Predictors of persistent moderate and severe food insecurity in a longitudinal survey in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Household food insecurity (HFI) increased in Latin America by 9% between 2019 and 2020. Scant evidence shows who was unable to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim was to use a Machine Learning (ML) approach to identify consistent and influential predictors of persistent moderate or severe HFI over 2 years. Methods: We use a three-wave longitudinal telephone survey with a probabilistic sample representative of the Mexican population. With a response rate of 51.3 and 60.8% for the second and third waves, the final sample size consisted of 1,074 individuals. The primary outcome was persistent HFI, i.e., respondents who reported moderate or severe HFI in 2021 and 2022. Twelve income-related predictors were measured in 2020, including baseline HFI. We employed 6 supervised ML algorithms to cross-validate findings in models, examined its precision with 4 standard performance indicators to assess precision, and used SHAP values (Shapley Additive exPlanations) to identify influential predictors in each model. Results: Prevalence of persistent moderate/severe HFI in 2021 and 2022 was 8.8%. Models with only a HFI 2020 baseline measure were used as a reference for comparisons; they had an accuracy of 0.79, a Cohen's Kappa of 0.57, a sensitivity of 0.68, and a specificity of 0.88. When HFI was substituted by the suite of socioeconomic indicators, accuracy ranged from 0.70 to 0.84, Cohen's Kappa from 0.40 to 0.67, sensitivity from 0.86 to 0.90, and specificity from 0.75 to 0.82. The best performing models included baseline HFI and socioeconomic indicators; they had an accuracy between 0.81 and 0.92, a Cohen's Kappa between 0.61 and 0.85, a sensitivity from 0.74 to 0.95, and a specificity from 0.85 to 0.92. Influential and consistent predictors across the algorithms were baseline HFI, socioeconomic status (SES), adoption of financial coping strategies, and receiving government support. Discussion: Persistent HFI can be a relevant indicator to identify households that are less responsive to food security policies. These households should be prioritized for innovative government support and monitored to assess changes. Forecasting systems of HFI can be improved with longitudinal designs including baseline measures of HFI and socioeconomic predictors.

Household food insecurity and physical activity behaviour in Ecuadorian children and adolescents: findings from the Ecuador 2018 National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT-2018).

OBJECTIVE: Ecuador has a high prevalence of household food insecurity (HFI) and is undergoing nutritional and epidemiologic transition. Evidence from high-income countries has reported negative or null associations between HFI and physical activity (PA) in children. It remains uncertain whether the same is true of those from low- and middle-income countries like Ecuador whose environmental and socio-demographic characteristics are distinct from those of high-income countries. We aimed to investigate the association of HFI with PA, sedentary behaviour (SB) and anthropometric indicators in children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of data from the nationally representative 2018 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey. Data were collected on HFI, PA, SB, socio-demographic characteristics and measured height and weight. Unadjusted and adjusted linear, log-binomial and multinomial logistic regression analyses assessed the relationship of HFI with PA, SB, stunting and BMI-for-age. SETTING: Ecuador. PARTICIPANTS: 23 621 children aged 5-17 years. RESULTS: Marginal and moderate-severe HFI was prevalent in 24 % and 20 % of the households, respectively. HFI was not associated with PA, SB, stunting nor underweight. Moderate-severe HFI was associated with a lower odds of overweight and obesity. However, adjustment for household assets attenuated this finding for overweight (adjusted OR:0·90, 95 % CI: 0·77, 1·05) and obesity (adjusted OR: 0·88, 95 % CI: 0·71, 1·08). CONCLUSION: HFI is a burden in Ecuadorian households, but is not associated with PA, SB nor anthropometric indicators in children aged 5-17 years. However, a concerning prevalence of insufficient PA was reported, emphasising the critical need for evidence-based interventions aimed at promoting PA and reducing SB.

Association between household food insecurity and stunting in children aged 0-59 months: Systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Household food insecurity (HFI) during childhood is associated with poor dietary diversity and malnutrition, placing children's growth at risk. Children with growth disorders, such as stunting, are more likely to have poor cognition and educational performance, lower economic status, and an increased risk of nutrition-related chronic diseases in adulthood. Our study aimed to systematically review and conduct a meta-analysis of cohort studies investigating the association between HFI and stunting in children aged 0-59 months. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched in electronic databases with no language or date restrictions. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for pre-established eligibility criteria. Data were extracted using a standard protocol. Random-effects meta-analysis models were used, and I2 > 40% indicated high heterogeneity across studies. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to assess the quality of the evidence. Nine cohort studies comprising 46,300 children were included. Approximately 80% (n = 7) of the studies found a positive association between HFI and stunting. Pooled odds ratio was 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-1.14; I2: 76.14%). The pooled hazard ratio between moderate and severe HFI and stunting was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.84-1.22; I2: 85.96%). Due to high heterogeneity, the quality of evidence was very low. Individual studies showed an association between HFI and stunting in children aged 0-59 months; however, this association was not sustained in the pooled analysis, possibly because of high heterogeneity across studies.

Risk factors for household food insecurity in the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network cohort study.

