Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p 0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p 0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Efficacy of acidified phytase supplemented cottonseed meal based diets on growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings / Eficácia de dietas à base de algodão com fitase acidificada suplementada no desempenho do crescimento e na composição proximada de dedos de Labeo rohita

Abstract The growth of aquaculture sector is strongly dependent upon the continuous supply of inexpensive fish feed with balanced nutritional profile. However, fish meal (FM) is unable to satisfy this demand due to its scarce supply and high cost. In order to test the potential of cottonseed meal (CSM) as a fish meal replacer, a feeding trial of 12 weeks was conducted to check growth performance and proximate composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. The protein ration of the test feed was satisfied by replacing FM with CSM at 0, 25, 50 and 75%. Sixteen test diets viz., TD1 (control), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 and TD16 were supplemented with citric acid (CA; 0 and 2.5%) and phytase (PHY; 0 and 750 FTU/kg) in a completely randomized design with 3×3 factorial arrangement. The highest weight gain (11.03g), weight gain% (249.21%), specific growth rate (1.39) and best feed conversion ratio (1.20) were recorded by fish fed with TD12. Furthermore, the same level increased the crude protein (59.26%) and fat (16.04%) being significantly different (p<0.05) than that of control. Conclusively, the addition of acidified phytase (CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg) in TD12 (CSM=50%) led to the improved growth and proximate composition of L. rohita fingerlings.

Resumo O crescimento do setor de aquicultura é fortemente dependente do fornecimento contínuo de rações baratas para peixes com perfil nutricional equilibrado. Porém, a farinha de peixe (FM) não consegue atender a essa demanda devido à sua escassa oferta e alto custo. Com o objetivo de testar o potencial da farinha de semente de canola (MSC) como substituto da farinha de peixe, um ensaio alimentar de 12 semanas foi conduzido para verificar o desempenho de crescimento e a composição centesimal de alevinos de Labeo rohita. A ração de proteína da ração teste foi satisfeita substituindo FM por CSM em 0, 25, 50 e 75%. Dezesseis dietas de teste, viz., TD1 (controle), TD2, TD3, TD4, TD5, TD6, TD7, TD8, TD9, TD10, TD11, TD12, TD13, TD14, TD15 e TD16 foram suplementadas com ácido cítrico (CA; 0 e 2,5%) e fitase (PHY; 0 e 750 FTU / kg) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 3 × 3. O maior ganho de peso (11,03g), % de ganho de peso (249,21%), taxa de crescimento específico (1,39) e melhor taxa de conversão alimentar (1,20) foram registrados por peixes alimentados com TD12. Além disso, o mesmo nível aumentou a proteína bruta (59,26%) e a gordura (16,04%), sendo significativamente diferente (p <0,05) do controle. Conclusivamente, a adição de fitase acidificada (CA; 2,5%, PHY; 750 FTU / kg) em TD12 (CSM = 50%) levou a um melhor crescimento e composição próxima de alevinos de L. rohita.

Growth of the Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on Organic-Waste Residues and Its Application as Supplementary Diet for Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae).

The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (BSF, Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is an insect with high protein value and a potential feed agent for animals aimed for human consumption. The growth parameters of BSF larvae reared on four substrates-restaurant-waste, fruit-waste, fish-waste, and commercial tilapia food-for 41 days before processing for inclusion into Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae, Nile tilapia) commercial fry diets at 30% (70:30) were determined. On fly larvae, the food substrate based on restaurant waste yielded the greatest larval weight and length. BSF larvae fed a fish-waste diet showed the shortest developmental time. The fruit-waste diet induced the lowest weight and length in the fly larvae/pre-pupae (immature stage). The pre-pupal protein values were similar to commercial food. On fry-fish, the diets with pre-pupae grown on fish waste showed the greatest yields regarding weight (biomass), length, and nutritional content. These results suggest the BSF has the potential to be used in fish feed and provides an alternative for commercial cultivation.

