Bacterial communities and signatures in the stomach and intestine of juvenile P enaeus (litopenaeus) vannamei shrimp affected by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease.

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis (AHPND) is a severe bacterial disease affecting farmed shrimp. Although various pathogenic bacteria associated with AHPND-affected shrimp have been described, little is known about the bacterial signatures in the stomachs and intestines when the disease occurs naturally. In this study, we characterized the microbiome of P. vannamei by high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Shrimp samples were collected from a commercial farm and divided into two groups: healthy and affected by AHPND, confirmed by PCR. Stomach and intestine samples were subjected to microbiome analysis targeting the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PERMANOVA analysis revealed a significant disparity in the bacterial diversity between the stomach and intestine microbiomes of these two health conditions. Our results suggest that the significant abundance of Vibrio brasiliensis and V. sinaloensis in the intestines of affected shrimp plays a role in AHPND infection. This imbalance could be mitigated by the presence of Pseudoalteromonas, Gilvimarinus, and other members of the phylum Pseudomonadota such as Cellvibrionaceae, Psychromonadaceae, and Halieaceae, which showed significant abundance in healthy intestines. This study highlights the significance of the microbial community in the differentiation of specific microbial signatures in different organs of P. vannamei. These findings offer a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics within the shrimp microbiome under these conditions, enriching our view of AHPND progression and paving the way toward future identification of probiotics tailored for more efficient management of this disease.

The impact of intestinal microbiota imbalance on the development of obesity / O impacto do desequilíbrio da microbiota intestinal no desenvolvimento da obesidade

Objective: review current databases to identify the impacts of intestinal dysbiosis on obesity, as well as serve as a pillar for carrying out preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Methodology: this is an integrative review carried out from the collection of data obtained from the SciELO, PubMed, VHL, and LILACS platforms using the descriptors "dysbiosis", "obesity" and "gastrointestinal microbiome"; Inclusion criteria were: articles published in the last five years (from 2017 to 2022), original articles, meta-analyses, and observational studies (clinical trials and cohort study) and written in Portuguese, English, or Spanish. Results: Western diet and use of sweeteners cause anthropometric changes, blood pressure, glucose intolerance, among others, in addition to leading to the prevalence of deleterious bacteria in the body, culminating in obesity and diabetes mellitus; on the other hand, a diet rich in fiber and administration of probiotics can generate beneficial changes in the diversity of the intestinal flora, in addition to combating the inflammatory state generated by obesity (AU).

Objetivo: revisar as bases de dados atuais para identificar os impactos da disbiose intestinal na obesidade, bem como servir de pilar para realização de medidas preventivas, diagnósticas e terapêuticas. Metodologia: trata-se de revisão integrativa realizada a partir de coleta de dados obtidos nas plataformas SciELO, PuBMed, BVS e LILACS usando os descritores "dysbiosis", "obesity" and "gastrointestinal microbiome"; os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos publicados nos últimos cinco anos (de 2017 a 2022), artigos originais, metanálises e estudos observacionais (ensaios clínicos e estudo de coorte) e escritos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: dieta ocidental e uso de adoçante provocam alterações antropométricas, de pressão arterial, intolerância à glicose, entre outras, além de levar à prevalência de bactérias deletérias ao organismo, culminando em obesidade e diabetes mellitus; em contrapartida, dieta rica em fibras e administração de probióticos podem gerar mudanças benéficas na diversidade da flora intestinal, ademais combatem o estado inflamatório gerado pela obesidade (AU).

Qual é a influência da microbiota na obesidade e em seu quadro inflamatório? / What is the influence of microbiota on obesity and its inflammatory involvement?

A obesidade tem causa multifatorial que atinge atualmente mais da metade da população brasileira. Mais recentemente, a microbiota intestinal foi considerada um fator que contribui para essa condição. Os objetivos deste estudo foram revisar a influência da microbiota intestinal na obesidade e no processo inflamatório, e analisar os efeitos da utilização dos pré e probióticos. Foi realizada revisão sistemática sobre o assunto. Dos mais de 27.000 artigos, apenas 16 respeitaram os critérios de inclusão. Em conclusão, o desequilíbrio da microbiota aparece como fator favorável ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do quadro inflamatório decorrente dela. Tanto o uso de prebióticos quanto probióticos são recursos válidos no tratamento da obesidade, porém os primeiros parecem proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida.

Obesity has a multifactorial etiological condition that involves more than half of the Brazilian population. More recently, the intestinal microbiota was considered a factor that contributes to this condition. The aims of this study were to review the intestinal microbiota influence in the obesity and in the inflammatory response, and to analyze the effects of using prebiotic and probiotic medications. A systematic review was firstly done. More than 27,000 articles were found, but only 16 contained the proper criteria. In conclusion, the microbiota imbalance seems to increase the obesity development and its inflammatory aspects. Both the use of pre and probiotics are good options in the obesity treatment, though the first ones seem to enhance bettere quality of life.

Updating changes in human gut microbial communities associated with Clostridioides difficile infection.

Clostridioides difficile is the causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, a worldwide public health problem. Different factors can promote the progression of C. difficile infection (CDI), mainly altered intestinal microbiota composition. Microbial species belonging to different domains (i.e., bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and even viruses) are synergistically and antagonistically associated with CDI. This review was aimed at updating changes regarding CDI-related human microbiota composition using recent data and an integral approach that included the different microorganism domains. The three domains of life contribute to intestinal microbiota homeostasis at different levels in which relationships among microorganisms could explain the wide range of clinical manifestations. A holistic understanding of intestinal ecosystem functioning will facilitate identifying new predictive factors for infection and developing better treatment and new diagnostic tools, thereby reducing this disease's morbidity and mortality.

