis. Con posterior ruptura del clavo cefalomedular en su tercio proximal, no unión de la fractura e infecciones en sitio de la fractura. Fue tratado con múltiples lavados quirúrgicos, antibioticoterapia y un procedimiento ortopédico y quirúrgico poco convencional como el uso de una placa de soporte condíleo de fémur distal y un injerto óseo endomedular con un segmento de 10 cm de peroné no vascularizado. Paciente con evolución satisfactoria y favorable.

Thirty-eight-year follow-up of the first patient of mandibular reconstruction with free vascularized fibula flap.

BACKGROUND: The mandible is responsible for vital functions of the stomatognathic system, and its loss results in functional and aesthetic impairment. Mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap is considered the gold standard for mandibular reconstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe here the 38-year follow-up of the patient who was the first case of mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap reported in the literature. The original report describes a 27-year-old woman who had undergone extensive mandibulectomy due to an osteosarcoma. A microvascularized fibula flap was used for mandibular reconstruction in 1983. Two years later, a vestibulo-lingual sulcoplasty with skin graft was performed to allow the construction of a total dental prosthesis. Fifteen years after the initial treatment, an autologous iliac crest graft was placed in the fibula flap, aimed at increasing bone thickness and height for rehabilitation with implant supported prosthesis. In 2015, a rib graft was positioned in the mental region, enhancing the support to the soft tissues of the face and improving the oral function. A recent review of the patient shows well-balanced facial morphology and optimal functional results of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The fibula flap method, described in 1975 and first reported for mandibular reconstruction in 1985, continues to be applied as originally described, especially where soft tissue damage is not extensive. Its use in reconstructive surgery was expanded by advancements in surgery and techniques such as virtual surgical planning. However, there is still a lack of evidence related to the long-term evaluation of outcomes. The present work represents the longest-term follow-up of a patient undergoing mandibular reconstruction with free vascularized fibula flap, presenting results showing that, even after 38 years, the procedure continues to provide excellent results.

Closed posteromedial total talus and fibula dislocation without fracture.

Total dislocation of talus is an extremely rare injury. It can be found few reports about dislocations in distal tibiofibular joint without accompanying fibular or medial malleolus fracture. In this case we report about a young patient with high energy trauma who presents a close total talar posteromedial dislocation associated with a fibula posteromedial dislocation. We perform an open reduction temporarily fixed with K wires and finally with 2 trans-syndesmotic screws.

Osteotomías de alargamiento para realineación en maluniones postraumáticas de peroné / Lengthening osteotomy for realignment in posttraumatic fibular malunions

El acortamiento y la rotación del peroné son las deformidades más frecuentemente encontradas cuando se presentan maluniones postraumáticas del tobillo resultando en ensanchamiento de la mortaja e inestabilidad astragalina, con consecuentes cambios artrósicos. Los pacientes acuden por presentar dolor y limitación en sus actividades diarias y deportivas. En el presente estudio retrospectivo se hace una evaluación de los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de 9 pacientes que se sometieron a tratamiento quirúrgico posterior a maluniones de fracturas de peroné, en los cuales se realizaron osteotomías de alargamiento y desrotación para reconstrucción del tobillo, en la Unidad de Cirugía de Pie y Tobillo del Hospital Universitario de Caracas, entre junio de 2014 y agosto del 2019. Se realizaron mediciones radiológicas pre y postoperatorias de los ángulos de inclinación astragalina, talocrural y bimaleolar, y se reportaron los cambios degenerativos articulares. Para la evaluación clínica y funcional se aplicó la Escala Análoga Visual (VAS) para el dolor, y la Escala AOFAS de retropié, evidenciándose mejoría en cuanto a dolor, función y alineación. El objetivo del tratamiento fue restituir la longitud inicial del peroné, mediante osteototomías oblicuas en el sitio de la fractura anterior, o transversas suprasindesmales, con lo cual también se corrige la alineación del astrágalo, y de esta manera prevenir o disminuir los síntomas y signos inherentes a degeneración articular progresiva(AU)