Effect of replacing fish meal in fish diet with shrimp by-product meal on growth performance, feed utilization, length-weight relationship and condition factors of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) / Efecto de reemplazar la harina de pescado en la dieta de pescado por harina de subproducto de camarón sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, la utilización del alimento, la relación longitud-peso y los factores de condición de la tilapia del Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

SUMMARY: The present work aimed to study the effect of replacing fish meal (FM) in the fish diet with shrimp by-product meal (SBM) on the growth performance parameters of the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. A total of 200 specimens of monosex O. niloticus fries were obtained from a private fish farm at Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. They were transported to the fish laboratory at the Animal House of Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University. After two weeks for acclimation, the fish were divided into 5 groups, 2 replicates for each group (20 fish in each replicate). The five experimental diets were: C: control group with20 % fish meal (FM) and 0 % shrimp by-product meal (SM); T1, T2, T3, and T4 FM was replaced with SBM as 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %, respectively. Results indicated that the highest final length, growth in length, length gain, daily length gain and other growth performance parameters including the relationship between length and weight and condition factors of O. niloticus were recorded in T4 group (fed diet in which fish meal was completely replaced with shrimp by-product meal); while, their lowest values were recorded in control group. On the other hand, feed utilization parameters (feed intake, food conversion ratio, the maximum values of feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio) were recorded in T4 group and the minimum values were recorded in T3 group (fed diet in which 75 % of fish meal was replaced with shrimp by-product meal).

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el efecto de sustituir la harina de pescado (HP) en la dieta del pescado por harina de subproductos de camarón (HSC) sobre los parámetros de rendimiento de crecimiento de la Tilapia del Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus. Se obtuvieron un total de 200 especímenes de monosexo de O. niloticus de una piscifactoría privada en la gobernación de Kafr El-Sheikh. Fueron transportados al laboratorio de peces en el Departamento de Zoología de la Facultad de Ciencias, de la Universidad Al-Azhar. Después de dos semanas de aclimatación, los peces se dividieron en 5 grupos: Se realizaron dos repeticiones para cada grupo (20 peces en cada repetición). Las cinco dietas experimentales fueron: C: grupo control con 20 % de harina de pescado (HP) y 0 % de harina de subproductos de camarón (HSC); T1, T2, T3 y T4 FM se reemplazó con HSC con 25 %, 50 %, 75 % y 100 %, respectivamente. Los resultados indicaron que la longitud final más alta, el crecimiento en longitud, la ganancia de longitud, la ganancia de longitud diaria y otros parámetros de rendimiento del crecimiento, como además la relación entre la longitud y el peso, y los factores de condición de O. niloticus, se registraron en el grupo T4 (con una dieta reemplazada con harina de subproducto de camarón); mientras que, sus valores más bajos se registraron en el grupo control. Por otro lado, los parámetros de utilización del alimento (ingesta de alimento, índice de conversión de alimento, los valores máximos de índice de eficiencia alimenticia e índice de eficiencia proteica) se registraron en el grupo T4 y los valores mínimos se registraron en el grupo T3 (alimentación con dieta en la que el 75 % de la harina de pescado fue reemplazada por harina de subproductos de camarón).

Optimal Levels of Fish Meal and Methionine in Diets for Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei to Support Maximum Growth Performance with Economic Efficiency.

This work investigated the optimal levels of fish meal (FML) and dietary methionine (Met) required for maximum growth performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei with economic efficiency. Four sets of diets were prepared to contain 0.00, 6.00, 12.00 and 18.00% FML. Each set was supplemented with DL-methionyl-DL-methionine (DL-Met-Met) to result in a total dietary Met (Met + Cys) content of 0.58 (1.05), 0.69 (1.16), and 0.82% (1.29%), on a fed basis. Shrimp of 1.00 ± 0.08 g were stocked in 60 outdoor tanks of 1 m3 with 100 shrimp/m2, allowing five replications per dietary group. Shrimp in all the groups were fed 10 times daily for 70 days. In a subsequent trial, dietary protein and amino acid digestibility of four FML groups, but only at high dietary Met levels (~0.82%), were evaluated in 40 60 L indoor tanks (11 replicates per diet) for 93 days with 70 shrimp/m2. Final shrimp survival (92.85 ± 4.82%, mean ± standard deviation), weekly weight gain (1.17 ± 0.08 g), apparent feed intake (13.3 ± 0.5 g of feed per stocked shrimp), and feed conversion ratio (1.18 ± 0.06) were unaffected by dietary FML level and Met content. Gained yield was adversely affected when FML was reduced from 18 and 12% (1156 and 1167 g/m2, respectively) to 0 (1090 g/m2), but no change was observed at 6% (1121 g/m2). A significant interaction was detected between FML level and dietary Met. Under 0 and 6% FML conditions, higher levels of total dietary Met, 0.69 and 0.82%, respectively, were required to maximize shrimp BW. In comparison, at 12 and 18% FML, a dietary Met content of only 0.58% was sufficient. Overall, results indicated the use of FML can be minimized or completely eliminated without major detrimental effects on feed digestibility or shrimp growth performance, as long as proper supplementation of Met is carried out. Diets with 0 FML or with only 6% delivered the highest profit and return on investment compared to diets with higher levels.

