Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans en un paciente con lesión perianal. Caso clínico / Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a patient with perianal lesion. A case report

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una expresión de células dendríticas mieloides, asociada a un componente inflamatorio significativo y compromiso sistémico variado. La edad más frecuente de presentación es entre 1 y 4 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se comunica el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad cuya forma de presentación fue una lesión granulomatosa con fístula perianal, afectación pulmonar y de oído externo. El abordaje interdisciplinario permitió llegar al diagnóstico, realizar las intervenciones necesarias e iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an expression of myeloid dendritic cells, associated with a significant inflammatory component and varied systemic involvement. The most common age at presentation is between 1 and 4 years, and it prevails among male subjects. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a granulomatous lesion with perianal fistula and lung and external ear involvement. An interdisciplinary approach helped to make a diagnosis, provide the necessary interventions, and start an adequate treatment.

Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Mimicking a Meningeal Lesion with Temporal Bone and Muscle Compromise in an Adult Patient: A Case Report.

Introduction Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative systemic disease characterized by the growth of abnormal dendritic cells and wide-ranging organ involvement. This condition can affect individuals of all ages, but most commonly children, with a peak incidence in toddlers. Symptoms may vary depending on the affected organ or system. Case Report A 43-year-old man presented with a left temporal stabbing headache unresponsive to management with therapy and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Initial evaluation revealed a contrast-enhanced left temporal extra-axial lesion with bone and muscle compromise. Differential diagnoses, including multiple myeloma, were explored. Initial laboratory tests and imaging studies showed no other abnormalities, except for splenomegaly and a residual granuloma in the left lung. En bloc resection of the lesion was recommended. The patient underwent surgical intervention, which included resection of the dural lesion and all borders of an infiltrating tumor within the temporalis muscle and the affected portion of the left temporal bone. Posterior pathological examination revealed LCH. Postoperative course was uneventful. Follow-up appointments were scheduled after pathology results confirmed the diagnosis. Patient has continued follow-up for the following 3 months after the surgical procedure. Further evaluations are pending. Discussion This case report corresponds to a patient with LCH. These patients are individualized and stratified based on local or systemic involvement to determine the most appropriate type of management. This is a rare case as LCH is rare in older patients and the initial presented lesion initially mimicked a meningioma; however, its atypical behavior and associated lytic compromise led to consideration of possible differential diagnoses. Conclusion LCH can present with lytic bone lesions, mimicking other conditions, including infiltrative neoplastic lesions. Early diagnosis and appropriate surgical management are essential for optimal patient outcomes. Long-term follow-up is crucial to monitor disease progression and response to treatment.

Congenital Juvenile Xanthogranuloma in the Perioral Region: A Case Image.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is the most common form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis in childhood. It often presents with cutaneous involvement and exhibits a predilection for the head and neck region. This article illustrates a case of congenital JXG in a 5-month-old boy, characterized by a solitary, well-circumscribed nodule above the left upper lip. Histopathologically, the lesion exhibited histiocytes with eosinophilic cytoplasm and Touton giant cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed histiocytes positive for CD68 and Factor XIIIa, while negative for S-100 protein. Clinicians should become familiar with the broad clinical spectrum of cutaneous JXG, particularly its congenital presentation, in order to ensure timely and accurate management.

Increased AXLhigh myeloid cells as pathognomonic marker in Langerhans cell histiocytosis and Langerin expression dependence of mTOR inhibition.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is characterized by an expansion and accumulation of pathological histiocytes expressing langerin (CD207) and CD1a in different organs under an inflammatory milieu. The origin of pathognomonic precursors of LCH is widely debated, but monocytes and pre-dendritic cells (pre-DC) play a significant role. Remarkably, we found an expansion of AXLhigh cells in the CD11c+ subset of patients with active LCH, which also express the pathognomonic CD207 and CD1a. Moreover, we obtained a monocyte-derived LC-like (mo-LC-like) expressing high levels of AXL when treated with inflammatory cytokine, or plasma of patients with active disease. Intriguingly, inhibiting the mTOR pathway at the initial stages of monocyte differentiation to LC-like fosters the pathognomonic LCH program, highly increasing CD207 levels, together with NOTCH1 induction. We define here that AXLhigh could also be taken as a strong pathognomonic marker for LCH, and the release of Langerin and NOTCH1 expression depends on the inhibition of the mTOR pathway.

