Nursing technicians' proxemic behaviors during transfusions in hospitalized clients / Comportamientos proxémicos de técnicos de enfermería durante transfusiones en clientes internados / Comportamentos proxêmicos de técnicos de enfermagem durante o ato transfusional em clientes hospitalizados

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe nursing technicians' proxemic behaviors during transfusions in hospitalized clients. Method: a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory study based on non-participant observation, recorded in an instrument prepared from the Theory of Proxemic Behavior. The participants were 18 nursing technicians from a reference hospital for Hematology and Hemotherapy in the Brazilian Southeast Region, from April to December 2022. Data analysis prioritized thematic content. Results: the following stood out: eye contact; instrumental touch; normal tone of voice; and intimate and personal distances. These indicate welcoming, attention and technical vigilance when carrying out the transfusions. Conclusion: there is a need to raise nursing technicians' awareness regarding proxemic behaviors when welcoming clients. That is: expanding listening, bonding and effective interpersonal coexistence, and favoring the reach of comprehensive health care in Hematology and Hemotherapy.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los comportamientos proxémicos de técnicos de Enfermería durante transfusiones en clientes internados. Método: estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y exploratorio, basado en la observación no participante y registrado en un instrumento elaborado a partir de la Teoría del Comportamiento Proxémico. Los participantes fueron 18 técnicos de Enfermería de un hospital que es referencia en Hematología y Hemoterapia de la Región Sudeste de Brasil, entre abril y diciembre de 2022. En el análisis de los datos se priorizó el contenido temático. Resultados: se destacó lo siguiente: contacto visual; toque instrumental; tono de voz normal; y distancias íntima y personal; los cuales indican buen recibimiento, atención y vigilancia técnica al realizar las transfusiones. Conclusión: es necesario generar conciencia en los técnicos de Enfermería con respecto a los comportamientos proxémicos al recibir a los clientes. Eso implica: prestar más atención al escuchar y ampliar los vínculos y la convivencia interpersonal efectiva, además de favorecer el alcance de las medidas de atención en integrales en Hematología y Hemoterapia.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever os comportamentos proxêmicos de técnicos de enfermagem durante o ato transfusional em clientes hospitalizados. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, pautado em observação não participante, registrado em instrumento elaborado a partir da teoria do comportamento proxêmico. Participaram 18 técnicos de enfermagem de um hospital referência em hematologia e hemoterapia da Região Sudeste do Brasil, de abril a dezembro de 2022. A análise de dados priorizou o conteúdo temático. Resultados: destacaram-se o contato visual; o toque instrumental; o tom de voz normal e as distâncias íntima e pessoal. Estes, indicativos de acolhimento, atenção e vigilância técnica à realização do ato transfusional. Conclusão: há necessidade de despertar a consciência dos técnicos de enfermagem em relação aos comportamentos proxêmicos durante o acolhimento aos clientes. Isto é: ampliar a escuta, o vínculo, a efetiva convivência interpessoal e favorecer o alcance dos cuidados em saúde integral na hematologia e hemoterapia.

Evaluation of survival and functionality in frozen platelets

ABSTRACT Objective: Prolong platelet survival and functionality up to 28 days. Methods: A sample of apheresis platelets was evaluated, distributed in 3 groups according to the cryopreservative solution used: DMS05%+2%albumin; DMSO5%+NaC10,9% and DMS05%+Dextrose2%. They were then frozen at -80 °C and thawed at 7, 14 and 28 days. The in vitro survival and viability were assessed by the post-thaw platelet count and the CD41, CD61 and CD42a staining percentages by flow cytometry. The functionality was determined with the percentage of post-stimulation aggregation with INm-thrombin using the Chromo-Log490 aggregometer. The control group (CG) consisted of fresh platelets under constant agitation at 22 °C. Results: A total of 72 platelet aliquots was analyzed. The CG presented a platelet-count of 1934 ± 0.5 × 109/L and a 100% viability. The percentages of CD41, CD61 and CD42a labeling were 99, 98.5 and 96.5%, respectively. The percentage of aggregation was 99%. On day 7 of the post-freezing, the platelet count for groups 1, 2 and 3 was 1,844 ± 102, 1,856 ± 76 and 1,752 ± 226, with the viability of 98, 96 and 95%, respectively. On day 14, the counts were 1,722 ± 238, 1,649 ± 215 and 1,578 ± 223 with the viability of 96, 95 and 94% and, on day 28, they were 1,602 ± 374, 1,438.6 ± 429 and 1,406.6 ± 436, with the viability of 96, 94 and 93%, respectively. Groupl presented a higher expression of membrane antigens. Aggregation percentages were 90, 98 and 89% at day 7, 88%, 98 and 87% at day 14 and 84%, 95 and 82% at day of the 28 post-freezing, respectively, with group2 presenting the best results. Conclusion: The results support cryopreservation as a reasonable method to prolong platelet survival up to 28 days, maintaining its functionality and viability greater than 50%.

