Gender Division of Housework and Intimate Partner Violence Among Mothers of Toddlers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the 2019 Rio Grande (Brazil) Birth Cohort.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, we evaluated the association between gender division of housework and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in a population-based cohort of mothers. We collected data on psychological, physical, and sexual IPV using an adapted version of the World Health Organization Violence Against Women instrument and division of housework using a validated questionnaire. We used logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios. We found that in mothers who reported an unequal gender division of housework (higher load), the odds of suffering psychological, physical, or sexual IPV were higher during the first and second years of the pandemic.

Homens cuidadores informais de idosos dependentes no Brasil / Hombres cuidadores informales de ancianos dependientes en Brasil / Men as informal caregivers of dependent older adults in Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as motivações e as implicações do cuidado de familiares idosos dependentes realizado por homens. Com base em pesquisa qualitativa realizada entre julho e dezembro de 2018 em seis cidades nas cinco regiões brasileiras, foram entrevistados 11 homens que desempenham a tarefa de cuidadores informais. Eles assumiram essa tarefa em razão de as mulheres estarem exaustas e adoecidas, assim como por reciprocidade afetiva e marital. Os filhos manifestaram desconforto na administração de cuidados pessoais aos pais, enquanto os cônjuges apresentaram dificuldades com atividades domésticas. Os cuidadores solitários estavam cansados, com dores, privação do sono, sintomas depressivos e solidão. O suporte prestado por familiares e cuidadores formais mostrou-se valioso para amenizar o sofrimento dos cuidadores que relutavam em pedir ajuda. Há necessidade de os profissionais de saúde estarem atentos aos prestadores de cuidados informais aos familiares.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender las motivaciones y las implicaciones del cuidado de familiares ancianos dependientes realizado por hombres. A partir de una investigación cualitativa realizada entre julio y diciembre de 2018 en seis ciudades en las cinco regiones brasileñas, se entrevistaron 11 hombres que desempeñan la tarea de cuidadores informales. Los hombres asumieron esta tarea porque las mujeres estaban exhaustas y enfermas y por reciprocidad afectiva y marital. Los hijos manifestaron incomodidad en la administración de cuidados personales a los padres, mientras que los cónyuges presentaron dificultades con actividades domésticas. Los cuidadores solitarios estaban cansados, con dolores, privación de sueño, síntomas depresivos y soledad. El soporte prestado por familiares y cuidadores formales se mostró valioso para disminuir el sufrimiento de los cuidadores que titubeaban en pedir ayuda. Existe la necesidad de que los profesionales de salud estén atentos a los prestadores de cuidados informales a los familiares.(AU)

The objective of study was to understand the motivations and implications of care given by men for dependent elderly family members. Qualitative research happened between July and December 2018 in six cities in the five Brazilian regions, interviewing 11 men who perform tasks as informal caregivers. The men assumed this task because the women's exhaustion and sickness, added to affective and marital reciprocity. Their sons expressed discomfort in taking personal care of their parents, while the spouses had difficulties with domestic activities. Lonely caregivers were tired, in pain, sleep deprived, experiencing depressive symptoms and loneliness. Support provided by family members and formal caregivers proved to be valuable in alleviating the suffering of caregivers who were reluctant to ask for help. Health professionals are called to pay attention to informal care providers for family members.(AU)

Profile of female users of prescribed psychotropics in a prison unit in minas gerais / Perfil de las mujeres usuarias de psicotrópicos recetados en una unidad penitenciaria de minas gerais / Perfil das mulheres usuárias de psicotrópicos prescritos em uma unidade prisional de minas gerais

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the profile of women who use prescribed psychotropic drugs in a female prison unit. Method: this is a quantitative, exploratory, descriptive cross-sectional study developed with the population of a female penitentiary complex in the state of Minas Gerais. The total population admitted to the institution during the collection period was 363 people deprived of liberty and all were included in the analysis. Data were collected between August and December 2022 from the institutional database and were analyzed according to statistical tests (descriptive statistics and dispersion measures, Mann-Whitney test and Chi-squared test). Results: the sample was composed of young women of African descent, with a low education level, mothers and who did not receive visitors. Approximately 70% (n=250) used some prescribed psychotropic drug. The most frequent psychiatric diagnoses were anxiety disorders, followed by mood disorders. Women who used prescribed psychotropic drugs had a higher median length of incarceration. There was a significant association between the use of psychotropic drugs and chronic diseases. Conclusion: the identified profile reaffirms the effects of existing differences regarding gender. Even with the increase in public policies aimed at women, their specificities are often disregarded. Regarding the use of psychotropic drugs, it is suggested that the high rate corresponds to the conditions generated by incarceration.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el perfil de las mujeres consumidoras de psicofármacos prescritos en una unidad penitenciaria femenina. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo, de carácter transversal, desarrollado con la población de un complejo penitenciario femenino del estado de Minas Gerais. La población total ingresada en la institución durante el período de recolección fue de 363 personas privadas de libertad y todas fueron incluidas en el análisis. Los datos fueron recolectados entre agosto y diciembre de 2022, de la base de datos institucional y analizados según pruebas estadísticas (estadística descriptiva y medidas de dispersión, prueba de Mann-Whitney y prueba de Chi-cuadrado). Resultados: La muestra estuvo conformada por mujeres jóvenes, afrodescendientes, con bajo nivel educativo, madres y que no recibieron visitas. Aproximadamente el 70% (n=250) consumía algún psicofármaco prescrito. Los diagnósticos psiquiátricos más frecuentes fueron los trastornos de ansiedad, seguidos de los trastornos del estado de ánimo. Las mujeres que consumían psicofármacos recetados tenían una mediana de duración de encarcelamiento mayor. Hubo una asociación significativa entre el uso de psicofármacos y enfermedades crónicas. Conclusión: el perfil identificado reafirma los efectos de las diferencias existentes en cuanto al género. Incluso con el aumento de las políticas públicas dirigidas a las mujeres, a menudo se ignoran sus especificidades. En cuanto al uso de psicofármacos, se sugiere que la alta tasa corresponde a las condiciones generadas por el encarcelamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil das mulheres usuárias de psicotrópicos prescritos em uma unidade prisional feminina. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo, de caráter transversal, desenvolvido com a população de um complexo penitenciário feminino do estado de Minas Gerais. A população total admitida na instituição no período de coleta era de 363 privadas de liberdade e todas foram incluídas na análise. Os dados foram coletados entre agosto e dezembro de 2022, a partir do banco de dados institucional e foram analisados de acordo com testes estatísticos (estatística descritiva e medidas de dispersão, teste de Mann-Whitney e teste Qui-quadrado). Resultados: a amostra foi composta por mulheres jovens, afrodescendentes, com baixo nível de escolaridade, mães e que não recebiam visitas. Aproximadamente, 70% (n=250) usavam algum psicotrópico prescrito. Os diagnósticos psiquiátricos mais frequentes foram os transtornos ansiosos, seguidos pelos de humor. As mulheres que utilizavam psicotrópicos prescritos apresentaram uma mediana maior em relação ao tempo de reclusão. Houve associação significativa entre o uso de psicotrópicos e doenças crônicas. Conclusão: O perfil identificado reafirma os efeitos das diferenças existentes no que tange ao assunto gênero. Mesmo com o aumento de políticas públicas destinadas às mulheres, as suas especificidades, muitas vezes, são desconsideradas. Quanto ao uso de psicotrópicos, sugere-se que a alta taxa corresponde às condições geradas pelo encarceramento.