Energy and nutrient digestibility from mulberry (Morus alba) leaf meal for Nile tilapia

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients and digestible values of crude protein, ethereal extract, gross energy and dry matter of mulberry leaf meal (MLM) (Morus albaL.) as Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed. A total of 135 Nile tilapia juveniles were used, and the indirect methodology (Cr2O3) was applied for digestibility determinations.Mulberry leave meal presented good apparent digestible coefficients of protein, ethereal extract and energy with respective values of 0.94, 0.58 and 0.39. The mulberry leave meal thus comprises adequate digestible protein and digestible energy values, similar or better than other leafy foods, presenting potential for inclusion in Nile tilapia diets.(AU)

Effects of chemical silage of red tilapia viscera (Oreochromis spp.) as a source of protein on the productive and hematological parameters in isa-brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

This paper evaluates the inclusion of chemical silage from viscera of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in diets of Isa-Brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and its influence on productive variables and hematological parameters. A total of 56, 16-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into two groups (one per diet), which in turn were subdivided into 7 replicates of 4 birds each. All test groups were fed for 16 weeks. During this period, the evaluation of the productive variables was carried out, and at the end, random blood samples were taken from 3 birds per diet. The results indicated that the inclusion of chemical silage from red tilapia viscera with a proportion of 17.18% dry matter, does not present statistically significant differences in the productive variables which were evaluated (p > 0.05) with respect to the control. Moreover, the chemical silage did not modify the hematological parameters and blood the chemistry in the hens. This allowed us to conclude that silage can be used as a substitute for conventional protein raw materials such as fishmeal and soybean meal in the preparation of diets for laying hens, without altering their productive performance.

Validation of in situ disappearance curves utilizing mathematical models for incubating fish meal and cottonseed meal / Validação de curvas de desaparecimento in situ utilizando modelos matemáticos para incubação de farinha de peixe e farelo de algodão

Four mathematical models were used to describe the ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of fish meal and cottonseed meal. Results of DM degradability particularity showed that all the models fitted well (R2 > 0.95), however, considering that values below 0 or above 100 are not biologically justified in ruminal degradability, they are not acceptable. The models I and II were accepted to ruminal DM degradability of fish meal and cottonseed meal data. Only models I and II were successfully fitted to CP degradability of fish meal (R2 > 0.96), and the I, II and III models were acceptable to ruminal CP degradability of cottonseed meal (R2 > 0.98). In terms of effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP, model II generated higher values than other models. To appreciate fully the role of mathematical modelling in the biological sciences, it is necessary to consider the nature of feeds that evaluated and to review the types of models that may be constructed.(AU)

Quatro modelos matemáticos foram utilizados para descrever o desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB) da farinha de peixe e farelo de algodão. Os resultados da particularidade da degradabilidade da MS mostraram que todos os modelos se ajustaram bem (R2 > 0,95), no entanto, considerando que valores abaixo de 0 ou acima de 100 não são biologicamente justificados na degradabilidade ruminal, eles não são aceitáveis. Os modelos I e II foram aceitos para a degradabilidade ruminal da MS da farinha de peixe e e o farelo de algodão. Apenas os modelos I e II foram adaptados com sucesso à degradabilidade de PB da farinha de peixe (R2 > 0,96), e os modelos I, II e III foram aceitáveis para a degradabilidade ruminal da PB do farelo de algodão (R2 > 0,98). Em termos de degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS e da PB, o modelo II gerou valores mais altos que os demais. Para apreciar plenamente o papel da modelagem matemática nas ciências biológicas, é necessário considerara natureza dos alimentos que foram avaliados e revisar os tipos de modelos que podem ser construídos.(AU)

Validation of in situ disappearance curves utilizing mathematical models for incubating fish meal and cottonseed meal / Validação de curvas de desaparecimento in situ utilizando modelos matemáticos para incubação de farinha de peixe e farelo de algodão

Four mathematical models were used to describe the ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of fish meal and cottonseed meal. Results of DM degradability particularity showed that all the models fitted well (R2 > 0.95), however, considering that values below 0 or above 100 are not biologically justified in ruminal degradability, they are not acceptable. The models I and II were accepted to ruminal DM degradability of fish meal and cottonseed meal data. Only models I and II were successfully fitted to CP degradability of fish meal (R2 > 0.96), and the I, II and III models were acceptable to ruminal CP degradability of cottonseed meal (R2 > 0.98). In terms of effective degradability (ED) of DM and CP, model II generated higher values than other models. To appreciate fully the role of mathematical modelling in the biological sciences, it is necessary to consider the nature of feeds that evaluated and to review the types of models that may be constructed.