Detection of Serum Antibodies and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Response to Escherichia coli Antigens in Humans

Abstract Among the microorganisms that make up the intestinal microbiota, stands out Escherichia coli, which has as main ecological niche, the large human intestine. Its importance stands out in being part of the pioneer's commensal microorganisms on the colonization of the intestinal mucosa and its pathogenic role causing extra and intra intestinal diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibody production and proliferative response of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) to E. coli antigens. The bacteria were grown on Brain Heart Infusion broth medium at 35 ºC for 72 hours. Pellet bacteria were lysed for one hour at room temperature with an 8M sodium guanidine solution. After spin and dialysis, the protein antigens were measured in the supernatant by protein assay. The antigens were characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the antigenic profile by western blotting. The presence of specific IgG and IgA antibodies were evaluated using thirty normal human sera by an indirect ELISA. The response of PBMC to E. coli antigens was assessed by MTT metabolization. The results demonstrated that the antigens were composed of proteins of different sizes and they were recognized by antibodies present in normal human serum. Human sera presented high titers of IgG and IgA antibodies to E. coli antigens when compared to the results of lipopolysaccharide. We also showed that total E. coli antigens induced PBMC proliferation at different antigen concentrations. Taken together the results suggest that the antigens from E. coli can induce local and systemic immune responses.

Estudio observacional de la microbiota intestinal aeróbica / Observational study of the aerobic gut microbiota

El ecosistema microbiano asociado al intestino es el más diverso y complejo, en el ser humano cambia durante las diferentes etapas de la vida. La pérdida del equilibrio de este ecosistema intestinal se conoce como disbiosis. Establecer la posible relación entre la disbiosis aeróbica con diversas enfermedades de interés clínico encontradas. Se estudiaron 377 casos de disbiosis con diferentes patologías como trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, alergias, intolerancia alimentaria, entre otras; y un grupo control de 497 personas aparentemente sanas. Para el análisis de la información se utilizaron las pruebas de T de Student y regresión logística multinominal, ajustadas a un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Hubo variabilidad en el crecimiento de la microbiota benéfica del grupo de casos de disbiosis respecto al grupo control (p<0,001). La microbiota transitoria causante de disbiosis estuvo conformada principalmente por cocos grampositivos: Streptococcus grupo viridans, Enterococcus faecium y Enterococcus gallinarum; bacilos gramnegativos: Klebsiella pneumoniae, complejo Enterobacter cloacae y Klebsiella oxytoca y especies de Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis y complejo Candida parapsilosis. La población más susceptible con disbiosis fueron niños con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 6 años. Los TEA y la intolerancia alimentaria estuvieron asociados significativamente con la disbiosis (p<0,05)

The microbial ecosystem associated with the intestine is the most diverse and complex in the human being, since it changes during the different stages of life. Losing balance of this intestinal ecosystem is known as dysbiosis. To establish the possible relationship between aerobic dysbiosis and diseases of clinical interest found. Three hundred and seventy-seven (377) cases of dysbiosis with different pathologies such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), inflammatory bowel disease, allergies, food intolerance, among others; and a control group of 497 apparently healthy people, were studied. For the analysis of the information, multinomial logistic regression and Student's t tests were used, adjusted to a 95% confidence interval. The growth of beneficial microbiota showed variability in the dysbiosis case group compared to the control group (p <0.001). The transient microbiota causing dysbiosis was mainly made up of gram-positive cocci: Streptococcus viridans group, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus gallinarum; gram-negative bacilli: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis complex species. The most susceptible population with dysbiosis was children aged between 2 and 6 years. The ASD and food intolerance were significantly associated with dysbiosis (p <0.05)

Food safety knowledge on the Bt mutant protein Cry8Ka5 employed in the development of coleopteran-resistant transgenic cotton plants.

Insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been exploited in the development of genetically modified (GM) crops for pest control. However, several pests are still difficult to control such as the coleopteran boll weevil Anthonomus grandis. By applying in vitro molecular evolution to the cry8Ka1 gene sequence, variants were generated with improved activity against A. grandis. Among them, Cry8Ka5 mutant protein showed coleoptericidal activity 3-fold higher (LC50 2.83 µg/mL) than that of the original protein (Cry8Ka1). Cry8Ka5 has been used in breeding programs in order to obtain coleopteran-resistant cotton plants. Nevertheless, there is some concern in relation to the food safety of transgenic crops, especially to the heterologously expressed proteins. In this context, our research group has performed risk assessment studies on Cry8Ka5, using the tests recommended by Codex as well as tests that we proposed as alternative and/or complementary approaches. Our results on the risk analysis of Cry8Ka5 taken together with those of other Cry proteins, point out that there is a high degree of certainty on their food safety. It is reasonable to emphasize that most safety studies on Cry proteins have essentially used the Codex approach. However, other methodologies would potentially provide additional information such as studies on the effects of Cry proteins and derived peptides on the indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota and on intestinal epithelial cells of humans. Additionally, emerging technologies such as toxicogenomics potentially will offer sensitive alternatives for some current approaches or methods.