Gênero e violência nos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais entre adolescentes / Gender and violence in affective-sexual relationships among adolescents

O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender as relações entre gênero e violência nos relacionamentos afetivo-sexuais de adolescentes. Para tanto, foram realizados grupos focais com 29 adolescentes, estudantes do 9o ano do ensino fundamental e EJA de três escolas públicas de uma cidade no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os participantes tinham entre 13 e 17 anos de idade. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à Análise Temática Reflexiva, o que possibilitou a elaboração de dois temas. No primeiro, a violência apresentou-se como ferramenta para a construção das masculinidades. A violência física ocupa um lugar central no imaginário desses jovens, sendo uma via de descarga para agressividade, bem como uma prática sujeita a sanções legais. No segundo tema, a violência evidenciou-se como um dispositivo de coerção e amedrontamento das meninas adolescentes. Foi possível observar que as situações de violência são onipresentes nas vivências das adolescentes, sendo mais intensas no contexto dos relacionamentos e após o término. Conclui-se que a violência é um importante marcador das desigualdades de gênero nos relacionamentos entre adolescentes, colocando as meninas adolescentes em situação de desvantagem em relação aos meninos.

The aim of this study was to understand the relationship between gender and violence in adolescents' affective-sexual relationships. Focal groups were carried out with 29 adolescents, students of the 9th year of elementary school and EJA from three public schools in a city in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The participants were between 13 and 17 years old. The collected data were submitted to Reflexive Thematic Analysis, which allowed the elaboration of two themes. In the first theme, violence was a tool for the construction of masculinities. Physical violence particularly occupies a central place in the imagination of these adolescents, being a way of discharge for aggression, as well as a practice subject to legal sanctions. In the second theme, violence was a tool of coercion and intimidation of adolescent girls. It was possible to observe that situations of violence are omnipresent in the experiences of adolescents, being more intense in the context of relationships and after the breakup. We conclude that violence is an important marker of gender inequalities in relationships between adolescents, placing adolescent girls at a disadvantage compared to boys.

Measures of women's empowerment based on individual-level data: a literature review with a focus on the methodological approaches.

Background: Quantifying women's empowerment has become the focus of attention of many international organizations and scholars. We aimed to describe quantitative indicators of women's empowerment that are based on individual-level data. Methods: In this scoping review, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google, and Google Scholar for publications describing the operationalization of measures of women's empowerment. Results: We identified 36 studies published since 2004, half of them since 2019, and most from low- and middle-income countries. Twelve studies were based on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and used 56 different variables from the questionnaires (ranging from one to 25 per study) to measure the overall empowerment of women 15-49 years. One study focused on rural women, two included married and unmarried women, and one analyzed the couple's responses. Factor analysis and principal component analysis were the most common approaches used. Among the 24 studies based on other surveys, ten analyzed overall empowerment, while the others addressed sexual and reproductive health (4 studies), agriculture (3) and livestock (1), water and sanitation (2), nutrition (2), agency (1), and psychological empowerment (1). These measures were mainly based on data from single countries and factor analysis was the most frequently analytical method used. We observed a diversity of indicator definitions and domains and a lack of consensus in terms of what the proposed indicators measure. Conclusion: The proposed women's empowerment indicators represent an advance in the field of gender and development monitoring. However, the empowerment definitions used vary widely in concept and in the domains/dimensions considered, which, in turn influence or are influenced by the adopted methodologies. It remains a challenge to find a balance between the need for a measure suitable for comparisons across populations and over time and the incorporation of country-specific elements.