Limites e potencialidades para as ações de controle sanitário em serviços hemoterápicos / Limits and potentialities for health control actions in Hemotherapy services

Resumo Objetivou-se discutir os limites e as potencialidades, sob a perspectiva de gestores de serviços de Hemoterapia/Hemocentro, para a execução das ações e as relações entre os agentes/equipes da VISA estadual e municipal com os Hemocentros. A partir de abordagem qualitativa, utilizaram-se, para análise de conteúdo, oito entrevistas de representantes gestores de hemocentros de diferentes estados, distribuídos nas cinco regiões brasileiras. Os achados evidenciaram limitação no diálogo entre as instituições; mudança de pessoal e rotatividade de gestores; tempo burocrático; notificação descentralizada; difícil estruturação ou ausência do Núcleo de Segurança do Paciente, como limitações. E como potencialidades: atuação da VISA como colaboradora para os processos de qualificação; processos de planejamento construídos de modo articulado e colaborativo; colaboração para a realização de treinamentos e capacitações das equipes; experiência profissional dos trabalhadores de ambas as instituições para o entendimento da rotina dos serviços e melhora do diálogo. Portanto, os limites e as potencialidades evidenciadas a partir deste estudo refletem sobre o desenvolvimento das ações, responsabilidades e diálogo entre os serviços, os quais devem ser considerados para a elaboração de estratégias e desenvolvimento do trabalho articulado e integrado.

Abstract It aimed to discuss the limits and potentialities, from the perspective of managers of Hemotherapy/Hemocenter services, for the accomplishment of actions and the relationships between state and municipal VISA agents/teams with the Hemocenters. From a qualitative approach, eight interviews with managing representatives of hemocenters from different states, distributed in the five Brazilian regions, were used for content analysis. The findings showed a limitation in the dialogue between the institutions; staff change and manager turnover; bureaucratic time; decentralized notification; difficult structuring or absence of the Patient Safety Center, such as limitations. As potentialities: VISA's role as a collaborator in the qualification processes; planning processes constructed in an articulated and collaborative way; collaboration to carry out training and qualification of teams; professional experience of workers from both institutions to understand the routine of services and improve dialogue. Therefore, the limits and potentialities evidenced from this study reflect on the development of actions, responsibilities and dialogue between the services, which must be considered for the elaboration of strategies and development of articulated and integrated work.

Analysis of requests for reservation of blood concentrates in patients referred to urgent surgeries in a teaching hospital

Introduction: The rates of request and use of blood concentrates are still poorly reported in the literature. This study aimed to analyze the rates of requests for blood concentrates and their use in patients undergoing emergency surgery in a teaching hospital. Methods: A retrospective, quantitative and descriptive study was conducted in 359 medical records of patients in urgent surgery scheduled with a request for a reserve of blood concentrate. The ratios between crossmatched and transfused units (C/T), transfusion index (TI), and probability (TP) were calculated, and the times between request and delivery at the transfusion agency (TA) and patient admission to the surgical center (SC). Results: The mean age was 58.5 ± 22.2 years, with the majority being male (53.1%). There was an average of 27.5 monthly requests (min 12, max 44). Ninety-seven units of blood concentrates were transfused into 44 patients (C/T ratio 7.59; TI 0.27; TP 12.3%). Only seven patients had their requests made after admission to the OR. The median time between the request and arrival at the TA was 1h15min, while that between the request and the patient's arrival at the SC was 5h23min. There was greater transfusion in major surgery (major 37, 14.8% vs. medium 7, 6.5%; p = 0.027) and non-orthopedic surgery (orthopedic 9, 4.0% vs. non-orthopedic 35, 26.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusion: there was a significant discrepancy between the number of requests for blood reservation and its real use and an increased time between reservation requests and their arrival at the TA.

Gestão dos serviços hemoterápicos no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 / Management of hemotherapy services in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Estudo que teve por objetivo analisar a gestão dos serviços hemoterápicos (SH) no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, na perspectiva de gestores de municípios de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa com entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas a gestores dos SH das três capitais brasileiras de diferentes regiões do Brasil, no período de setembro de 2021 a abril de 2022. O conteúdo textual das entrevistas foi submetido à análise textual lexicográfica a partir do uso do software Iramuteq, de acesso gratuito. As percepções dos gestores resultaram da análise da classificação hierárquica descendente (CHD), que gerou seis classes: disponibilidade de recursos para o desenvolvimento do trabalho; capacidade instalada dos serviços; estratégias e desafios para captação de doadores de sangue; riscos e proteção dos trabalhadores; medidas para gestão da crise; estratégias de comunicação para a adesão de candidatos para doação. A análise evidenciou diversas estratégias utilizadas pela gestão, bem como apontou limites e desafios para a organização e a gestão de serviços hemoterápicos, agudizados no contexto da pandemia.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the management of hemotherapy services (HS) in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of municipal managers in different regions of Brazil. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was applied to HS managers in the three Brazilian capitals, from different regions of Brazil, during the period between September 2021 and April 2022. The textual content of the interviews was submitted to lexicographic textual analysis using the free access software, Iramuteq. The managers' perceptions resulted from the descending hierarchical classification (DHC) analysis, which generated six classes: availability of resources for the development of work; installed capacity of services; strategies and challenges for attracting blood donors; risks and worker protection; measures for crisis management; and communication strategies for the adhesion of candidates for donation. The analysis highlighted several strategies used by the management, as well as pointed out limits and challenges for HS organization and management, exacerbated in the context of the pandemic.

Evaluation of survival and functionality in frozen platelets.