The shortening and rotation of the fibula are the most frequent deformities found when post-traumatic ankle malunions occur, resulting in widening of the mortise and talus instability, with consequent arthritic changes. Patients have pain and limitation in their daily activities and sports. In the present retrospective study, an evaluation of the clinical and radiological results of 9 patients who underwent surgical treatment after fibular fracture malunions was performed, in which osteotomies of lengthening and de-rotation were performed for reconstruction of the ankle, in the Unit of Foot and Ankle Surgery at the University Hospital of Caracas, between June 2014 and August 2019. Pre and postoperative radiological measurements of the astragaline, talocrural and bimaleolar inclination angles were performed, and degenerative joint changes were reported. For the clinical and functional evaluation, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was applied for pain, and the AOFAS Hindfoot Scale, evidencing improvement in pain, function, and alignment. The objective of the treatment was to restore the initial length of the fibula by means of oblique osteotomies at the site of the previous fracture or suprasindesmal transverse osteotomy, which also corrects the alignment of the talus and thus prevents or decreases the symptoms and signs inherent to joint progressive degeneration(AU)

Reconstrução microcirúrgica de mandíbula com retalho osteocutâneo de fíbula, com auxílio de modelo 3D, em paciente vítima de trauma: relato de caso / Mandible microsurgical reconstruction with osteocutaneous fibular flap, with the assistance of a 3D model, in a trauma patient: case report

Trata-se de um relato de caso de reconstrução microcirúrgica de mandíbula com retalho osteocutâneo de fíbula em um paciente de 16 anos, vítima de agressão com projétil de arma de fogo e trauma contuso em face, acarretando em fratura cominutiva de mandíbula, com perda de elementos dentários e lesões extensas de partes moles. Após tratamento da fase aguda, optou-se pela reconstrução microcirúrgica com retalho livre de fíbula, devido à extensão do defeito mandibular e possibilidade de reabilitação dentária. O uso de modelos tridimensionais da mandíbula e fíbula foram excepcionalmente úteis para tornar possível o melhor planejamento cirúrgico das áreas de osteotomia, com diminuição do tempo de isquemia do retalho da cirurgia.

This is a case report of the mandible microsurgical reconstruction with osteocutaneous fibular flap in a 16-year-old patient. A victim of an assault with a firearm projectile and blunt trauma to the face, resulting in a comminuted mandible fracture, loss of dental elements, and extensive soft tissue injuries. After treatment of the acute phase, we chose microsurgical reconstruction with a free fibula flap due to the mandibular defect's extension and the possibility of dental rehabilitation. The use of three-dimensional models of the mandible and fibula was exceptionally helpful in making the best surgical planning of the osteotomy areas, decreasing the surgery flap's ischemia time.

Nailing the fibula: alternative or standard treatment for lateral malleolar fracture fixation? A broken paradigm.

PURPOSE: Despite the fact that open reduction and internal fixation with a plate, either non-locked or locked, is the standard of care for managing lateral malleolus fractures, intramedullary (IM) fixation of the fibula has been recently introduced as an alternative, mainly for some potential complicated situations. We hypothesized that almost all patterns of distal fibula fracture can be safely fixed with an IM device, with the potential benefit of providing biomechanical efficiency, but using a soft-tissue friendly implant. Here, we present a multicenter case series based on a proposed algorithm. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients were managed with fibular IM fixation for closed malleolar fractures. Twenty patients were managed by IM screw fixation and 49 by fibular nailing. Outcome was measured both according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score for ankle and hindfoot, and the time to bone union. RESULTS: The mean AOFAS for Group I was 99.35 ± 1.95 points and that for Group II was 89.30 ± 16.98 points. There were no significant differences between the fracture pattern, according to the Lauge-Hansen classification, and post-operative levels of pain and functional activity among patients in both groups (p > 0.05). All fractures healed uneventfully in both groups. The mean time to union for Group I was 8.15 weeks and for Group II was 8.25 weeks (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this multicenter case series, intramedullary fixation for the lateral malleolus fracture presented itself as a viable and safe option for the treatment of almost all patterns of fibula fracture in adults. Overall, we were able to demonstrate the potential indications of the proposed algorithm for the choice of IM implant for the lateral malleolus fracture in terms of the Lauge-Hansen staged classification.