Idealização da maternidade e herança psíquica: reflexões no contemporáneo / Idealization of motherhood and psychic heritage: reflections in the contemporary / Idealización de la maternidad y herencia psíquica: reflexiones en lo contemporáneo

Considerando as transformações na maternidade ao longo da história e a atual crise identitária na relação da mulher com a maternidade, ou seja, o conflito entre os ideais de maternidade relacionados à figura da mulher/mãe e as demandas contemporâneas de realização individual no trabalho, realizou-se este estudo transversal, exploratório-descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, cujo objetivo consistia em descrever e analisar, a partir da psicanálise de casal e família, a experiência de mães que abandonaram da carreira profissional para a dedicação exclusiva à maternidade. Foram entrevistadas oito mulheres de classe média, entre 30 e 50 anos, que eram mães e abandonaram suas carreiras profissionais para se dedicarem à maternidade. As entrevistas que compuseram os resultados foram transcritas e as análises de conteúdo temática apontaram as múltiplas exigências, tanto sociais, quanto relacionadas à herança psíquica, que trazem implicações para a construção identitária dessas mulheres. Concluímos que um processo de elaboração dessa herança exige uma rede vincular de apoio e pressupõe a desidealização da maternidade, entendendo-a como plural, tanto no sentido de ser múltipla e diversa, quanto no sentido de ser uma construção vincular.

Noticing the history transformations in motherhood, and the current identity crisis in the woman's relationship between femininity and maternity, that is, the conflict between the ideas of motherhood related to the figure of the woman/mother and the contemporary demands of individual realization at work, this exploratory-descriptive, cross-sectional, study of a qualitative approach was carried out, whose objective was to describe and analyze, from the perspective of psychoanalysis of the linking configurations, the experience of mothers who abandoned the professional career for the exclusive dedication to motherhood. Eight middle-class women, aged between 30 and 50, who were mothers and abandoned their professional careers to dedicate themselves to motherhood-retirar, were interviewed. The interviews that composed the results were transcribed, and thematic content analyses pointed out the multiple demands, both social and related to psychic heritage, which have implications for the identity construction of these women. We conclude that an elaboration of this heritage requires a link network of support and presupposes the non-idealization of motherhood, understanding it as plural, both in the sense of being multiple and diverse, and in the sense of being a bonding construction.

Considerando los cambios en la maternidad a lo largo de la historia y la actual crisis de identidad en la relación de la mujer con la maternidad, es decir, el conflicto entre los ideales de maternidad relacionados con la figura de la mujer/madre y las demandas contemporáneas de realización individual en el trabajo, se realizó este estudio transversal, exploratorio-descriptivo de abordaje cualitativo, cuyo objetivo consistía en describir y analizar, a partir del psicoanálisis de las configuraciones vincular, la experiencia de madres que abandonaron de la carrera profesional para la dedicación exclusiva a la maternidad. Fueron entrevistadas ocho mujeres de clase media, entre 30 y 50 años. que eran madres y abandonaron sus carreras profesionales para dedicarse a la maternidad-retirar. Las entrevistas que compusieron los resultados fueron transcritas y los análisis de contenido temático señalaron las múltiples exigencias, tanto sociales, como relacionadas a la herencia psíquica, que traen implicaciones para la construcción identitaria de esas mujeres. Concluimos que un proceso de elaboración de esa herencia exige una red vincular de apoyo y presupone la desidealización de la maternidad, entendiéndola como plural, tanto en el sentido de ser múltiple y diversa, como en el sentido de ser una construcción vincular.

Executive function performance in middle-aged adults.

Executive functions have been widely studied in the extreme of ages, but studies in middle-aged adults remain largely neglected. Education and gender are known to influence cognitive performance; however, their effect on executive function in middle-aged adults remains unclear. Objective: The study aimed to observe the effect of hierarchy of educational qualifications (graduate, postgraduate, and PhD) and gender on various executive function tests across middle-aged adults with or without comorbidity. Methods: A total of 66 middle-aged individuals volunteered for the study (mean age=48.45±5.45 years; 20 graduates, 28 postgraduates, and 18 PhD; 36 males and 30 females; 38 healthy adults and 28 adults with comorbidities). Each subject performed a test assessing short-term memory, spatial working memory, and multitasking abilities on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery with rest periods in no specific order of tests. Key parameters of cognitive tests were analyzed for differences in educational qualifications (ANOVA), gender (t-test), and the effect of comorbidity as a covariate (ANCOVA). Results: PhDs performed significantly better (p<0.05) in multitasking than graduates and had superior visuospatial working memory (fewer errors). Differences in simultaneous matching abilities, lower incongruence cost and multitasking cost were statistically significant in healthy females than in males. Conclusion: On considering adults with comorbidity, those with higher educational attainment retained the ability to multitask compared to their healthy counterparts, which was not seen in the group with lower educational attainment. Thus, higher educational attainment attenuated the influence of comorbidities and deterioration of executive functions in general in middle-aged adults.