OBJECTIVE: Prolong platelet survival and functionality up to 28 days. METHODS: A sample of apheresis platelets was evaluated, distributed in 3 groups according to the cryopreservative solution used: DMSO5%+2%albumin; DMSO5%+NaCl0,9% and DMSO5%+Dextrose2%. They were then frozen at -80 °C and thawed at 7, 14 and 28 days. The in vitro survival and viability were assessed by the post-thaw platelet count and the CD41, CD61 and CD42a staining percentages by flow cytometry. The functionality was determined with the percentage of post-stimulation aggregation with 1Nm-thrombin using the Chromo-Log490 aggregometer. The control group (CG) consisted of fresh platelets under constant agitation at 22 °C. RESULTS: A total of 72 platelet aliquots was analyzed. The CG presented a platelet-count of 1934 ± 0.5 × 109/L and a 100% viability. The percentages of CD41, CD61 and CD42a labeling were 99, 98.5 and 96.5%, respectively. The percentage of aggregation was 99%. On day 7 of the post-freezing, the platelet count for groups 1, 2 and 3 was 1,844 ± 102, 1,856 ± 76 and 1,752 ± 226, with the viability of 98, 96 and 95%, respectively. On day 14, the counts were 1,722 ± 238, 1,649 ± 215 and 1,578 ± 223 with the viability of 96, 95 and 94% and, on day 28, they were 1,602 ± 374, 1,438.6 ± 429 and 1,406.6 ± 436, with the viability of 96, 94 and 93%, respectively. Group1 presented a higher expression of membrane antigens. Aggregation percentages were 90, 98 and 89% at day 7, 88%, 98 and 87% at day 14 and 84%, 95 and 82% at day of the 28 post-freezing, respectively, with group2 presenting the best results. CONCLUSION: The results support cryopreservation as a reasonable method to prolong platelet survival up to 28 days, maintaining its functionality and viability greater than 50%.

The most common inadequacies in red blood cell requests at a reference center in Western Paraná state.

INTRODUCTION: In the current scenario, in which evidence-based medicine is almost obligatory, therapeutic approaches are increasingly being restricted to measures that are proven to bring benefits to the patient. Transfusion therapy follows the same concept. Even though it can be an essential support procedure in some situations, it must be carefully used, exclusively in situations in which the literature assures scientific support for its usage. Transfusion exposes patients to risks and complications, so it is necessary that we, as doctors, continue working to reduce possible mistakes involving the practice of this type of therapy. OBJECTIVE: To analyze if the red blood cell requests are properly made, analyzing the indication written on them (by the doctor, comparing them to the references in the actual literature. METHOD: In this research, we have analyzed and reviewed the requests for red blood cell concentrates between August and September of 2018 received at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center studied to find the most common mistakes made by requesters/doctors. RESULTS: A total of 397 of the 754 analyzed requests were evaluated as inadequate. Therefore, 1 out of every 2 transfusions performed did not have their requests properly completed in the city of Cascavel, Paraná. CONCLUSIONS: The number of inappropriate requests was high during the studied period, especially when compared to studies available in the literature. The number of inadequacies suggests that the blood component requests and the subsequent evaluation by the transfusion agency needs to be better addressed in clinical practice.

The most common inadequacies in red blood cell requests at a reference center in Western Paraná state

Abstract Introduction In the current scenario, in which evidence-based medicine is almost obligatory, therapeutic approaches are increasingly being restricted to measures that are proven to bring benefits to the patient. Transfusion therapy follows the same concept. Even though it can be an essential support procedure in some situations, it must be carefully used, exclusively in situations in which the literature assures scientific support for its usage. Transfusion exposes patients to risks and complications, so it is necessary that we, as doctors, continue working to reduce possible mistakes involving the practice of this type of therapy. Objective To analyze if the red blood cell requests are properly made, analyzing the indication written on them (by the doctor, comparing them to the references in the actual literature. Method In this research, we have analyzed and reviewed the requests for red blood cell concentrates between August and September of 2018 received at the Hematology and Hemotherapy Center studied to find the most common mistakes made by requesters/doctors. Results A total of 397 of the 754 analyzed requests were evaluated as inadequate. Therefore, 1 out of every 2 transfusions performed did not have their requests properly completed in the city of Cascavel, Paraná. Conclusions The number of inappropriate requests was high during the studied period, especially when compared to studies available in the literature. The number of inadequacies suggests that the blood component requests and the subsequent evaluation by the transfusion agency needs to be better addressed in clinical practice.

Validação do conteúdo de um instrumento para atendimento hemoterápico no transplante hepático: promovendo biovigilância em saúde / Content validation of an instrument for hemotherapy attention in liver transplants: promoting biomonitoring in health

RESUMO Objetivo desenvolver e validar o conteúdo de um instrumento para acompanhamento do atendimento hemoterápico ao paciente de transplante hepático. Métodos estudo metodológico realizado em duas etapas: 1) Revisão de escopo para identificar tópicos pertinentes à elaboração do instrumento; 2) Validação do conteúdo junto a cinco especialistas em duas rodadas, utilizando a técnica Delphi. Resultados a versão final do instrumento para atendimento hemoterápico ao paciente de transplante hepático consistiu-se em quatro dimensões: Identificação do Paciente; Pré-Operatório; Intraoperatório; e Pós-Operatório, totalizando 54 itens. Após a segunda rodada, todos os itens obtiveram índice de validação de conteúdo de 0,8 ou superior, resultando em um escore final de 0,97 para o instrumento. Conclusão o instrumento demonstrou evidências de validade de conteúdo, tornando-se uma ferramenta útil para o acompanhamento do atendimento hemoterápico a pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático. Contribuições para a prática a validação deste instrumento permitirá às equipes da agência transfusional e de transplantes obterem informações essenciais para orientar um atendimento hemoterápico eficiente e seguro durante todo o processo de transplante hepático.