Desenlaces clínicos y radiológicos de las fracturas de maléolo lateral manejadas de forma percutánea. Serie de casos / Clinical and radiological outcomes of percutaneously managed lateral malleolar ankle fractures. Case series

Introducción El estándar de manejo para las fracturas del peroné distal es la reducción abierta más fijación interna con placa y tornillos (bloqueados o no), sin embargo, existen complicaciones asociadas a este tipo de intervención. En pacientes ancianos con mala calidad de tejidos blandos o en quienes presentan traumas de alta energía como etiología de las fracturas en el tobillo, la tasa de complicaciones previamente mencionadas aumenta, por lo que el manejo de las fracturas de peroné distal con tornillos percutáneos representa una alternativa con menor riesgo de complicaciones y con desenlaces similares al manejo convencional. Materiales y métodos Se realiza una serie de casos de pacientes con fractura de peroné manejados de forma percutánea. Se obtuvo una muestra de 17 pacientes por un año, a quienes se les realizó seguimiento sobre tasa de consolidación, funcionalidad y complicaciones postoperatorias. Resultados Diez (62,5%) fueron hombres, con una media de edad de 59 años (rango entre 24 y 90). El 100% fueron secundarios a traumas de alta energía, 10 (62,5%) fueron izquierdas, 14 (87,5%) se clasificaron como Weber B y 7 casos (56,25%) se presentaron concomitantemente con fracturas abiertas. Conclusiones Con el fin de evitar complicaciones, se debe considerar este abordaje en pacientes con comorbilidades, de edad avanzada o con tejidos blandos lesionados severamente o de mala calidad

Background The standard management for distal fibula fractures is open reduction plus internal fixation with plate and screws (blocked or not), however, there are complications associated with this type of intervention. In elderly patients with poor soft tissue quality or in those with high-energy trauma as the etiology of ankle fractures, the rate of previously mentioned complications increases, so that the management of distal fibula fractures with percutaneous screws represents a alternative with lower risk of complications and similar outcomes to conventional management. Methods A series of cases of patients with fibula fracture managed percutaneously was carried out. A sample of 17 patients was obtained for one year, who were followed up on consolidation rate, functionality, and postoperative complications. Results 10 (62.5%) were men, with a mean age of 59 years (range between 24 and 90). 100% were secondary to high-energy trauma, 10 (62.5%) were left, 14 (87.5%) were classified as Weber B and 7 cases (56.25%) presented concomitantly with open fractures. Discussion In order to avoid complications, this approach should be considered in patients with comorbidities, the elderly, or those with severely injured or poor-quality soft tissues.

El peroné: mal alumno, pero buen profesor. (¿Qué tiene prioridad biológica: la integridad, o la supervivencia?) / Fibula: a bad pupil but a good profesor. (What comes first, integrity or survival?)

La concepción original del mecanostato como un regulador de la rigidez estructural ósea orientado a mantener un determinado 'factor de seguridad' en todos los esqueletos parece no corresponder por igual a cualquier hueso y para cualquier tipo de estímulo. Hemos descubierto que la estructura cortical diafisaria del peroné humano manifiesta un comportamiento ambiguo del sistema, referido al uso del pie. La diáfisis peronea, además de ser insensible al desuso, se rigidiza, como sería de esperar, por entrenamientos en disciplinas deportivas que rotan o revierten el pie (hockey, fútbol, rugby); pero, llamativamente, se flexibiliza en su mitad proximal por entrenamiento en carrera larga, que optimiza el rendimiento del salto que acompaña a cada paso. La referida rigidización robustecería la región peronea de inserción de los músculos que rotan o revierten el pie, favoreciendo la locomoción sobre terrenos irregulares o 'gambeteando', propia de especies predadoras como los leopardos. La 'inesperada' flexibilización proximal, pese a reducir la resistencia a la fractura por flexión lateral (poco frecuente en el hombre), favorecería la absorción elástica de la energía contráctil de la musculatura inserta, optimizando el rendimiento del salto al correr, condición vital para especies presas como las gacelas. La falta de analogía de estas respuestas de la estructura peronea a distintos entrenamientos, incompatible con el mantenimiento de un factor de seguridad, sugiere su vinculación preferencial con la optimización de aptitudes esqueléticas con valor selectivo. Esto ampliaría el espectro regulatorio del mecanostato a propiedades esqueléticas 'vitales', más allá del control de la integridad ósea. Su manifestación en el hombre, ajena a connotaciones selectivas (quizá resultante del mantenimiento de genes ancestrales), permitiría proponer la indicación de ejercicios orientados en direcciones preferenciales a este respecto, especialmente cuando estas coincidieran con las de las fuerzas que podrían fracturar al hueso. (AU)