As funções executivas têm sido amplamente estudadas no extremo das idades, mas os estudos na meia-idade permanecem amplamente negligenciados. Educação e gênero são conhecidos por influenciar o desempenho cognitivo, no entanto, seu efeito na função executiva em adultos de meia-idade ainda não está claro. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo observar o efeito da hierarquia de qualificações educacionais (graduação, pós-graduação e doutorado) e gênero em vários testes de função executiva em adultos de meia-idade com ou sem comorbidade. Métodos: Sessenta e seis indivíduos de meia idade se voluntariaram para participar do estudo (idade média=48,45±5,45 anos, 20 graduados, 28 pós-graduados e 18 doutores; 36 homens e 30 mulheres; 38 saudáveis e 28 adultos com comorbidades). Cada sujeito realizou um teste avaliando memória de curto prazo, memória de trabalho espacial e habilidades multitarefa na Bateria Automatizada de Testes Neuropsicológicos de Cambridge (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery ­ CANTAB) com períodos de descanso em nenhuma ordem específica de testes. Os principais parâmetros dos testes cognitivos foram analisados quanto às diferenças nas qualificações educacionais (ANOVA), sexo (teste t) e efeito da comorbidade como uma covariável (ANCOVA). Resultados: Os doutores tiveram desempenho significativamente melhor (p<0,05) em multitarefa do que os graduados e tiveram memória de trabalho visual-espacial superior (menos erros). As diferenças nas habilidades de correspondência simultânea, menor custo de incongruência e custo de multitarefa foram estatisticamente significativas em mulheres saudáveis do que em homens. Conclusão: Ao considerar os adultos com comorbidade, aqueles com maior escolaridade mantiveram a capacidade de multitarefa como seus pares saudáveis, o que não foi observado no grupo com menor escolaridade. Assim, maior escolaridade atenuou a influência de comorbidades e deterioração das funções executivas em geral, em adultos de meia-idade.

Diferencias en los niveles de sexismo en estudiantes de educación física según variables sociodemográficas / Differences in the levels of sexism in physical education students according to sociodemographic variables / Diferenças nos níveis de sexismo em estudantes de educação física segundo variáveis sociodemográficas

El sexismo es el conjunto de creencias y características que son socialmente consideradas apropiadas para hombres y mujeres, en el caso de los varones, actividades asociadas a la fuerza, virilidad, entre otras características, mientras que a las damas se ligan actividades como la belleza, expresión corporal, entre otras. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las diferencias en el sexismo en los estudiantes en formación de pedagogía en educación física de una Universidad de Santiago de Chile según diversas variables sociodemográficas. Para ello se aplicó el Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) a 201 participantes. Los resultados evidenciaron bajos niveles de sexismo, los niveles de sexismo hostil y benevolente disminuyen conforme avanza la carrera y que los hombres puntúan más alto que las mujeres los dos tipos de sexismo. Se concluye que el sexo, año de carrera, orientación sexual y las creencias religiosas influyen en los niveles de sexismo de los estudiantes de Educación Física.

Sexism is the set of beliefs and characteristics that are socially considered appropriate for men and women, in the case of men, activities associated with strength, and virility, among other features, while the ladies are related to activities such as beauty and body expression, among others. The objective of the present research was to analyze the differences in sexism among the students in pedagogy training in physical education at the University of Santiago de Chile according to various sociodemographic variables. The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) was applied to 201 participants. The results showed low levels of sexism, the levels of hostile and benevolent sexism decrease as the career progresses, and that men score higher than women in the two types of sexism. It is concluded that sex, career year, sexual orientation, and religious beliefs influence the sexism levels of physical education students.

Sexismo é o conjunto de crenças e características que são socialmente consideradas apropriadas para homens e mulheres, no caso dos homens, atividades associadas à força, virilidade, entre outras características, enquanto as mulheres estão ligadas a atividades como beleza, expressão corporal, entre outras. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar as diferenças no sexismo nos estudantes em formação de pedagogia em educação física de uma Universidade de Santiago do Chile segundo diversas variáveis sociodemográficas. Para este fim, o Inventário do Sexismo Ambivalente (ISA) foi aplicado a 201 participantes. Os resultados mostraram baixos níveis de sexismo, com níveis de sexismo hostil e benevolente diminuindo à medida que o curso avançava, e que os homens pontuavam mais alto que as mulheres em ambos os tipos de sexismo. Conclui-se que gênero, ano de estudo, orientação sexual e crenças religiosas influenciam os níveis de sexismo dos estudantes de Educação Física.

Violencias huérfanas contra las mujeres en relaciones de pareja transitorias de estudiantes en universidades colombianas

La violencia en relaciones transitorias y de noviazgo puede considerarse una violencia huérfana en Colombia por su falta de reconocimiento y protección jurídica. El objetivo de esta investigación cualitativa fue analizar la violencia en las relaciones de pareja, incluyendo noviazgo y otras relaciones equiparables a éste, en Colombia. Se empleó la teoría fundamentada. La información se recopiló mediante ocho grupos focales con 63 estudiantes de universidades en las ciudades de Medellín, Quibdó, Pereira y Cali. Con frecuencia establecen relaciones transitorias de pareja donde existen diferentes formas de violencia naturalizadas, que requieren medidas legislativas específicas para su protección.

Dating violence in Colombia, can be considered an orphan violence because it lacks right to justice due it does not occur within the family, or in stable couples. The objective of this qualitative research was to analyze violence in intimate partner relationships, by including dating and other temporary relationships comparable to dating, in Colombia. Grounded theory was used. Information was collected through eight focus groups with 63 university students in the following cities: Medellin, Quibdó, Pereira, and Cali. They frequently establish transitory relationships where different forms of violence against women, that are naturalized and require specific legislative measures for their prevention and protection.

Examining the correlation between sexual and reproductive health stigmatization level and gender perception: a case of a university in Turkey - a descriptive cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND Stigmatization, which emerges depending on the sexual behavior of young individuals, leads to negative health and social outcomes, such as shame, social marginalization, violence, and mental health morbidity. Objective: This study aimed to examine the correlation between the level of sexual and reproductive health stigma and gender perception in female university students. DESIGN AND SETTING: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences of a university in Turkey. METHODS: The data of this study were collected from digital media between July and October 2020 from a study population of 385 students. The data were collected using the Personal Information Form, including the socio-demographic characteristics of students, the Sexual and Reproductive Health Stigmatization Scale in Young Women and the Perception of Gender Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation test were used to assess the data. RESULTS: It was determined that there was a negative correlation between the Sexual and Reproductive Health Stigmatization Scale in Young Women and the Perception of Gender Scale (r = -0.173, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: It was determined that as the gender perception in the young women who participated in the study increased, the sexual and reproductive health stigmatization level decreased. The sexual and reproductive health stigmatization levels of the participants were at an above average level, and gender perception was at a medium level.