ABSTRACT Objective to develop and validate the content of an instrument to monitor hemotherapy attention in liver transplant patients. Methods methodological study in two stages: 1) Scoping review to identify relevant topics for the elaboration of the instrument; 2) Content validation with five specialists in two rounds, using the Delphi technique. Results the final version of the instrument for hemotherapy care to liver transplant patients had four dimensions: Patient identification; Preoperative; Intraoperative; and Postoperative, to a total of 54 items. After the second round, all items had a content validation index of 0.8 or higher, and the instrument had a final score of 0.97. Conclusion the instrument showed evidence of content validity, meaning it is a useful tool to monitor hemotherapy care for liver transplant patients. Contributions to practice the validation of this instrument will provide teams of transfusion and transplant centers with essential information to guide safe and efficient hemotherapy attention during the entirety of the liver transplant process.

Indicadores para a avaliação do processo transfusional: revisão integrativa* / Indicadores para la evaluación del proceso transfusional: revisión integradora / Transfusion process assessment indicators: integrative review

Objetivo: identificar os indicadores relacionados ao processo transfusional. Método: revisão integrativa de literatura realizada entre março e maio de 2022, em nove fontes de informação no período de 2001 a 2021. Como estratégia de busca, utilizaram-se os descritores "Indicadores de Qualidade em Assistência à Saúde", "Indicadores de Serviços", "Indicadores Básicos de Saúde", "Serviço de Hemoterapia", "Transfusão de Sangue", "Segurança do Sangue", com os operadores boleanos "AND" e "OR" em três idiomas, sendo analisados 49 artigos. Resultados: foram identificados 53 indicadores, os quais se agruparam para: gestão do estoque de hemocomponentes, de produção do processo transfusional, para avaliação do processo transfusional e de suporte do processo transfusional. Conclusão: os indicadores identificados possibilitam avaliação do processo transfusional, apesar de atividades, como a avaliação do cuidado, apresentarem poucos indicadores, evidenciando a necessidade de estudos sobre a temática e construção de novos indicadores para dar sustentação à avaliação mais aprimorada do processo transfusional.

Objective: to identify transfusion-related indicators. Method: an integrative literature review carried out between March and May 2022, in nine sources of information from 2001 to 2021. As a search strategy, the descriptors "Quality Indicators in Health Care", "Service Indicators", "Basic Health Indicators", "Hemotherapy Service", "Blood Transfusion", "Blood Safety" were used, with Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" in three languages, with 49 articles being analyzed. Results: a total of 53 indicators were identified, which were grouped for: blood component stock management, transfusion process production, transfusion process assessment and transfusion process support. Conclusion: the identified indicators make it possible to assess the transfusion process, although activities, such as care assessment, present few indicators, highlighting the need for studies on the subject and the construction of new indicators to support a more improved transfusion process assessment.

Objetivo: identificar indicadores relacionados con el proceso de transfusión. Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura, realizada entre marzo y mayo de 2022, en nueve fuentes de información de 2001 a 2021. Como estrategia de busca, se utilizaron los descriptores "Indicadores de Calidad en la Atención de Salud", "Indicadores de Servicio", "Indicadores Básicos de Salud", "Servicio de Hemoterapia", "Transfusión de Sangre", "Seguridad de la Sangre", con operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR" en tres idiomas, analizando 49 artículos. Resultados: se identificaron 53 indicadores, los cuales fueron agrupados en: gestión del stock de hemocomponentes, producción del proceso transfusional, evaluación del proceso transfusional y apoyo al proceso transfusional. Conclusión: los indicadores identificados posibilitan la evaluación del proceso transfusional, aunque actividades, como la evaluación del cuidado, presenten pocos indicadores, destacando la necesidad de estudios sobre el tema y la construcción de nuevos indicadores que apoyen una evaluación más perfeccionada del proceso de transfusión.

Atribuição do enfermeiro no processo de hemotransfusao: uma revisão integrativa dos últimos 4 anos / Attribution of the nurse in the blood transfusion process: an integrative review of the last 4 years / Atribución de la enfermera en el proceso de transfusión sanguínea: una revisión integradora de los últimos 4 años

A transfusão de sangue é considerada uma tecnologia de grande importância na terapia moderna. Quando usada corretamente, pode salvar vidas e melhorar o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Todavia, esse procedimento pode apresentar riscos tanto aguda quanto tardia. Para tanto, o conhecimento da enfermagem é de grande relevância a fim de evitar complicações e fornecer um procedimento assertivo ao paciente. Objetivo: Demonstrar, a partir de uma revisão integrativa dos últimos quatro anos, a atribuição do enfermeiro no processo de hemotransfusão, descrevendo seu papel desde o acolhimento até a infusão dos hemoderivados. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Resultados e discussão: Para a seleção, 10 artigos científicos foram inclusos na revisão. As análises em nível de grupo mostraram que é de suma importância do conhecimento técnico e científico para a segurança do paciente. Considerações finais: O processo de hemotransfusão é de responsabilidade da enfermagem, incluindo cuidados minuciosos e atenção clínica por parte do enfermeiro, devendo ser amplamente divulgado e discutido para garantir atualização de conhecimento entre os profissionais que atuam em hemoterapia, para que possam realizar as práticas com segurança e prevenir a ocorrência de eventos adversos.