Quatro modelos matemáticos foram utilizados para descrever o desaparecimento ruminal da matéria seca (MS) e proteína bruta (PB) da farinha de peixe e farelo de algodão. Os resultados da particularidade da degradabilidade da MS mostraram que todos os modelos se ajustaram bem (R2 > 0,95), no entanto, considerando que valores abaixo de 0 ou acima de 100 não são biologicamente justificados na degradabilidade ruminal, eles não são aceitáveis. Os modelos I e II foram aceitos para a degradabilidade ruminal da MS da farinha de peixe e e o farelo de algodão. Apenas os modelos I e II foram adaptados com sucesso à degradabilidade de PB da farinha de peixe (R2 > 0,96), e os modelos I, II e III foram aceitáveis para a degradabilidade ruminal da PB do farelo de algodão (R2 > 0,98). Em termos de degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS e da PB, o modelo II gerou valores mais altos que os demais. Para apreciar plenamente o papel da modelagem matemática nas ciências biológicas, é necessário considerara natureza dos alimentos que foram avaliados e revisar os tipos de modelos que podem ser construídos.

Partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase in terms of digestibility of feed, nitrogen balance, growth performance and blood parameters. METHODS: Experiment I involved 24 crossbred entire male pigs with an initial body weight of 18.28 ± 0.7 kg, and used a randomized complete block design consisting of three treatments (Fish Meal - FM, Soybean Protein Concentrate - SPC, and Soybean Meal - SM) and eight replicates, with one pig per experimental unit. Experiment II involved 1843 crossbred male and female pigs with an initial body weight of 6.79 ± 0.90 kg, and was based on a completely randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (two sexes and three protein sources) and 13 replicates. RESULTS: The results of Experiment I indicate a significant effect (p &lt;0.05) of the treatment on digestible protein (FM: 17.84%; SPC: 16.72% and SM: 18.13%) and on total nitrogen excretion (TNE, g/kg BW0.75/day) in which pigs fed with SM-based feed had TNE values that were 5.36% and 3.72% higher than SPC and FM, respectively. In the Experiment II, there was difference (p &lt;0.01) between sexes in the starter phase and total period in daily feed intake (DFI) values, which were higher in females, and between the protein sources in DFI, final weight and daily weight gain, which were higher in piglets fed with SPC. For urea in both phases and glucose in the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (p &lt;0.05) between protein sources and between sexes, in starter phase in urea levels (females: 57.11 mg/dL and males: 50.60 mg/dL). CONCLUSION: The use of feed only at basis of SM influences larger TNE (g/kg BW0.75/day), promotes a reduction in the growth performance of piglets and increases plasma urea levels in pre-starter II.

Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosain kefir and fish meal.

The aim of this study was to increase rhamnolipid production by formulating media using kefir and fish meal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different environmental resources. The strains, named as H1, SY1, and ST1, capable of rhamnolipid production were isolated from soil contaminated with wastes originating from olive and fish oil factories. Additionally, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 strain, which is known as rhamnolipid producer, was included in the study. Initially, rhamnolipid production by the strains was determined in Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) and then in media prepared by using kefir and fish meal. The obtained rhamnolipids were purified and quantified according to Dubois et al. (1956). The quantity of rhamnolipids of ATCC, H1 and SY1 strains in kefir media were determined as 11.7 g/L, 10.8 g/L and 3.2 g/L, respectively, and in fish meal media as 12.3 g/L, 9.3 g/L and 10.3 g/L, respectively. In addition, effect of UV light exposure on rhamnolipid production was also investigated but contrary a decrease was observed. The results indicate that P. aeruginosa strains isolated from various environmental resources used in this study can be important due to their rhamnolipid yield, and fish meal, which is obtained from waste of fish, can be an alternative source in low cost rhamnolipid production.

Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosain kefir and fish meal

The aim of this study was to increase rhamnolipid production by formulating media using kefir and fish meal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different environmental resources. The strains, named as H1, SY1, and ST1, capable of rhamnolipid production were isolated from soil contaminated with wastes originating from olive and fish oil factories. Additionally, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 strain, which is known as rhamnolipid producer, was included in the study. Initially, rhamnolipid production by the strains was determined in Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) and then in media prepared by using kefir and fish meal. The obtained rhamnolipids were purified and quantified according to Dubois et al. (1956). The quantity of rhamnolipids of ATCC, H1 and SY1 strains in kefir media were determined as 11.7 g/L, 10.8 g/L and 3.2 g/L, respectively, and in fish meal media as 12.3 g/L, 9.3 g/L and 10.3 g/L, respectively. In addition, effect of UV light exposure on rhamnolipid production was also investigated but contrary a decrease was observed. The results indicate that P. aeruginosa strains isolated from various environmental resources used in this study can be important due to their rhamnolipid yield, and fish meal, which is obtained from waste of fish, can be an alternative source in low cost rhamnolipid production.

Biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in kefir and fish meal

The aim of this study was to increase rhamnolipid production by formulating media using kefir and fish meal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different environmental resources. The strains, named as H1, SY1, and ST1, capable of rhamnolipid production were isolated from soil contaminated with wastes originating from olive and fish oil factories. Additionally, P. aeruginosa ATCC 9027 strain, which is known as rhamnolipid producer, was included in the study. Initially, rhamnolipid production by the strains was determined in Mineral Salt Medium (MSM) and then in media prepared by using kefir and fish meal. The obtained rhamnolipids were purified and quantified according to Dubois et al. (1956). The quantity of rhamnolipids of ATCC, H1 and SY1 strains in kefir media were determined as 11.7 g/L, 10.8 g/L and 3.2 g/L, respectively, and in fish meal media as 12.3 g/L, 9.3 g/L and 10.3 g/L, respectively. In addition, effect of UV light exposure on rhamnolipid production was also investigated but contrary a decrease was observed. The results indicate that P. aeruginosa strains isolated from various environmental resources used in this study can be important due to their rhamnolipid yield, and fish meal, which is obtained from waste of fish, can be an alternative source in low cost rhamnolipid production..(AU)

Public Health Perspectives on Aquaculture.

Nearly half of all seafood consumed globally comes from aquaculture, a method of food production that has expanded rapidly in recent years. Increasing seafood consumption has been proposed as part of a strategy to combat the current non-communicable disease (NCD) pandemic, but public health, environmental, social, and production challenges related to certain types of aquaculture production must be addressed. Resolving these complicated human health and ecologic trade-offs requires systems thinking and collaboration across many fields; the One Health concept is an integrative approach that brings veterinary and human health experts together to combat zoonotic disease. We propose applying and expanding the One Health approach to facilitate collaboration among stakeholders focused on increasing consumption of seafood and expanding aquaculture production, using methods that minimize risks to public health, animal health, and ecology. This expanded application of One Health may also have relevance to other complex systems with similar trade-offs.

Diferentes níveis de incorporação de farinha de resíduos de jundiás (Rhamdiaquelen) cultivados na dieta / Different levels of jundiá waste meal in the diet

O estudo foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Piscicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com duração de oito semanas, de abril a junho de 2011. O objetivo foi definir o melhor nível de incorporação do resíduo de peixes na alimentação de juvenis de jundiá, em sistema de recirculação d'água, utilizando-se 450 alevinos de jundiás, com peso médio inicial de 7,2±0,27g. Foram testadas cinco diferentes dietas, em três repetições, com níveis diferentes (0; 3,75; 7,5; 15; e 30 por cento) de incorporação de farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras (FCJCV). As dietas continham, aproximadamente, 37 por cento de PB e 3200kcal de EM/kg de dieta. Foram coletados dados de ganho em peso diário, sobrevivência, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, rendimento de carcaça, taxa de eficiência proteica e deposição de proteína e lipídio corporal. O maior ganho de peso foi para o nível 30 por cento de inclusão de FCJCV, com peso final de 45,47g e ganho em peso diário de 0,68g/dia. A dieta com nível de 30% de inclusão de FCJCV apresentou melhores valores para taxa de crescimento específico (3,34 por cento/dia), conversão alimentar aparente (1,05: 1), biomassa final 1.105,45g, deposição proteica corporal (64,9mg/dia), taxa de eficiência proteica (1,9) e coeficiente de retenção proteica (1,96 por cento). Concluiu-se que a utilização de farinha de resíduos de processamento de jundiá no nível de 30% de inclusão na dieta foi a que apresentou maior eficiência no desenvolvimento de juvenis de jundiá...