The original notion of the mechanostat as a regulator of bone structural rigidity oriented to maintain a certain 'safety factor' in all skeletons does not seem to correspond equally to every bone and for any type of stimulus. We have discovered that the diaphyseal cortical structure of the human fibula shows an ambiguous behavior of the system, with reference to the use of the foot. The peroneal shaft, in addition to being insensitive to disuse, becomes stiffened, as might be expected, by training in sport disciplines that involve rotating or reversing the foot (hockey, soccer, rugby); but, remarkably, it becomes more flexible in its proximal half by long-distance running training, which optimizes the performance of the jump that accompanies each step. The stiffening would strengthen the peroneal region of insertion of the muscles that rotate or reverse the foot, favoring locomotion on uneven terrain or 'dribbling', typical of predatory species such as leopards. The 'unexpected' proximal flexibilization, despite reducing the resistance to lateral flexion fracture (rare in human), would favor the elastic absorption of contractile energy from the inserted muscles, optimizing jumping performance when running, a vital condition for prey species such as gazelles. The lack of analogy of these responses of the peroneal structure to different training, incompatible with the maintenance of a safety factor, suggests its preferential link with the optimization of skeletal aptitudes with selective value. This would expand the regulatory spectrum of the mechanostat to 'vital' skeletal properties, beyond the control of bone integrity. Its manifestation in humans, oblivious to selective connotations (perhaps resulting from the maintenance of ancestral genes), would make it possible to propose the indication of exercises oriented in preferential directions, especially when they coincide with the direction of the forces that could fracture the bone. (AU)

Allograft Alone vs. Allograft with Intramedullary Vascularized Fibular Graft for Lower Extremity Bone Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Limb salvage surgery has become a first-line treatment in the setting of lower extremity cancer. Despite a multitude of techniques, the most effective modality for osseous reconstruction has not been described. We aim to examine outcomes of allograft reconstruction alone compared to an allograft combined with a vascularized fibula graft (VFG) (Capanna Technique) through a meta-analysis of the literature. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature was conducted through the online databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, examining articles utilizing an allograft with or without an intramedullary VFG for the reconstruction of lower extremity osseous defects following oncological resection. A meta-analysis examined outcomes, including nonunion, infection, fractures, explantation, and functional limb status, that were evaluated dependent upon reconstructive modality. RESULTS: Twenty-five articles were deemed appropriate for inclusion. The allograft with VFG group had considerably lower rates of nonunion (13%) in comparison to the allograft alone group (21.4%) (p < .001). Rates of infection (7.9% vs. 9%, respectively) and fracture (19.6% vs. 19.1%) were not statistically different. The allograft with VFG group also had significantly lower rates of explantation (6.57%) compared to the allograft alone cohort (18.11%) (p < .001). Functional outcomes were similar across groups as measured by Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores (88.22% vs. 87.77%). CONCLUSIONS: Allograft reconstruction with a supplementary inlay VFG decreases the risk of nonunion and explantation compared to allograft alone reconstruction in the setting of oncological resection of the osseous lower extremity. This technique warrants increased consideration in the operative planning of lower limb reconstruction following tumor extirpation.

Demostración original de la interferencia de los efectos modeladores corticales expansivos de un entrenamiento sobre los de otro ulterior: (la modelación 'marca el terreno' para la remodelación) / Original demonstration of the interference of the expansive cortical modeling effects of one training on those of another further training: (modeling "sets limits" for remodeling)

La expansión modeladora de la geometría cortical de un hueso inducida por su entorno mecánico podría ser difícil de modificar por estímulos ulteriores con diferente direccionalidad. Este estudio, que por primera vez combina datos tomográficos del peroné (pQCT) y dinamométricos de la musculatura peronea lateral, intenta demostrar que, en individuos jóvenes no entrenados, el entrenamiento en fútbol produce cambios geométricos peroneos expansivos, similares a los del rugby, que podrían interferir en los efectos de un entrenamiento ulterior direccionalmente diferente (carrera larga). Confirmando la hipótesis, los resultados indican, con evidencias originales, 1) la relevancia creciente del uso del pie (rotación externa y eversión provocadas por los peroneos laterales) para la determinación de la geometría peronea (incremento del desarrollo de los indicadores de masa y de diseño óseos), evidenciada por la secuencia creciente de efectos: carrera < fútbol < rugby; 2) la predominancia de esos efectos sobre el desarrollo centro-proximal del peroné para resistir a la flexión lateral, y en la región distal para resistir el buckling (principal sitio y causa de fractura del hueso) y 3.) la relevancia de la anticipación de esos efectos para interferir en la manifestación de los cambios producidos por un entrenamiento ulterior (carrera), cuando los del primero (fútbol) afectan la modelación cortical de modo expansivo. Esta última deducción demuestra, en forma inédita, que un cambio modelatorio expansivo tempranamente inducido sobre la estructura cortical ósea 'delimitaría el terreno'para la manifestación de cualquier otro efecto ulterior por estímulos de distinta direccionalidad. (AU)