Blood transfusion is considered a technology of great importance in modern therapy. When used correctly, it can save lives and improve the condition of patients. However, this procedure may present both acute and late requirements. Therefore, nursing knowledge is of great encouragement in order to avoid complications and provide an assertive procedure to the patient. Objective: To demonstrate, based on an integrative review of the last four years, the attribution of nurses in the blood transfusion process, describing their role from reception to the infusion of blood products. Methods: This is an integrative literature review. Results and discussion: For the selection, 10 scientific articles were included in the review. The group-level analyzes appreciated that technical and scientific knowledge is of paramount importance for patient safety. Final considerations: The blood transfusion process is the responsibility of nursing, including meticulous care and clinical attention by the nurse, and should be widely publicized and discussed to ensure updating of knowledge among professionals who perform hemotherapy, so that they can carry out the practices safely and preventing the occurrence of adverse events.

La transfusión de sangre se considera una tecnología de gran importancia en la terapia moderna. Cuando se utiliza correctamente, puede salvar vidas y mejorar el estado de los pacientes. Sin embargo, este procedimiento puede presentar requisitos agudos y tardíos. Por lo tanto, los conocimientos de enfermería son de gran estímulo para evitar complicaciones y proporcionar un procedimiento asertivo al paciente. Objetivo: Demostrar, a partir de una revisión integradora de los últimos cuatro años, la atribución de enfermería en el proceso de transfusión sanguínea, describiendo su papel desde la recepción hasta la infusión de hemoderivados. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica integradora. Resultados y discusión: Para la selección se incluyeron en la revisión 10 artículos científicos. Los análisis a nivel de grupo apreciaron que el conocimiento técnico y científico es de suma importancia para la seguridad del paciente. Consideraciones finales: El proceso de transfusión sanguínea es responsabilidad de enfermería, incluyendo el cuidado meticuloso y la atención clínica por parte de la enfermera, y debe ser ampliamente divulgado y discutido para garantizar la actualización de conocimientos entre los profesionales que realizan hemoterapia, para que puedan llevar a cabo las prácticas con seguridad y previniendo la ocurrencia de eventos adversos. PALABRAS CLAVE: Hemoterapia; Transfusión Sanguínea; Infusión de Hemoderivados; Cuidados de Enfermería; Asignación de Enfermería.

Viral Metagenomics for Identification of Emerging Viruses in Transfusion Medicine.

Viral metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding for identification of unknown or poorly characterized viruses. For that reason, metagenomic studies gave been largely applied for virus discovery in a wide variety of clinical samples, including blood specimens. The emerging blood-transmitted virus infections represent important problem for public health, and the emergence of HIV in the 1980s is an example for the vulnerability of Blood Donation systems to such infections. When viral metagenomics is applied to blood samples, it can give a complete overview of the viral nucleic acid abundance, also named "blood virome". Detailed characterization of the blood virome of healthy donors could identify unknown (emerging) viral genomes that might be assumed as hypothetic transfusion threats. However, it is impossible only by application of viral metagenomics to assign that one viral agent could impact blood transfusion. That said, this is a complex issue and will depend on the ability of the infectious agent to cause clinically important infection in blood recipients, the viral stability in blood derivatives and the presence of infectious viruses in blood, making possible its transmission by transfusion. This brief review summarizes information regarding the blood donor virome and some important challenges for use of viral metagenomics in hemotherapy for identification of transfusion-transmitted viruses.

Frequency of antigen Dia on the blood donor population of the Hemocenter coordinator of the Hemopa Foundation

ABSTRACT Introduction: Erythrocyte phenotyping is a very important test in the adoption of prophylactic measures to reduce transfusion reactions/alloimmunizations in polytransfused patients. The blood group Diego, in its current, form has 22 antigens, of which 4 are immunogenic, being Dia/Dib and Wra/Wrb, while the others are less expressive. The antigen Dia is of low incidence among whites and blacks, however, it is common in the South American indigenous and Asian Mongolian populations. It is also considered a system of clinical importance for its immunogenicity. Method: The present study aimed to carry out a retrospective and descriptive survey of the frequency of the Dia antigen in the blood donor population at the HEMOPA Foundation Coordinating Blood Center from 12/2018 to 1/2000. The data obtained were from the HEMOPA Foundation SBS Progress and SBS WEB Systems databases. Results: During this period, 941,744 blood bags were collected and, of these, 930 bags were phenotyped for the Dia antigen, of which 842 were negative and 88 (9.7%) positive. The research showed that, among the positive donors for the antigen Dia, 88.6% were brown, 3.4%, black and 8%, white. In the statistical analysis, the frequency observed was higher in browns. Conclusion: In the present investigation, we concluded that our region has a relatively higher frequency of the Dia antigen, when compared to the rest of Brazil, and it occurs more often in browns.

Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de personas con hemofilia en el noreste de Brasil / Quality of life related to the health of people with hemophilia in Northeast Brazil

Introducción: La hemofilia se caracteriza por la ocurrencia de hemorragias frecuentes y afecciones del aparato locomotor graves en los pacientes que causan daños físicos, sociales y psicológicos y afecta directamente su calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida de personas con hemofilia en el noreste de Brasil. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico transversal cuantitativo realizado con 13 personas con hemofilia de un Banco de Sangre en el noreste de Brasil. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario sociodemográfico y clínico y de Haem-A-Qol, utilizado para evaluar la calidad de vida de las personas con hemofilia. Los valores brutos y medios se calcularon en general para todos los dominios y luego para cada dominio para que pudieran mostrarse. Resultados: Se obtuvo un promedio total de 30,94 en relación a los diez dominios evaluados. Los dominios con los promedios más altos fueron "salud física" con 49,23 y "afrontamiento" con 35,89 y con el promedio más bajo fue "planificación familiar". Conclusiones: Los participantes de la investigación tienen una calidad de vida insatisfactoria en relación con la salud física y el afrontamiento y, satisfactoria en relación con las relaciones y la sexualidad(AU)

Introduction: Hemophilia is characterized by the occurrence of frequent bleeding and serious musculoskeletal conditions in patients that cause physical, social and psychological damage and directly affect their health-related quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of people with hemophilia in the northeast of Brazil. Methods: Quantitative cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted with 13 people with hemophilia from a Blood Bank in northeastern Brazil. Data collection was performed by applying a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire and Haem-A-Qol, used to assess the quality of life of people with hemophilia. Raw and mean values were calculated overall for all domains and then for each domain so that they could be displayed. Results: A total average of 30,94 was obtained in relation to the ten domains evaluated. The domains with the highest averages were "physical health" with 49,23 and "coping" with 35,89 and with the lowest average was "family planning". Conclusions: The research participants have an unsatisfactory quality of life in relation to physical health and coping, and satisfactory in relation to relationships and sexuality(AU)

Advances in the recruitment and loyalty of blood donors: A critical outlook over the Brazilian scenario / Avanços no recrutamento e fidelização de doadores de sangue: um olhar crítico sobre o panorama brasileiro

The growing need for more stringent methods of safe blood transfusion has engendered blood banks in Brazil. The transfusion appears, then, as an alternative path for blood-related pathologies and their components. Followed by the enforcement of altruistic principles, blood donation has become resistant within society due to its myths and prejudices. Thus, the implementation of public policies became more evident in tracing the social profile of blood donors, and the public power started regulating, supervising and controlling the rational use of blood and blood products. This way, the indices of blood donation in the Unified Health System (SUS) result from various means of interaction with both the potential donor and with the loyal donor, through digital media, school lectures, symposia, congresses and visual media. This process hitched the recruitment to the peculiarities of potential donors, mostly promoted by Health professionals. There is a need to gradually increase such measures to facilitate the donation process, adapting it to the reality of these people, to amplify the number of loyal donors (AU)

A crescente necessidade de métodos mais rígidos de segurança na transfusão sanguínea engendrou os bancos de sangue no Brasil. A transfusão aparece, então, como via alternativa para tratamento de patologias relacionadas ao sangue e aos seus componentes. A partir da aplicação de princípios altruístas, a doação de sangue tornou-se mais resistente pela sociedade, devido aos mitos e preconceitos. A aplicação de políticas públicas, dessa forma, tornaram-se mais evidentes para traçar o perfil social do doador de sangue, e o poder público passou a regulamentar, fiscalizar e controlar o uso racional de hemoderivados e hemocomponentes. Nesse sentido, os índices de doação de sangue no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) são resultados de diversos meios de interação tanto com o potencial doador quanto com o fidelizado, por intermédio de mídias digitais, palestras em centros escolares, simpósios, congressos e meios audiovisuais. Esse processo atrelou o recrutamento às peculiaridades dos potenciais doadores, promovido principalmente pelos profissionais da saúde. Surge a necessidade de aumentar, cada vez mais, tais medidas de modo a facilitar e flexibilizar o processo de doação, adaptando-o, assim, à realidade dessas pessoas, para amplificar o número de doadores fidelizados (AU)

Frequency of antigen Dia on the blood donor population of the Hemocenter coordinator of the Hemopa Foundation.

INTRODUCTION: Erythrocyte phenotyping is a very important test in the adoption of prophylactic measures to reduce transfusion reactions/alloimmunizations in polytransfused patients. The blood group Diego, in its current, form has 22 antigens, of which 4 are immunogenic, being Diª/Dib and Wra/Wrb, while the others are less expressive. The antigen Diª is of low incidence among whites and blacks, however, it is common in the South American indigenous and Asian Mongolian populations. It is also considered a system of clinical importance for its immunogenicity. METHOD: The present study aimed to carry out a retrospective and descriptive survey of the frequency of the Diª antigen in the blood donor population at the HEMOPA Foundation Coordinating Blood Center from 12/2018 to 1/2000. The data obtained were from the HEMOPA Foundation SBS Progress and SBS WEB Systems databases. RESULTS: During this period, 941,744 blood bags were collected and, of these, 930 bags were phenotyped for the Diª antigen, of which 842 were negative and 88 (9.7%) positive. The research showed that, among the positive donors for the antigen Diª, 88.6% were brown, 3.4%, black and 8%, white. In the statistical analysis, the frequency observed was higher in browns. CONCLUSION: In the present investigation, we concluded that our region has a relatively higher frequency of the Diª antigen, when compared to the rest of Brazil, and it occurs more often in browns.