Executive function performance in middle-aged adults / Desempenho da função executiva em adultos de meia-idade

ABSTRACT. Executive functions have been widely studied in the extreme of ages, but studies in middle-aged adults remain largely neglected. Education and gender are known to influence cognitive performance; however, their effect on executive function in middle-aged adults remains unclear. Objective: The study aimed to observe the effect of hierarchy of educational qualifications (graduate, postgraduate, and PhD) and gender on various executive function tests across middle-aged adults with or without comorbidity. Methods: A total of 66 middle-aged individuals volunteered for the study (mean age=48.45±5.45 years; 20 graduates, 28 postgraduates, and 18 PhD; 36 males and 30 females; 38 healthy adults and 28 adults with comorbidities). Each subject performed a test assessing short-term memory, spatial working memory, and multitasking abilities on the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery with rest periods in no specific order of tests. Key parameters of cognitive tests were analyzed for differences in educational qualifications (ANOVA), gender (t-test), and the effect of comorbidity as a covariate (ANCOVA). Results: PhDs performed significantly better (p<0.05) in multitasking than graduates and had superior visuospatial working memory (fewer errors). Differences in simultaneous matching abilities, lower incongruence cost and multitasking cost were statistically significant in healthy females than in males. Conclusion: On considering adults with comorbidity, those with higher educational attainment retained the ability to multitask compared to their healthy counterparts, which was not seen in the group with lower educational attainment. Thus, higher educational attainment attenuated the influence of comorbidities and deterioration of executive functions in general in middle-aged adults.

RESUMO. As funções executivas têm sido amplamente estudadas no extremo das idades, mas os estudos na meia-idade permanecem amplamente negligenciados. Educação e gênero são conhecidos por influenciar o desempenho cognitivo, no entanto, seu efeito na função executiva em adultos de meia-idade ainda não está claro. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo observar o efeito da hierarquia de qualificações educacionais (graduação, pós-graduação e doutorado) e gênero em vários testes de função executiva em adultos de meia-idade com ou sem comorbidade. Métodos: Sessenta e seis indivíduos de meia idade se voluntariaram para participar do estudo (idade média=48,45±5,45 anos, 20 graduados, 28 pós-graduados e 18 doutores; 36 homens e 30 mulheres; 38 saudáveis e 28 adultos com comorbidades). Cada sujeito realizou um teste avaliando memória de curto prazo, memória de trabalho espacial e habilidades multitarefa na Bateria Automatizada de Testes Neuropsicológicos de Cambridge (Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery — CANTAB) com períodos de descanso em nenhuma ordem específica de testes. Os principais parâmetros dos testes cognitivos foram analisados quanto às diferenças nas qualificações educacionais (ANOVA), sexo (teste t) e efeito da comorbidade como uma covariável (ANCOVA). Resultados: Os doutores tiveram desempenho significativamente melhor (p<0,05) em multitarefa do que os graduados e tiveram memória de trabalho visual-espacial superior (menos erros). As diferenças nas habilidades de correspondência simultânea, menor custo de incongruência e custo de multitarefa foram estatisticamente significativas em mulheres saudáveis do que em homens. Conclusão: Ao considerar os adultos com comorbidade, aqueles com maior escolaridade mantiveram a capacidade de multitarefa como seus pares saudáveis, o que não foi observado no grupo com menor escolaridade. Assim, maior escolaridade atenuou a influência de comorbidades e deterioração das funções executivas em geral, em adultos de meia-idade.

La importancia del enfoque de género en la construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales / The importance of a gender focus in building resilient, equitable, and universal health systems / A importância da abordagem de gênero no desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais

RESUMEN La pandemia de la enfermedad por el coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, por su sigla en inglés) demostró la necesidad de reforzar el enfoque de género desde una perspectiva integradora y multisectorial para el abordaje de las problemáticas en salud. Este artículo busca destacar la importancia de incorporar y fortalecer el enfoque de género en las políticas de construcción de sistemas de salud resilientes, equitativos y universales. Con este objetivo, se aborda el papel de las mujeres en el sector de salud desde dos ámbitos. El primero da cuenta de las condiciones de acceso de las mujeres a los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas, donde resalta la necesidad de superar los obstáculos que impiden la realización plena de su derecho a la salud. El segundo plantea el papel preponderante de las mujeres en el mercado laboral del sector de salud, y la necesidad de aumentar su liderazgo en la toma de decisiones del sector. Por último, se hace un llamado para avanzar en la implementación de recomendaciones para fortalecer el enfoque de género y el papel de las mujeres en las políticas y los sistemas de salud.

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the need to strengthen the focus on gender from an integrative and multisectoral perspective to address health care problems. This article seeks to highlight the importance of incorporating and strengthening the gender focus in policies for building resilient, equitable, and universal health care systems. With this objective in mind, the role of women in the health sector is addressed from two directions. The first examines women's conditions of access to health systems in the Region of the Americas and highlights the need to overcome the obstacles that prevent the full realization of their right to health care. The second discusses the preponderant role of women in the health labor market, and the need to expand their leadership in decision-making in the sector. Finally, an appeal is made for progress in the implementation of recommendations to strengthen the focus on gender and the role of women in health policies and systems.