The study was carried out at the Fish Farming Laboratory of the Animal Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, during 8 weeks, from April to June 2011. The objective of this study was to define the best level of incorporation of waste in food fish of juvenile Jundiá in water recirculation system using 450 fingerlings of jundiá with initial average weight of 7.2±0.27g. We tested 5 different diets in three repetitions with different levels of incorporation of carcasse jundiá with viscera meal (FCJCV) (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 percent). The diets contained 37 percent CP and 3200kcal/kg of ME. Data were collected from daily weight gain, survival, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion, carcass yield, protein efficiency ratio and deposition of body protein and lipid. The weight gain was greater with the inclusion of 30 percent FCJCV with final weight of 45.47g and daily weight gain of 0.68g/day. The diet with inclusion of 30 percent FCJCV showed better values for specific growth rate (3.34 percent/day), feed conversion ratio (1.05: 1), final biomass (1105.45g), body protein deposition (64.9mg/day), protein efficiency ratio (1.9) and protein retention coefficient (1.96 percent). In conclusion, the use of processing waste meal of jundiá in the level of 30 percent in the diet showed the highest efficiency in the development of juvenile jundiá...

Diferentes níveis de incorporação de farinha de resíduos de jundiás (Rhamdiaquelen) cultivados na dieta / Different levels of jundiá waste meal in the diet

O estudo foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Piscicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com duração de oito semanas, de abril a junho de 2011. O objetivo foi definir o melhor nível de incorporação do resíduo de peixes na alimentação de juvenis de jundiá, em sistema de recirculação d'água, utilizando-se 450 alevinos de jundiás, com peso médio inicial de 7,2±0,27g. Foram testadas cinco diferentes dietas, em três repetições, com níveis diferentes (0; 3,75; 7,5; 15; e 30 por cento) de incorporação de farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras (FCJCV). As dietas continham, aproximadamente, 37 por cento de PB e 3200kcal de EM/kg de dieta. Foram coletados dados de ganho em peso diário, sobrevivência, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, conversão alimentar aparente, rendimento de carcaça, taxa de eficiência proteica e deposição de proteína e lipídio corporal. O maior ganho de peso foi para o nível 30 por cento de inclusão de FCJCV, com peso final de 45,47g e ganho em peso diário de 0,68g/dia. A dieta com nível de 30% de inclusão de FCJCV apresentou melhores valores para taxa de crescimento específico (3,34 por cento/dia), conversão alimentar aparente (1,05: 1), biomassa final 1.105,45g, deposição proteica corporal (64,9mg/dia), taxa de eficiência proteica (1,9) e coeficiente de retenção proteica (1,96 por cento). Concluiu-se que a utilização de farinha de resíduos de processamento de jundiá no nível de 30% de inclusão na dieta foi a que apresentou maior eficiência no desenvolvimento de juvenis de jundiá.(AU)

The study was carried out at the Fish Farming Laboratory of the Animal Science Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, during 8 weeks, from April to June 2011. The objective of this study was to define the best level of incorporation of waste in food fish of juvenile Jundiá in water recirculation system using 450 fingerlings of jundiá with initial average weight of 7.2±0.27g. We tested 5 different diets in three repetitions with different levels of incorporation of carcasse jundiá with viscera meal (FCJCV) (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30 percent). The diets contained 37 percent CP and 3200kcal/kg of ME. Data were collected from daily weight gain, survival, condition factor, specific growth rate, feed conversion, carcass yield, protein efficiency ratio and deposition of body protein and lipid. The weight gain was greater with the inclusion of 30 percent FCJCV with final weight of 45.47g and daily weight gain of 0.68g/day. The diet with inclusion of 30 percent FCJCV showed better values for specific growth rate (3.34 percent/day), feed conversion ratio (1.05: 1), final biomass (1105.45g), body protein deposition (64.9mg/day), protein efficiency ratio (1.9) and protein retention coefficient (1.96 percent). In conclusion, the use of processing waste meal of jundiá in the level of 30 percent in the diet showed the highest efficiency in the development of juvenile jundiá.(AU)

Incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de Jundiá na dieta: bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos / Addition of Jundiá waste meal in diet: plasmatic biochemistry, hepatic and digestive parameters

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da adição de farinha de resíduos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de exemplares desta espécie sobre a bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos. No experimento I (EXP I), compararam-se dietas com 30% de farinha de carne e ossos suína (FCO), farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras (FCJCV), farinha de carcaça de jundiá sem vísceras (FCJSV) e farinha de jundiás inteiros (FJI). No experimento II (EXP II), níveis de inclusão de FCJCV foram testados (0; 3,75; 7,5; 15 e 30%). No plasma, foram quantificadas proteínas totais circulantes, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose, albumina e aminoácidos. No fígado, analisou-se glicose, amônia, proteínas totais, glicogênio, aminoácidos e transaminases. No estômago, foi determinada a atividade de protease ácida e, no intestino, tripsina e quimotripsina. No EXP I, foram observados menores níveis de glicose no plasma e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) no fígado, para o tratamento FCJSV, e maiores índices destes para FCO. A atividade da protease ácida e da quimotripsina foram menores para a FCO e maior para a FCJCV. No EXP II, os índices de aminoácidos livres e colesterol total no plasma aumentaram com a elevação dos níveis de inclusão da FCJCV na dieta. A incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de jundiá à dieta altera a bioquímica plasmática, os parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos dos juvenis de jundiá, porém essas alterações não influenciaram na saúde dos peixes, demonstrando sua qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso em dietas para peixes.