Management of nursing care in hemotherapy in a hospital nursing service / Gestión de los cuidados de enfermería en hemoterapia en un servicio de enfermería hospitalaria / Gerência do cuidado de enfermagem na hemoterapia em serviço hospitalar de enfermagem

Objective: analyzing the management of nursing care in hemotherapy in a university hospital. Method: a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach conducted with 29 nurses from the University Hospital of Belém, Pará, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were applied between August/2018 and January/2019. The collected data were submitted to thematic content analysis. Results: coordination of care/supervision and provision of complex care were the most mentioned actions regarding hemotherapy procedures. Team dimensioning, Materials management, Nursing care planning and Evaluation of the results of nursing actions were actions absent in the nurses' statements. Training/education of the team was weakened. Leadership was not explicitly mentioned, but it could be present, albeit in a fragile way. Final considerations: the actions most represented in the nurses' statements were related to the technical competencies acquired in the formative context, while the less mentioned actions were related to the competencies and skills that commonly permeate gaps in formal education.

Objetivo: analizar el manejo de los cuidados de enfermería en hemoterapia en un hospital universitario. Método: se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo realizado con 29 enfermeras del Hospital Universitario de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas entre agosto/2018 y enero/2019. Los datos recopilados se sometieron a análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: la coordinación de la atención/supervisión y la prestación de cuidados complejos fueron las acciones más mencionadas con respecto a los procedimientos de hemoterapia. El dimensionamiento del equipo, la gestión de materiales, la planificación de los cuidados de enfermería y la evaluación de los resultados de las acciones de enfermería fueron acciones ausentes en las declaraciones de las enfermeras. La capacitación/educación del equipo se debilitó. El liderazgo no se menciona explícitamente, pero podría estar presente, aunque de una manera frágil. Consideraciones finales: las acciones más representadas en las declaraciones de las enfermeras se relacionaron con las competencias técnicas adquiridas en el contexto formativo, mientras que las acciones menos mencionadas se relacionaron con las competencias y habilidades que comúnmente impregnan las brechas en la educación formal.

Objetivo: analisar a gerência do cuidado de Enfermagem na hemoterapia em um hospital universitário. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com 29 enfermeiros de Hospital Universitário de Belém, Pará, Brasil. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas entre agosto/2018 e janeiro/2019. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: Coordenação do cuidado/Supervisão e Prestação do cuidado complexo foram as ações mais mencionadas quanto aos procedimentos hemoterápicos. Dimensionamento da equipe, Gestão de materiais, Planejamento do cuidado de enfermagem e Avaliação dos resultados das ações de enfermagem foram ações ausentes nas falas dos enfermeiros. Treinamento/educação da equipe mostrou-se fragilizado. Já Liderança não foi mencionada explicitamente, mas pôde estar presente, ainda que de forma fragilizada. Considerações finais: as ações mais representadas nas falas dos enfermeiros estavam relacionadas às competências técnicas adquiridas no contexto formativo, enquanto as ações menos mencionadas relacionaram-se às competências e habilidades que comumente permeiam lacunas da educação formal.

Viral metagenomics for identification of emerging viruses in transfusion medicine

Viral metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding for identification of unknown or poorly characterized viruses. For that reason, metagenomic studies gave been largely applied for virus discovery in a wide variety of clinical samples, including blood specimens. The emerging blood-transmitted virus infections represent important problem for public health, and the emergence of HIV in the 1980s is an example for the vulnerability of Blood Donation systems to such infections. When viral metagenomics is applied to blood samples, it can give a complete overview of the viral nucleic acid abundance, also named “blood virome”. Detailed characterization of the blood virome of healthy donors could identify unknown (emerging) viral genomes that might be assumed as hypothetic transfusion threats. However, it is impossible only by application of viral metagenomics to assign that one viral agent could impact blood transfusion. That said, this is a complex issue and will depend on the ability of the infectious agent to cause clinically important infection in blood recipients, the viral stability in blood derivatives and the presence of infectious viruses in blood, making possible its transmission by transfusion. This brief review summarizes information regarding the blood donor virome and some important challenges for use of viral metagenomics in hemotherapy for identification of transfusion-transmitted viruses.