RESUMO A pandemia da doença do coronavírus de 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrou a necessidade de fortalecer a abordagem de gênero a partir de uma perspectiva integradora e multissetorial ao tratar das questões de saúde. Este artigo procura ressaltar a importância de incorporar e fortalecer a abordagem de gênero nas políticas para o desenvolvimento de sistemas de saúde resilientes, equitativos e universais. Com esse objetivo, este trabalho aborda o papel das mulheres no setor da saúde a partir de duas perspectivas. A primeira está ligada às condições de acesso das mulheres aos sistemas de saúde na Região das Américas, destacando a necessidade de superar os obstáculos que impedem o pleno exercício de seu direito à saúde. A segunda destaca o papel proeminente das mulheres no mercado de trabalho do setor da saúde e a necessidade de aumentar o seu papel de liderança na tomada de decisões no setor. Por fim, é feito um apelo para avançar com a implementação de recomendações destinadas a fortalecer a abordagem de gênero e o papel das mulheres nas políticas e sistemas de saúde.

Role of Female Research at the Asociacion Mexicana de Cirugia General Annual Meeting: A Retrospective Analysis From 2013 to 2019.

Background: Academic surgery has been a traditionally male-dominated field. Female contribution remains challenging. In Mexico, there is no published evidence regarding gender disparity in academic surgery. We aimed to analyze the female role in clinical research submitted to the Asociación Mexicana de Cirugía General (AMCG). Methods: Retrospective study evaluating abstracts submitted to AMCG annual meetings from 2013 to 2019. Categorical variables were compared using χ2 test. Univariate logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) followed by a log-binomial logistic regression model to obtain the adjusted relative risk (aRR) for acceptance as an oral presentation. Results: Overall, 7,439 abstracts were analyzed of which 24.2% were submitted by females. Female-submitted abstracts increased from 22.5% to 25.3% during 2013-2019 (p = 0.15). The proportion of 47 abstracts submitted by females was higher in the resident group (27.7% vs. 18.8%; p < 0.001). The percentage of females' abstracts selected for oral presentation was less than the percentage of males' 49 abstracts selected for presentation (9% vs. 11.5%; p = 0.002). Females' abstracts submitted have a 50 23.5% decreased chance of being selected for oral presentation (OR = 0.765, CI 95%, 0.639-0.917, 51 p = 0.003). However, after adjusting for research type and trainee status, the gender of the oral 52 presenting author showed no association (aRR = 0.95, CI 95%, 0.8-1.1, p = 0.56). Conclusion: In Mexico, the female role in academic surgery is still limited. These results should 55 encourage professors and program directors to identify and address factors contributing to gender 56 disparities.

[Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on self-perceived health in Chile by gender]. / Impacto del confinamiento por la COVID-19 en la salud autopercibida en Chile según género.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the social factors associated with self-perceived health during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Chilean resident population according to gender perspective. METHOD: Cross-sectional study conducted during the COVID-19 lockdown between May 17 and August 17, 2020 with an online survey. Self-perceived health was analysed in the population aged 18 years or older in relation to social variables. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess the association between independent variables with self-perceived health, through adjusted odds ratio (aOR). Analyses were stratified by sex (M: men; W: women). RESULTS: 5981 persons were analysed (women: 63.9%). 29.6% of women and 19.2% of men reported poor self-perceived health. In women it worsens with increasing age. Worse self-perceived health was mainly associated with lack of social support (ORa M: 2.05; ORa W: 2.34), concern about living together at home (ORa M: 1.66; ORa W: 1.38), perceived inadequate housing conditions (ORa M: 1.89; ORa W: 2.63), and disagreement with government measures (ORa M: 2.80; ORa W: 1.82). In women, it was also associated with informal work or being inactive in the labour market (ORa: 2.11). In men worse self-perceived health was associated with being self-employed (ORa: 1.65; confidence interval [CI]: 1.11-2.45) and has secondary education (ORa: 2.81; CI: 1.32-5.98). CONCLUSIONS: The social impact of lockdown in self-perceived health is related to gender, age, care work, and socioeconomic conditions, as well as, by disagreement with the measures implemented to manage the pandemic.

Implicações para homens do afastamento do(a) filho(a) devido medida protetiva de urgência / Impacto en los hombres del distanciamiento del(la) hijo(a) debido a medida protectora de urgencia / Implications for men of separation from their children due to emergency protective measure

Resumo Objetivo Desvelar as implicações para os homens do afastamento pai-filho(a) em decorrência de medida protetiva por violência conjugal. Métodos Estudo descritivo exploratório, abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido com nove homens que respondiam a processo judicial por violência conjugal junto às 1ª e 2ª Varas de Justiça pela Paz em Casa de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. A pesquisa ocorreu por meio da entrevista semiestruturada, tendo seu conteúdo gravado, transcrito e, em seguida, submetido à validação pelos homens. Os dados foram sistematizados com base nos passos preconizados pela análise de conteúdo temática categorial. Resultados O estudo revela que o afastamento pai-filho em decorrência da medida protetiva de urgência suscita no rompimento do vínculo paterno, fomentando o desenvolvimento de problemas psicoemocionais, como ansiedade, depressão e ideação suicida, muitas vezes somatizados e expressos desde cefaleia até condições que necessitam de cuidados hospitalares. Conclusão O comprometimento do exercício da paternidade viola também o direito de crianças e adolescentes ao convívio com a figura paterna. Deste modo, há grande necessidade de que a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde dos Homens contemple uma gestão que priorize ações preventivas para a violência, assim como desempenhe acompanhamento psicossocial aos homens.