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the addition of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) waste meal in the diet of this species, on plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters. Experiment I (EXP I) compared diets with 30% of meat and swine bones (FCO), Jundiá carcass meal with viscera (FCJCV), Jundiá carcass meal without viscera (FCJSV) and full Jundiá meal (FJI). In experiment II (EXP II), different FCJCV levels were tested (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30%). Total circulating proteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin and amino acids were quantified in plasma. Glucose, ammonia, total protein, glycogen, amino acids and transaminases were analyzed in the liver. The acid protease activity was determined in the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity were established in the intestine. EXP I, found a lower glucose concentration in plasma and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the liver for FCJSV treatment and higher levels of these parameters for FCO treatment. The activity of acid protease and chymotrypsin were lower for FCO and higher for FCJCV. In EXP II, rates of free amino acids and total cholesterol in plasma increased with increasing levels FCJCV dietary. The incorporation of Jundiá waste meal diet modified plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters of Jundiá juveniles, but these changes did not influence the fish health, demonstrating its nutritional quality and efficiency in fish diet.

Incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de Jundiá na dieta: bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the addition of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) waste meal in the diet of this species, on plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters. Experiment I (EXP I) compared diets with 30% of meat and swine bones (FCO), Jundiá carcass meal with viscera (FCJCV), Jundiá carcass meal without viscera (FCJSV) and full Jundiá meal (FJI). In experiment II (EXP II), different FCJCV levels were tested (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30%). Total circulating proteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin and amino acids were quantified in plasma. Glucose, ammonia, total protein, glycogen, amino acids and transaminases were analyzed in the liver. The acid protease activity was determined in the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity were established in the intestine. EXP I, found a lower glucose concentration in plasma and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the liver for FCJSV treatment and higher levels of these parameters for FCO treatment. The activity of acid protease and chymotrypsin were lower for FCO and higher for FCJCV. In EXP II, rates of free amino acids and total cholesterol in plasma increased with increasing levels FCJCV dietary. The incorporation of Jundiá waste meal diet modified plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters of Jundiá juveniles, but these changes did not influence the fish health, demonstrating its nutritional quality and efficiency in fish diet.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da adição de farinha de resíduos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de exemplares desta espécie sobre a bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos. No experimento I (EXP I), compararam-se dietas com 30% de farinha de carne e ossos suína (FCO), farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras (FCJCV), farinha de carcaça de jundiá sem vísceras (FCJSV) e farinha de jundiás inteiros (FJI). No experimento II (EXP II), níveis de inclusão de FCJCV foram testados (0; 3,75; 7,5; 15 e 30%). No plasma, foram quantificadas proteínas totais circulantes, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose, albumina e aminoácidos. No fígado, analisou-se glicose, amônia, proteínas totais, glicogênio, aminoácidos e transaminases. No estômago, foi determinada a atividade de protease ácida e, no intestino, tripsina e quimotripsina. No EXP I, foram observados menores níveis de glicose no plasma e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) no fígado, para o tratamento FCJSV, e maiores índices destes para FCO. A atividade da protease ácida e da quimotripsina foram menores para a FCO e maior para a FCJCV. No EXP II, os índices de aminoácidos livres e colesterol total no plasma aumentaram com a elevação dos níveis de inclusão da FCJCV na dieta. A incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de jundiá à dieta altera a bioquímica plasmática, os parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos dos juvenis de jundiá, porém essas alterações não influenciaram na saúde dos peixes, demonstrando sua qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso em dietas para peixes.

Incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de Jundiá na dieta: bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the addition of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) waste meal in the diet of this species, on plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters. Experiment I (EXP I) compared diets with 30% of meat and swine bones (FCO), Jundiá carcass meal with viscera (FCJCV), Jundiá carcass meal without viscera (FCJSV) and full Jundiá meal (FJI). In experiment II (EXP II), different FCJCV levels were tested (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30%). Total circulating proteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin and amino acids were quantified in plasma. Glucose, ammonia, total protein, glycogen, amino acids and transaminases were analyzed in the liver. The acid protease activity was determined in the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity were established in the intestine. EXP I, found a lower glucose concentration in plasma and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the liver for FCJSV treatment and higher levels of these parameters for FCO treatment. The activity of acid protease and chymotrypsin were lower for FCO and higher for FCJCV. In EXP II, rates of free amino acids and total cholesterol in plasma increased with increasing levels FCJCV dietary. The incorporation of Jundiá waste meal diet modified plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters of Jundiá juveniles, but these changes did not influence the fish health, demonstrating its nutritional quality and efficiency in fish diet.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da adição de farinha de resíduos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de exemplares desta espécie sobre a bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos. No experimento I (EXP I), compararam-se dietas com 30% de farinha de carne e ossos suína (FCO), farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras (FCJCV), farinha de carcaça de jundiá sem vísceras (FCJSV) e farinha de jundiás inteiros (FJI). No experimento II (EXP II), níveis de inclusão de FCJCV foram testados (0; 3,75; 7,5; 15 e 30%). No plasma, foram quantificadas proteínas totais circulantes, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose, albumina e aminoácidos. No fígado, analisou-se glicose, amônia, proteínas totais, glicogênio, aminoácidos e transaminases. No estômago, foi determinada a atividade de protease ácida e, no intestino, tripsina e quimotripsina. No EXP I, foram observados menores níveis de glicose no plasma e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) no fígado, para o tratamento FCJSV, e maiores índices destes para FCO. A atividade da protease ácida e da quimotripsina foram menores para a FCO e maior para a FCJCV. No EXP II, os índices de aminoácidos livres e colesterol total no plasma aumentaram com a elevação dos níveis de inclusão da FCJCV na dieta. A incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de jundiá à dieta altera a bioquímica plasmática, os parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos dos juvenis de jundiá, porém essas alterações não influenciaram na saúde dos peixes, demonstrando sua qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso em dietas para peixes.

Incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de Jundiá na dieta: bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the addition of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) waste meal in the diet of this species, on plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters. Experiment I (EXP I) compared diets with 30% of meat and swine bones (FCO), Jundiá carcass meal with viscera (FCJCV), Jundiá carcass meal without viscera (FCJSV) and full Jundiá meal (FJI). In experiment II (EXP II), different FCJCV levels were tested (0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30%). Total circulating proteins, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, albumin and amino acids were quantified in plasma. Glucose, ammonia, total protein, glycogen, amino acids and transaminases were analyzed in the liver. The acid protease activity was determined in the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity were established in the intestine. EXP I, found a lower glucose concentration in plasma and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the liver for FCJSV treatment and higher levels of these parameters for FCO treatment. The activity of acid protease and chymotrypsin were lower for FCO and higher for FCJCV. In EXP II, rates of free amino acids and total cholesterol in plasma increased with increasing levels FCJCV dietary. The incorporation of Jundiá waste meal diet modified plasmatic biochemistry, liver and digestive parameters of Jundiá juveniles, but these changes did not influence the fish health, demonstrating its nutritional quality and efficiency in fish diet.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência da adição de farinha de resíduos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) na dieta de exemplares desta espécie sobre a bioquímica plasmática, parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos. No experimento I (EXP I), compararam-se dietas com 30% de farinha de carne e ossos suína (FCO), farinha de carcaça de jundiás com vísceras (FCJCV), farinha de carcaça de jundiá sem vísceras (FCJSV) e farinha de jundiás inteiros (FJI). No experimento II (EXP II), níveis de inclusão de FCJCV foram testados (0; 3,75; 7,5; 15 e 30%). No plasma, foram quantificadas proteínas totais circulantes, colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose, albumina e aminoácidos. No fígado, analisou-se glicose, amônia, proteínas totais, glicogênio, aminoácidos e transaminases. No estômago, foi determinada a atividade de protease ácida e, no intestino, tripsina e quimotripsina. No EXP I, foram observados menores níveis de glicose no plasma e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) no fígado, para o tratamento FCJSV, e maiores índices destes para FCO. A atividade da protease ácida e da quimotripsina foram menores para a FCO e maior para a FCJCV. No EXP II, os índices de aminoácidos livres e colesterol total no plasma aumentaram com a elevação dos níveis de inclusão da FCJCV na dieta. A incorporação de farinhas de resíduos de jundiá à dieta altera a bioquímica plasmática, os parâmetros hepáticos e digestivos dos juvenis de jundiá, porém essas alterações não influenciaram na saúde dos peixes, demonstrando sua qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso em dietas para peixes.