Rare Case of a Patient With Erdheim-Chester Disease Presenting With Atypical Breast Involvement.

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mutations. Herein, we present a unique case of ECD in a 79-year-old female with predominant breast nodules. Comprehensive imaging and histopathological evaluations confirmed the diagnosis. Mammography and ultrasonography revealed multiple hyperdense circumscribed nodules with coalescing masses and blurred margins. Core biopsy revealed infiltrating foamy cluster of differentiation (CD) 68+ and CD1a+ histiocytes. Because the tumor was negative for the BRAF V600E mutation, treatment with interferon-α was initiated. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges associated with ECD, the rarity of breast involvement, and the importance of considering ECD in the differential diagnosis of atypical breast lesions. Comprehensive imaging, histopathology, and genetic testing are essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment decision-making in ECD. Further research and awareness are required to improve recognition and management of this rare disease.

Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman cutánea, reporte de un caso / Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease, a case report

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman cutánea (ERDC) es una rara proliferación reactiva de histiocitos, que cursa con lesiones cutáneas sin compromiso generalizado. Las manifestaciones clínicas cutáneas son diversas y la variante clínica "tipo tumoración" es la forma más infrecuente. Se describe el caso de un paciente con ERDC que se presentó con esta forma inusual.

ABSTRACT Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease (CRDD) is a rare reactive histiocytic proliferation, which presents with skin lesions without systemic involvement. The clinical cutaneous manifestations are diverse and the "tumor-like" clinical variant is the most infrequent. We describe the case of a patient with CRDD who presented with this unusual form.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis in a patient with perianal lesion. A case report. / Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans en un paciente con lesión perianal. Caso clínico.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an expression of myeloid dendritic cells, associated with a significant inflammatory component and varied systemic involvement. The most common age at presentation is between 1 and 4 years, and it prevails among male subjects. Here we describe the case of a 5-year-old boy who presented with a granulomatous lesion with perianal fistula and lung and external ear involvement. An interdisciplinary approach helped to make a diagnosis, provide the necessary interventions, and start an adequate treatment.

La histiocitosis de células de Langerhans es una expresión de células dendríticas mieloides, asociada a un componente inflamatorio significativo y compromiso sistémico variado. La edad más frecuente de presentación es entre 1 y 4 años, y predomina en el sexo masculino. Se comunica el caso de un niño de 5 años de edad cuya forma de presentación fue una lesión granulomatosa con fístula perianal, afectación pulmonar y de oído externo. El abordaje interdisciplinario permitió llegar al diagnóstico, realizar las intervenciones necesarias e iniciar el tratamiento adecuado.

Erdheim-Chester disease with chorioretinal and orbital involvement: a case report / Doença de Erdheim-Chester com envolvimento coriorretiniano e orbitário: relato de caso

ABSTRACT A 42-year-old woman presented with bilateral proptosis, chemosis, leg pain, and vision loss. Orbital, chorioretinal, and multi-organ involvement of Erdheim-Chester disease, a rare non-Langerhans histiocytosis, with a negative BRAF mutation was diagnosed based on clinical, radiological, and pathological findings. Interferon-alpha-2a (IFNα-2a) was started, and her clinical condition improved. However, 4 months later, she had vision loss with a history of IFNα-2a cessation. The same therapy was administered, and her clinical condition improved. The Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare chronic histiocytic proliferative disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach and can be fatal if left untreated because of multisystemic involvements.

RESUMO Uma mulher de 42 anos apresentou proptose bi-lateral, quemose, dor nas pernas e perda de visão. Com base em achados clínicos, radiológicos e patológicos, foi diag-nosticada doença de Erdheim-Chester com acometimento orbitário, coriorretiniano e multiorgânico. Trata-se de uma rara histiocitose não Langerhans negativa para a mutação BRAF. Foi iniciado tratamento com interferon alfa-2a (IFNα-2a) e o quadro clínico melhorou. No entanto, quatro meses depois, a paciente apresentou perda visual após a cessação do IFNα-2a. A mesma terapia foi administrada novamente e sua condição clínica melhorou novamente. A doença de Erdheim-Chester é uma doença proliferativa histiocítica crônica rara que necessita de uma abordagem multidisciplinar e pode ser fatal se não tratada, devido a envolvimentos multissistêmicos.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis oral lesions in pediatric patients / Lesiones bucales de Histiocitosis de Células de Langerhans en pacientes pediátricos