Nursing in hemotherapy services: considerations on public policies associated with blood and blood components / Enfermería en servicios de hemoterapia: reflexiones acerca de las políticas públicas vueltas a la sangre y hemocomponentes / Enfermagem em serviços de hemoterapia: reflexões acerca das políticas públicas voltadas ao sangue e hemocomponentes

ABSTRACT Objective: Reflect on how the evolution of legislation related to blood and blood-based products has shaped the role of nurses in hemotherapy services. Methods: A reflective study, carried out employing surveys in databases, about the evolution of the nurse's role in hemotherapy services. Results: Several legislations, published since 1950, have encouraged blood donation and shaped the work of nurses in hemotherapy services, being the most relevant Law #10.205/2001 (Lei nº 10.205/2001), about blood collection, processing, storage, distribution, and blood transfusion; and COFEN's resolution # 629/2020 (COFEN nº 629/2020), which addresses in detail the practice of these services. Final considerations: The evolution of legislation related to blood and blood-based products contributed to the consolidation of nurses' attributions in hemotherapy services since it guaranteed legal support and defined the practices in these services.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Reflejar sobre como la evolución de las legislaciones dirigidas a la sangre y hemoderivados moldeó la actuación del enfermero en los servicios de hemoterapia. Métodos: Estudio reflexivo, realizado mediante levantamientos en bases de datos, sobre la evolución de la actuación del enfermero en servicios de hemoterapia. Resultados: Verificado que las diversas legislaciones, publicadas desde 1950, fomentaron la donación de sangre y moldaron la actuación del enfermero en servicios de hemoterapia, siendo las de mayor relevancia: la Ley nº 10.205/2001, sobre la recolecta, procesamiento, almacenaje, distribución y aplicación de la sangre; y la resolución del COFEN n.º 629/2020, que aborda en detalhes la actuación en eses servicios. Consideraciones finales: La evolución de las legislaciones relacionadas a la sangre y hemoderivados contribuyó en la consolidación de las atribuciones de los enfermeros en servicios de hemoterapia, pues garantizó el amparo legal y definió las prácticas a ser realizadas en eses servicios.

RESUMO Objetivo: Refletir sobre como a evolução das legislações ligadas a sangue e hemoderivados moldou a atuação do enfermeiro nos serviços de hemoterapia. Métodos: Estudo reflexivo, realizado mediante levantamentos em bases de dados, sobre a evolução da atuação do enfermeiro em serviços de hemoterapia. Resultados: Verificou-se que as diversas legislações, publicadas desde 1950, fomentaram a doação de sangue e moldaram a atuação do enfermeiro em serviços de hemoterapia, sendo as de maior relevância: a Lei nº 10.205/2001, sobre a coleta, processamento, estocagem, distribuição e aplicação do sangue; e a resolução do COFEN nº 629/2020, que aborda detalhadamente a atuação nesses serviços. Considerações finais: A evolução das legislações relacionadas a sangue e hemoderivados contribuiu na consolidação das atribuições dos enfermeiros em serviços de hemoterapia, pois garantiu o amparo legal e definiu as práticas a serem realizadas nesses serviços.

Análise do perfil de Rh e Kell em doadores de sangue em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul / Phenotypic profile analysis of Rh and Kell blood group systems among donors in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

Introdução: A hemoterapia é uma prática terapêutica pelo meio de transfusão sanguínea. Devido ao baixo estoque de bolsas de sangue e o aumento de pacientes crônicos e emergenciais, se faz necessária a realização de testes imuno-hematológicos para minimizar os riscos de reações transfusionais e aloimunizações em doadores e receptores de sangue. Deste modo, no estudo foi avaliada a prevalência dos antígenos dos sistemas Rh e Kell em doadores de sangue de Porto Alegre ­ RS.Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e retrospectivo que foi realizado através da análise das informações dos doadores de sangue contidas no banco de dados do Hemocentro do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos anos de 2018 e 2019.Resultados: Das 6.479 amostras fenotipadas, quanto ao sistema Rh, 44,6% são Rh positivo e 55,4% são Rh negativo. As frequências dos antígenos encontradas foram de, CC 10,1%, Cc 27%, cc 62,9%, EE 1,2%, Ee 13,9%, ee 84,9%. E, para o sistema Kell, K1 positivo 7,1% e K1 negativo 92,9%.Conclusões: Antígenos do sistema Rh e Kell exibem um grande nível de imunogenicidade e uma forte ligação com a Doença Hemolítica do Recém-nascido, podendo ocorrer a sensibilização em pacientes caso não haja a compatibilidade sanguínea. Este estudo ressalta a importância da implementação da fenotipagem eritrocitária em doadores de sangue, sugere-se mais estudos com períodos distintos para a pesquisa de resultados satisfatórios.

Introduction: Hemotherapy is a therapeutic practice consisting of blood transfusion. Low blood supply and an increase in chronic and emergency patients have made it necessary to conduct immunohematology tests to minimize the risks of adverse reactions and alloimmunization in donors and recipients. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of Rh and Kell blood group antigens among blood donors in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.Methods: We conducted a quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective study. Information from blood donors included in the Rio Grande do Sul's Blood Center database from 2018 to 2019 were analyzed.Results: A total of 6,479 samples were phenotyped, of which 44.6% were Rh-positive and 55.4% were Rh-negative. Antigen prevalence was CC (10.1%), Cc (27%), cc (62.9%), EE (1.2%), Ee (13.9%), and ee (84.9%). As for the Kell group, 7.1% were K1-positive and 92.9% were K1-negative.Conclusions: The Rh and Kell antigens are highly immunogenic and have a strong link with the hemolytic disease of the newborn. Sensitization may occur in patients if there is no blood compatibility. This study highlights the importance of implementing erythrocyte phenotyping in blood donors. Further studies should be conducted in different time frames to achieve satisfactory results.