Resumen Objetivo Revelar el impacto en los hombres del distanciamiento padre-hijo(a) como consecuencia de medidas protectoras por violencia conyugal. Métodos Estudio descriptivo exploratorio, enfoque cualitativo, llevado a cabo con nueve hombres que respondían a juicio por violencia conyugal en el 1º y 2º Juzgado de Justicia por la Paz en Casa de Salvador, estado de Bahia, Brasil. La investigación se realizó a través de encuesta semiestructurada, con grabación y transcripción del contenido, y luego sometido a su validación por los hombres. Los datos fueron sistematizados con base en los pasos preconizados por el análisis de contenido temático de la categoría. Resultados El estudio revela que el distanciamiento padre-hijo como consecuencia de medidas protectoras de urgencia provoca la ruptura del vínculo paterno y fomenta el desarrollo de problemas psicoemocionales, como ansiedad, depresión e ideación suicida, muchas veces somatizados y expresados desde una cefalea hasta condiciones que necesitan cuidados hospitalarios. Conclusión El comprometimiento del ejercicio de la paternidad también viola el derecho de niños y adolescentes a convivir con la figura paterna. De este modo, hay una gran necesidad de que la Política Nacional de Atención Integral a la Salud de los Hombres contemple una gestión que establezca prioridades en acciones preventivas contra la violencia, así como también realice un seguimiento psicosocial de los hombres.

Abstract Objective To unveil the implications for men of father-son estrangement as a result of a protective measure for conjugal violence. Methods This is an exploratory descriptive study, with a qualitative approach, developed with nine men who were responding to a lawsuit for conjugal violence at the 1st and 2nd Courts of Justice of the Peace in Casa de Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The research took place through a semi-structured interview, with its content recorded, transcribed and then submitted for validation by the men. Data were systematized based on the steps recommended by the categorical thematic content analysis. Results The study reveals that the father-son estrangement as a result of an emergency protective measure causes paternal bond rupture, promoting the development of psycho-emotional problems, such as anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation, often somatized and expressed from headache to conditions that require hospital care. Conclusion The commitment to the exercise of paternity also violates the right of children and adolescents to live with their father figure. Thus, there is a great need for the Brazilian National Policy for Comprehensive Care for Men's Health to include a management that prioritizes preventive actions against violence as well as providing psychosocial support to men.

Gender-Specific Differences in Self-Care, Treatment-Related Symptoms, and Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients.

Gender and sex differences affect women with kidney failure (KF) negatively at all stages of the disease. This study assessed gender differences in self-care, hemodialysis symptoms, and quality of life in a sample of 102 adult KF patients treated with hemodialysis, from two clinical centers in Mexico. Self-care agency, quality of life, and the symptoms related to hemodialysis were evaluated through questionnaires, and sociodemographic and laboratory variables were obtained from the clinical records. Compared to male patients, female patients reported similar self-care, lower quality of life subscales (symptoms, physical functioning, pain, and overall health), and higher prevalence and intensity of hemodialysis symptoms. There were gender differences regarding the correlation between self-care and quality of life, symptoms intensity, and symptoms prevalence. In conclusion, women with KF treated with hemodialysis perceived a higher impact of hemodialysis and reported a lower quality of life than men. Despite having a similar self-care agency, the self-care correlations with quality of life and hemodialysis symptoms appeared different between men and women treated with chronic hemodialysis. Such differences may be important in future nursing interventions to improve self-care and quality of life among KF patients.

Womens access to health care: Gaps that the future health care reform in Chile must solve. / Acceso de la mujer a la atención de salud: brechas que la futura reforma de salud en Chile debe resolver.

INTRODUCTION: In the Chilean health system, difficulties complicate womens access to health care and aggravate the complexity of health-illness processes in their interaction as users or caregivers. OBJECTIVE: In the national and international literature, we aimed to identify gaps in womens access to health care derived from gender disparities and the exercise of gender roles in a prioritized set of health problems. These problems exacerbate gender gaps and should be considered in health reform. METHODS: We made a literature review through algorithms, snowball sampling, and reference lists from November 2020 to March 2021. The population included were women of all ages, including women users of the health system and women caregivers of specific pathologies. The search was conducted in parallel by four investigators divided into two groups. It was cross-validated to ensure inter-investigator reliability by standardizing evidence eligibility criteria. The analysis showed women users' and caregivers' dimensions for a set of pathologies prioritized by the extent of the disease burden. The pathologies analyzed included stroke, obesity, depression, musculoskeletal pain, and breast cancer. RESULTS: Among women users of the health system, problems of access, rates of use, experience, and outcome for the whole group of prioritized pathologies were observed. In the women caregiver dimension, we found that women are the primary health care providers. There is a knowledge gap concerning obesity and musculoskeletal conditions. However, both were reported as health consequences of womens caregiving roles.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el sistema de salud chileno persisten dificultades que complejizan el acceso de mujeres de forma efectiva a las atenciones de salud, o bien, derivan en que experimenten procesos de salud-enfermedad más complejos en su interacción como usuarias o cuidadoras. OBJETIVO: Identificamos en la literatura nacional e internacional, brechas de acceso a la atención de salud en la mujer derivadas de disparidades de género y/o ejercicio del rol de género, en un conjunto priorizado de problemas de salud. Estos problemas contribuyen a la problematización de las brechas de género a ser consideradas en la reforma de salud. MÉTODOS: Hicimos una revisión de la literatura a través de algoritmos, muestreo en bola de nieve y listas de referencias, desde noviembre de 2020 hasta marzo de 2021. La población de análisis fueron mujeres de todas las edades usuarias de prestaciones de salud y cuidadoras en las mismas patologías abordadas. La búsqueda fue desarrollada en paralelo por cuatro investigadores, en dos grupos. Fue validada de forma cruzada asegurando la confiabilidad interevaluadores, estandarizando criterios de elegibilidad de la evidencia. El análisis se muestra en dimensiones de mujer usuaria y cuidadora, para un conjunto de patologías priorizadas por magnitud y carga de enfermedad: accidente vascular cerebral, obesidad, depresión, dolor musculoesquelético y cáncer de mama. RESULTADOS: En la dimensión de mujer usuaria, para todo el grupo de patologías priorizadas se observan problemas de acceso, tasas de uso, experiencia y resultados. Desde la dimensión de mujer cuidadora, la mujer ejerce principalmente los cuidados de salud. Existe un vacío en la literatura en relación con la obesidad y afecciones musculoesqueléticas. Sin embargo, ambas se reportaron como consecuencias de salud en su rol de cuidadora. CONCLUSIONES: El problema en la base, en ambas dimensiones, queda explicado por brechas de género biológicas, sociales y culturales que permean el ámbito de cuidados sanitarios. Proponer una nueva reforma de salud que solo se funde en la proposición de acceso a más prestaciones, es insuficiente de acuerdo con el contexto biopsicosocial de la mujer.