ABSTRACT Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease with unknown etiology. It presents as single-system (affecting a single organ or tissue) or as multisystem (with or without risk organ involvement). The oral cavity may be involved or be the site of the first manifestation Aim To describe, group, and determine the frequency of oral lesions in pediatric patients with LCH, and to relate these lesions to age and the different disease subtypes Materials and Method Clinical and radiographic examinations were used to evaluate 95 patients diagnosed with LCH, aged 0 to 16 years, who were referred to the Department of Comprehensive Pediatric Dentistry at the School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires. Clinical histories were prepared and informed consents obtained. Lesions were diagnosed by observation, palpation and biopsies, and grouped according to affected tissues into bone, mucosal, and bone-mucosal Results 42.1% presented oral lesions, and in 14.73%, these lesions were the first manifestation of LCH. Ninety percent presented only bone lesions, while the remaining 10% presented bone-mucosal and mucosal lesions. In the single-system subtype, 52.5% presented bone lesions. In the multisystem subtypes (with or without risk organs), all three types of lesions were found. The association between age at which LCH was diagnosed and oral tissue involvement showed that bone-mucosal lesions occur in young children (average age 1.4 years) diagnosed with multisystem LCH. Oral mucosa was only affected in reactivations of the disease Conclusions A high frequency of oral lesions was observed, which were sometimes the first manifestation of the disease, most often affecting bone tissue. Dentists can play an active role in the initial diagnosis of the disease.

RESUMEN La Histiocitosis de células de Langerhans (LCH) (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) es una enfermedad de etiología aún desconocida. Se presenta en forma unisistémica (afecta un solo órgano o tejido) o multisistémica (con o sin órganos de riesgo afectados). La cavidad bucal puede estar comprometida o ser el sitio de la primera manifestación Objetivo describir, agrupar y determinar la frecuencia de las lesiones bucales de pacientes pediátricos con LCH, relacionarlas con la edad y los diferentes subtipos de la enfermedad Materiales y Método se evaluaron mediante exámenes clínicos y radiográficos 95 pacientes entre 0 y 16 años con diagnóstico de LCH, derivados a la Cátedra de Odontología Integral Niños, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Se confeccionaron historias clínicas y se obtuvieron los consentimientos informados. Las lesiones fueron diagnosticadas a través de observación, palpación y biopsias, y se agruparon según los tejidos afectados en óseo, mucoso y óseo-mucoso Resultados el 42.1% presentó lesiones bucales y en el 14.73% estas fueron la primera manifestación de LCH. El 90% mostró solo lesiones óseas, mientras que en el 10 % restante se observaron lesiones óseo-mucosas y mucosas. En el subtipo unisistémico el 52.5% presentó lesiones óseas. En los subtipos multisistémicos, "con" o "sin" órganos de riesgo, se hallaron los tres tipos de lesiones. La relación entre la edad de diagnóstico de LCH y el compromiso de tejidos bucales evidenció que las lesiones óseo-mucosas ocurren en niños pequeños (edad promedio 1.4 años) con diagnóstico de LCH multisistémica. La mucosa bucal solo se vio afectada en las reactivaciones de la enfermedad Conclusiones Se observó una alta frecuencia de lesiones bucales, siendo en ocasiones la primera manifestación de la enfermedad, afectando con mayor frecuencia al tejido óseo. El odontólogo puede desempeñar un rol activo en el diagnóstico inicial de la enfermedad.

Rosai-Dorfman disease of the oral cavity.

First described by J Rosai and R F Dorfman in 1969, Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a benign, self-limiting histiocytosis of unknown etiology. It is usually seen in the first two decades of life. The most frequent clinical presentation is painless, bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy accompanied by fever, weight loss, and an elevated ESR. However, RDD without nodal involvement is extremely rare, and the most common extranodal location is the head and neck region, mainly affecting the nasal cavity, pharynx, and paranasal sinuses. Oral location of RDD is occasional; according to our knowledge, only 17 cases of oral Rosai-Dorfman disease without lymph node involvement have been found in the literature. Because of the rarity of these isolated oral presentations, the clinical and radiological aspects need to be more studied. This article aims to present a rare case of oral Rosai-Dorfman disease without nodal involvement, detail the clinical and radiological signs, and the treatment strategy used in our patient.