The modeling-dependent, geometrical expansion of cortical bone induced by the mechanical environment could be hard to modify by subsequent stimulations with a different directionality. The current study aimed to demonstrate that in young, untrained individuals, training in soccer or rugby enhances the geometric properties of the fibula cortical shell in such a way that the geometrical changes could interfere on the effects of a second training in which the loads are induced in a different direction, e.g. long-distance running. The original findings reported herein confirm our hypothesis and support 1) The relevance of the use of the foot (external rotation and eversion produced by peroneus muscles) to determine fibula geometry (improved development of indicators of bone mass and design) as evidenced by the increasing nature of the effects induced by running < soccer < rugby trainings; 2) The predominance of those effects on the ability of the fibula to resist lateral bending in the centralproximal region (insertion of peroneus muscles), and to resist buckling in the distal region (the main cause and site of the most frequent bone fractures), and 3) The interaction of the effects of a previous training with those of a subsequent training with a different orientation of the loads when the former induced a modeling-dependent expansion of the cortex. Our results support the proposed hypothesis with original arguments by showing that a first, expansive effect induced on cortical bone modeling would set the stage the manifestation of any subsequent effect derived from mechanical stimuli. (AU)

Artroscopia y fibulectomía parcial simultánea en pacientes con gonartrosis y deformidad en varo / Simultaneous arthroscopc and partial fibulectomy in patients with knee osteoarthritis and varus knee

RESUMEN Fundamento: la gonartrosis es una enfermedad frecuente relacionada con el incremento de la calidad y expectativa de vida de la población, en la evolución de este padecimiento existen factores que aceleran sus manifestaciones entre ellos la deformidad en varo. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados de la técnica quirúrgica combinada de artroscopia, fibulectomía parcial y proximal en pacientes con gonartrosis y deformidad en varo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio cuasi experimental modalidad antes y después sin grupo de control en 25 pacientes con el diagnóstico de gonartrosis primaria asociada a deformidad en varo, en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia Camagüey desde abril 2016 a agosto de 2019. La investigación tiene un nivel de evidencia II recomendación B. Resultados: predominio del sexo femenino al masculino con una razón de 2,12 a 1. La enfermedad intrarticular más frecuente fue la lesión de meniscos y cartílagos grados III/IV. Se encontró significación entre un antes y después al aplicar las escalas evaluativas. El procedimiento artroscópico más empleado fue la meniscectomía. Conclusiones: la realización simultanea de artroscopia y fibulectomía parcial proximal es una técnica efectiva y sencilla con un mínimo de complicaciones, permite corregir la deformidad angular de la extremidad, al mismo tiempo de tratar lesiones intrarticulares, en especial las de menisco y cartílago.

ABSTRACT Background: gonarthrosis is a frequent entity related to the increase in the quality and life expectancy of the population, in the evolution of this disease there are factors that accelerate its manifestations including varus deformity. Objective: to evaluate the results of the combined surgical technique of arthroscopy, partial and proximal fibulectomy in patients with gonarthrosis and varus deformity. Methods: a quasi-experimental study was performed before and after without a control group in 25 patients with the diagnosis of primary gonarthrosis associated with varus deformity, at the Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital in the city of Camagüey from April 2016 to August 2019. The investigation has a level of evidence II recommendation B. Results: female prevailed to male sex with a ratio of 2.12 to 1. The most common intra-articular entity was the meniscus lesion and cartilage grades III/IV. Significance was found between a before and after applying the evaluation scales. The most commonly used arthroscopic procedure was meniscectomy. Conclusions: the simultaneous performance of arthroscopy and proximal partial fibulectomy is an effective and simple technique with a minimum of complications, it allows correcting the angular deformity of the limb, while treating intra-articular lesions, especially those of meniscus and cartilage.