Involvement of Male Partners of Pregnant Women in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Haiti: A Mixed-Methods Study.

This mixed-methods study aimed to determine the level of male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services in Haiti and identify barriers and associated factors. From May to June 2018, a questionnaire was used to measure the level of male involvement. Semistructured interviews with pregnant women were also conducted. Multivariate linear regression and qualitative content analyses were performed to explore factors associated and barriers to male partners' involvement in PMTCT services. One hundred and two pregnant women living with HIV completed the questionnaire. About 47% of male partners had a high level of involvement. Specifically, 90% financially supported their spouse, and 82% knew her appointment date at the antenatal clinic (ANC). Only 25% of male partners accompanied their spouse to the ANC, and 19% routinely used a condom during sexual intercourse. Factors associated with male involvement in PMTCT were being married and sharing HIV status with the male partner. Male partners with a positive HIV status were more likely to be involved in PMTCT. Qualitative findings revealed that barriers to male involvement included the conflict between opening hours of the ANC and the male partner's schedule, waiting time at the ANC, and the perception of antenatal care as being women's business. Overall male partners' involvement in PMTCT services is moderate. Gender relations, sociocultural beliefs, and care organization are likely to hinder this involvement. Developing and implementing contextually and culturally accepted strategies for male partners of pregnant women could contribute to strengthening their involvement in the PMTCT program.

Links among Ambivalent sexism, Gender Role Ideology and domestic and care work in Argentinian households

Abstract The present empirical study inquires on the relations among sexism, gender role ideology and domestic and care work in heterosexual women who share a home with their couples and at least one child, in CABA and GBA (Argentina) in 2019. Two previously existent (Moya, Expósito & Padilla, 2006; Glick & Fiske, 1996) and validated in Argentina scales were used, and a new scale for measuring domestic and care activities was created. A correlational and transversal study with a quantitative approach was carried out, and the data was recollected through an auto-administrated evaluation instrument sent by Facebook and Whatsapp social media. The sample includes 437 cases. Regarding the constructed scale, reliability, exploratory and confirmatory analysis were performed. Additionally, a moderate positive correlation among the dependent and independent variables was identified. It is possible to suggest that the hypothesis presented in this study is partially corroborated, that is, that the domestic and care work type of division is explained by the level of adhesion to the Gender Role Ideology.

Resumen El presente estudio empírico indaga respecto a las relaciones entre el sexismo, la adhesión a la ideología del rol de género y la división del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados en mujeres heterosexuales que viven en pareja y tienen al menos une hije compartiendo el mismo hogar, en CABA y GBA (Argentina) en 2019. Se utilizaron dos escalas existentes (Moya, Expósito y Padilla, 2006; Glick y Fiske, 1996) previamente validadas en Argentina, y se construyó una escala nueva para medir las tareas domésticas y de cuidado. Se realizó un estudio correlacional de corte transversal con un abordaje cuantitativo y los datos fueron recolectados a través de un instrumento de evaluación de índole autoadministrable mediante las redes sociales Facebook y Whatsapp. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 437 casos. Se realizaron los correspondientes análisis de fiabilidad, exploratorio y confirmatorio para la escala construida. Asimismo, se identificó una correlación positiva moderada entre la variable dependiente y las variables independientes. Es posible sugerir que se corrobora parcialmente la hipótesis planteada en este trabajo, es decir, que el tipo de división del trabajo doméstico y de cuidados se explica por el nivel de adhesión a la ideología del rol de género.

Preliminary Findings of the Links Between Gender Role Attitudes and Sexual Behaviors in Mexican American Early Adolescent Boys.

This study explored the relations between Latino gender role attitudes (traditional machismo attitudes and caballerismo attitudes) and sexual behaviors among 242 Mexican American early adolescent boys in the southwest United States. Specifically, a multiple mediator model estimated the association between gender role attitudes and sexual activity through a mediational pathway connecting substance use, sexual motives, and peer influence. Results from analyzing this structural equation model indicated that traditional machismo attitudes were not associated with sexual behaviors. Caballerismo gender role attitudes, however, were indirectly linked with reduced sexual motives and substance via peer influence. This study underscores the importance of social context, behavior, and psychological motivations in explaining differences in sexual motives and substance use among young Mexican American adolescent boys who hold different kinds of beliefs about their gender.