Presentación clínica de patologías no malignas que simulan leucemia cutis: a propósito de dos casos / Clinical presentation of non-malignant diseases mimicking leukemia cutis: A report of two cases

La infiltración cutánea por células leucémicas conocida como leucemia cutis es una presentación infrecuente de esta patología y constituye un desafío diagnóstico. Los diagnósticos como infecciones, otras patologías neoplásicas con afectación cutánea y los trastornos histiocíticos, entre otros, constituyen los principales diagnósticos diferenciales, ya que configuran un escenario pronóstico y terapéutico diferente. Se presentan dos pacientes que fueron diagnosticados inicialmente como leucemia cutis, cuyo diagnóstico final fue de patologías no malignas.

The infiltration of leukemia cells into the skin, known as leukemia cutis, is a rare presentation of this disease and accounts for a diagnostic challenge. The main differential diagnoses include infections, other neoplastic diseases with skin involvement and histiocytic disorders, among others, as they entail different prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Here we describe two patients who were initially diagnosed with leukemia cutis, whose final diagnosis was of non-malignant diseases.

The evaluation of IgG4 and IgG expression in cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated the expression of IgG4 and IgG in cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman Disease (CRDD) to further improve the understanding of this disease. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological features of 23 CRDD patients. The authors diagnosed CRDD by the presence of emperipolesis and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of histiocytes consisting of S-100(+)/CD68(+)/CD1a(-) cells. The expressions of IgG and IgG4 in cutaneous specimens were assessed by IHC (EnVision) and quantitatively calculated by a medical image analysis system. RESULTS: All 23 patients, including 14 males and 9 females, were confirmed to have CRDD. Their ages ranged from 17 to 68 years (mean 47.91 ± 14.16). The most frequently affected skin regions were the face, followed by the trunk, ears, neck, limbs, and genitals. In 16 of these cases, the disease presented as a single lesion. IHC staining of sections showed that IgG was positive (≥ 10 cells/High-Power Field [HPF]) in 22 cases, while IgG4 was positive (≥ 10 cells/HPF) in 18 cases. Moreover, the IgG4/IgG proportion ranged from 1.7% to 85.7% (mean 29.50 ± 24.67%, median 18.4%) in the 18 cases. STUDY LIMITATIONS: In the majority of studies, as well as in the current study, the design. RDD is a rare disease, so the sample size is small. In the next studies to come, the authors will expand the sample for multi-center verification and in-depth study. CONCLUSION: The positive rates of IgG4 and IgG and the IgG4/IgG ratio assessed through IHC staining may be important in understanding the pathogenesis of CRDD.

Intracranial Rosai Dorfman disease - A rare differential diagnosis of multiple meningiomas: a case report.

Rosai Dorfman Destombes (RDD) disease is a non-Langerhans histiocytosis. The central nervous system is affected in < 5% of cases. We report the case of a 59-year-old man, who began 8 months before admission with headache, diminished visual acuity in the temporal hemifields, hyposmia, and seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging showed three midline skull-base lesions in anterior, media, and posterior fossae. We performed a complete resection of symptomatic lesions using a bifrontal craniotomy. The histopathological analysis determined RDD, therefore, we started steroid treatment. Our case description is due to the diagnosis and location, one of the rarest reported to date in the literature.

La enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes (RDD) es una histiocitosis no Langerhans. El SNC se ve afectado en menos del 5% de los casos. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 59 años quien inició ocho meses previos al ingreso con cefalea, hemianopsia bitemporal, hiposmia y convulsiones. La resonancia magnética mostró tres lesiones de la base del cráneo en las fosas anterior, media y posterior. Realizamos una resección completa de las lesiones sintomáticas mediante una craneotomía bifrontal. El análisis histopatológico determinó RDD. Nuestro caso es debido al diagnóstico y localización, uno de los más raros reportados hasta la fecha en la literatura.

Histiocitosis de Langerhans y panhipopituitarismo en adulto. Reporte de caso / Langerhans histiocytosis and panhypopituitarism in adults. Case report

La Histiocitosis de Células de Langerhans (HCL) es una enfermedad poco común caracterizada por la proliferación clonal de células dendríticas inmaduras que infiltran de forma local o difusa a distintos sistemas, y que afecta principalmente a niños. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 38 años con historia de caída de múltiples piezas dentales de larga data, sin asociación a traumatismo, tabaquismo ni a mala higiene dental. Tomografía Computada (TC) de cráneo que mostró múltiples lesiones líticas mandibulares. El resultado de biopsia mandibular e inmunohistoquímica eran compatibles con el hallazgo de HCL. Durante su evolución, cursa con poliuria, polidipsia y nicturia, confirmando mediante estudio hormonal diabetes insípida y panhipopituitarismo. Resonancia Magnética (RM) cerebral muestra neoplasia hipotalámica con compromiso infundibular e imagen sugerente de granuloma hipofisiario. Se decide defocación maxilobucofacial, suplementación hormonal, junto con quimioterapia y radioterapia. El paciente evolucionó favorablemente.

Langerhans-cells Histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease characterized by the clonal proliferation of immature dendritic cells that locally or diffusely infiltrate different systems, mainly affecting children. We present the case of a 38-year-old man with a long-standing history of multiple tooth loss without association with trauma, smoking, or poor dental hygiene. Skull computed tomography (CT) showed multiple lytic jaw lesions. Jaw biopsy and immunohistochemical results were compatible with the finding of LCH. The patient evolved with polyuria, polydipsia, and nocturia, confirming the presence of diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism through hormonal studies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain shows a hypothalamic neoplasm with infundibular involvement and an image suggestive of a pituitary granuloma. The treatment consisted of maxillobuccofacial defocusing, hormonal supplementation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy with favorable evolution.

Clinical presentation of non-malignant diseases mimicking leukemia cutis: A report of two cases. / Presentación clínica de patologías no malignas que simulan leucemia cutis: a propósito de dos casos.

The infiltration of leukemia cells into the skin, known as leukemia cutis, is a rare presentation of this disease and accounts for a diagnostic challenge. The main differential diagnoses include infections, other neoplastic diseases with skin involvement and histiocytic disorders, among others, as they entail different prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Here we describe two patients who were initially diagnosed with leukemia cutis, whose final diagnosis was of non-malignant diseases.

La infiltración cutánea por células leucémicas conocida como leucemia cutis es una presentación infrecuente de esta patología y constituye un desafío diagnóstico. Los diagnósticos como infecciones, otras patologías neoplásicas con afectación cutánea y los trastornos histiocíticos, entre otros, constituyen los principales diagnósticos diferenciales, ya que configuran un escenario pronóstico y terapéutico diferente. Se presentan dos pacientes que fueron diagnosticados inicialmente como leucemia cutis, cuyo diagnóstico final fue de patologías no malignas.

Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman intracraneal: un infrecuente diagnóstico diferencial del meningioma. Reporte de un caso ilustrativo

La Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman es un trastorno infrecuente y de etiología desconocida. La presentación intracraneal es aún más rara y suele imitar la apariencia de un meningioma en las imágenes del encéfalo. Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 38 años que ingresa por una tumoración intracraneal, extra-axial y supratentorial asociada a déficit neurológico leve; con diagnóstico presuntivo de meningioma de la convexidad. Después de la intervención quirúrgica, el diagnóstico histológico definitivo fue de Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman intracraneal. Se debe considerar la Enfermedad de Rosai-Dorfman intracraneal dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de una lesión intracraneal extra-axial sugestiva de un meningioma debido a la similitud en las neuroimágenes y la presentación clínica entre ambas patologías.

Rosai-Dorfman disease is an infrequent condition with no known etiology. The intracranial presentation is even rarer, and it resembles the appearance of a meningioma in image studies. We present the case of a 38-year-old male patient who was admitted because of an extra-axial supratentorial cranial tumor, associated to mild neurological deficit. The presumptive diagnosis was convexity meningioma. After surgery, the definitive histologic diagnosis was intracranial Rosai-Dorfman disease. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an extra-axial intracranial lesion suggesting meningioma, because of similar neuroimaging results and the similar clinical picture.

Síndrome hemofagocítico asociado a varicela / Hemofagocytic syndrome associated with varicella

Presentación del caso. Lactante femenina de 14 meses de edad con desarrollo psicomotor normal, sin comórbidos. Con historia de un día de fiebre de 40 °C, intermitente, acompañada de evacuaciones diarreicas y vómitos. Fue llevada por sus padres a una clínica privada sin notar mejoría con el tratamiento médico indicado. Posteriormente, presentó deterioro clínico y fue llevada a un hospital, donde se diagnosticó un síndrome febril agudo, diarrea con deshidratación leve y faringitis. Al cuarto día de evolución inició con máculas y pápulas que progresaron a vesículas y costras. Además, presentó intolerancia a la vía oral, disnea, distensión abdominal, coma y desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico. Intervención terapéutica. Inició el tratamiento con hidratación parenteral, antivirales, esteroides endovenosos y antihistamínicos; se diagnosticó shock séptico con compromiso respiratorio, se proporcionó ventilación mecánica asistida y fue referida al hospital de tercer nivel para atención por medicina crítica. Los estudios reportaron un derrame pleural derecho del 40 % y hepatomegalia. Continuó el tratamiento con antibiótico terapia, hidratación parenteral, antivirales, diuréticos, antipiréticos y hemoderivados, presentó mejoría, continuó el manejo terapéutico. Evolución clínica. El día 18 presentó fiebre, hepatoesplenomegalia, los exámenes reportaron elevación de ferritina, triglicéridos y citopenia se diagnosticó un síndrome hemofagocítico que evolucionó con una falla multisistémica y falleció al siguiente día

Case presentation. A 14-month-old female infant with normal psychomotor development, without comorbidities. With a one-day history of fever of 40 °C, intermittent, accompanied by diarrhea and vomiting. She was taken by her parents to a private clinic without improvement with the indicated medical treatment. Subsequently, she presented clinical deterioration and was taken to a hospital, where she was diagnosed with acute febrile syndrome, diarrhea with mild dehydration, and pharyngitis. On the fourth day of evolution, she started with macules and papules that progressed to vesicles and crusts. In addition, she presented oral intolerance, dyspnea, abdominal distension, coma, and hydro electrolytic imbalance. Therapeutic intervention. She started treatment with parenteral hydration, antivirals, intravenous steroids, and antihistamines; septic shock with respiratory distress was diagnosed, assisted mechanical ventilation was provided, and she was referred to a tertiary hospital for critical care medicine. Studies reported a 40 % right pleural effusion and hepatomegaly. She continued treatment with antibiotic therapy, parenteral hydration, antivirals, diuretics, antipyretics, and hemoderivatives, presented improvement, and continued therapeutic management. Clinical evolution. On day 18 he presented fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Tests reported elevated ferritin, triglycerides, and cytopenia, and was diagnosed with hemophagocytic syndrome that evolved with multisystemic failure and died the following day

Acquired butterfly vertebra as a sequela of eosinophilic granuloma.

Butterfly vertebras are an abnormal embryological formation of the spinal bodies that occur because of a lack of fusion of the chondrification centers of the vertebral bodies. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is an entity that frequently involves vertebral bodies resulting in flat vertebras, and recovery of the vertebral body height is a very unusual finding. We present a case report of a pediatric patient with a thoracic acquired butterfly vertebra which occurred secondary to a Langerhans cell histiocytosis involvement. It is extremely rare to find vertebra plana that regains its complete height but is even more infrequent to evidence of a butterfly vertebra deformity that is not congenital.

Ophthalmic histiocytic lesions (diseases of the L group): A multicenter clinicopathological study of 18 cases and review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) and Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) are rare histiocytic disorders in the L (Langerhans) group diseases. They range from self-limited benign diseases to lethal disseminated forms. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in 3 tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia and Brazil. Histopathological records were searched for all patients diagnosed with ocular and periocular histiocytic disorders from January 1993 to December 2018. Histopathological slides and medical files were reviewed for data collection and simple analysis of demographics, clinical manifestations, and management. The relevant literature is reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-two eyes of 18 patients with biopsy-proven histiocytic disorders in the L group were included. Female-to-male ratio was 1.25:1. Average age at presentation was 14 years (range, 1-54). LCH was diagnosed in 14 eyes, while eight eyes had ECD. All LCH cases were unilateral and confined to the bone as cases of eosinophilic granuloma (EG), while patients with ECD were bilateral. Commonest presentations in EG and ECD were eyelid swelling (85.7%) and periocular xanthomas (75%), respectively. Orbit was involved in 100% of EG cases, with bony erosion in 54.5%. Relevant systemic involvement was found in 100% of ECD and 21% of EG cases. Surgical intervention was needed in 16 of the 22 eyes (72.7%). All EG and 25% of patients with ECD required surgical excision. CONCLUSIONS: Histiocytic disorders are a rare group of diseases, including the L group. Relevant systemic associations require specific and selective therapy. A high clinical index and multidisciplinary collaboration are essential for the proper evaluation and management of these patients.