Background: Globally, 1.3 billion people were considered food insecure as of 2022. In the Caribbean region, the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was 71.3% as of 2020, the highest of all subregions in Latin America. Experienced based measurement scales, like the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale, are efficient measurement tools of food insecurity used globally. The Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network (ECHORN) Cohort Study is a population-based longitudinal cohort study in the two Caribbean U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as in Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. The purpose of this research was to examine the demographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and environmental risk factors associated with household food insecurity (HFI) among adults ≥40 years of age in the ECHORN cohort. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of baseline ECHORN cohort study data was conducted. The primary outcome was household food insecurity (none, mild, moderate/severe). A total of 16 known and potential risk factors were examined for their association with HFI. The ANOVA and chi-square statistics were used in bivariate analysis. Ordinal logistic regression was used for the multivariable and sex stratified analyses. Results: More than one-quarter of the sample (27.3%) experienced HFI. In bivariate analyses, all risk factors examined except for sex, were significantly associated with HFI status. In the multivariable analysis, all variables except sex, education, marital status, smoking status, and residing in Puerto Rico were significant predictors of HFI in the adjusted model. In sex stratified analysis, depression, food availability, self-rated physical health, and island site were significantly associated with increased odds of worsening HFI for women, but not for men. Source of potable water was an important risk factor for both men and women. Discussion: The prevalence of HFI in the ECHORN cohort study is comparable to other studies conducted in the region. While women did not have an increased risk of HFI compared to men, a different set of risk factors affected their vulnerability to HFI. More research is needed to understand how water and food security are interrelated in the ECHORN cohort.

Association of household food insecurity with developmental delay in preschool children: 2018 Ecuadorian Nutrition and Health National Survey.

We investigated the association of household food insecurity (HFI) with developmental delays in 36-59-month-old preschool children (n 7005) using cross-sectional data from the 2018 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey. HFI was assessed with the Food Insecurity Experience Scale and developmental delays with the Early Childhood Development Index. Log-binomial regression models estimated the association of HFI with global (overall) developmental delay (GDD) and delays in four individual developmental domains, adjusting for covariates. Nearly half of the children lived in households with marginal (24⋅5 %) or moderate-severe HFI (21⋅7 %). Eighteen percent were identified with GDD. Delays in the individual domains of literacy-numeracy, social-emotional, physical and cognitive development were identified for 64, 21⋅5, 3⋅3 and 3⋅1 %, respectively. GDD was more likely among preschool children from households with marginal (aPR = 1⋅29; 95 % C.I. = 1⋅10, 1⋅49) and moderate-severe HFI (aPR = 1⋅30; 95 % C.I. = 1⋅11, 1⋅51). Social-emotional development delays were also more likely among those from households with marginal (aPR = 1⋅36; 95 % C.I. = 1⋅19, 1⋅56) and moderate-severe HFI (aPR = 1⋅33; 95 % C.I. = 1⋅15, 1⋅54) different from the other three domains. Several other potentially modifiable risk (violent discipline, maternal depressive symptoms) and protective factors (adequate child stimulation, higher maternal education, handwashing with soap/detergent) were also independently associated with GDD and/or literacy-numeracy and cognitive delays. Our findings suggest that HFI is an independent risk factor for GDD and social-emotional developmental delays in Ecuadorian preschoolers. They underscore the importance of strengthening and expanding poverty reduction, food security and early childhood development policies and interventions to improve the opportunities for children to achieve their full developmental potential.

Extreme Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in Haiti: Findings from a Population-Based Cohort in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

Haiti is one of the most food-insecure (FIS) nations in the world, with increasing rates of overweight and obesity. This study aimed to characterize FIS among households in urban Haiti and assess the relationship between FIS and body mass index (BMI) using enrollment data from the Haiti Cardiovascular Disease Cohort Study. FIS was characterized as no/low, moderate/high, and extreme based on the Household Food Security Scale. Multinomial logistic generalized estimating equations were used to evaluate the association between FIS categories and BMI, with obesity defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Among 2972 participants, the prevalence of moderate/high FIS was 40.1% and extreme FIS was 43.7%. Those with extreme FIS had higher median age (41 vs. 38 years) and were less educated (secondary education: 11.6% vs. 20.3%) compared to those with no/low FIS. Although all FIS categories had high obesity prevalence, those with extreme FIS compared to no/low FIS (15.3% vs. 21.6%) had the lowest prevalence. Multivariable models showed an inverse relationship between FIS and obesity: moderate/high FIS (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.56, 1.08) and extreme FIS (OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.81) versus no/low FIS were associated with lower adjusted odds of obesity. We found high prevalence of extreme FIS in urban Haiti in a transitioning nutrition setting. The inverse relationship between extreme FIS and obesity needs to be further studied to reduce both FIS and obesity in this population.

Determinants of food insecurity among households with children in Villa el Salvador, Lima, Peru: the role of gender and employment, a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: From 2014-2019, Latin America and the Caribbean had the fastest growth of moderate-to-severe food insecurity than any other region, rising from 22.9% to 31.7%. While the prevalence of food insecurity is higher among women than men in every continent, Latin America has the largest food insecurity gender gap. Factors contributing to this gender inequity include underrepresentation of women in formal employment, heightened burden of dependent care on women, and unequal compensation of labor for women vs. men. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the gender of the head of the household, employment status of household members, and food insecurity in households with children in a low-income district of Lima, Peru. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Villa El Salvador, the fifth largest district in Metropolitan Lima, Peru, where over 20% of the population lives in poverty. Data were collected on a stratified random sample (n = 329) using a household questionnaire, including a validated food security tool (HFIAS). We ran multivariate logistic regression models predicting household food insecurity, with independent variables including gender of household head, education of household head, employment of household head, household-level employment status, age, and weekly food expenses per person. RESULTS: In fully adjusted models, woman-headed households had almost thrice the odds of being food insecure compared to man-headed households. Education also had a significant effect size: a household whose household head did not complete high school was 3.4 times more likely to be food insecure than if they had some post-secondary education. Woman-headed households had a significantly higher proportion of members not formally employed, compared to man-headed households, but employment status was not associated with food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS: Gender of the household head was a major contributing factor to household food insecurity in Villa el Salvador. Gender dynamics affecting opportunities for employment, education, and non-remunerated work should inform national food security policies and interventions with the goal to not only lower food insecurity, but also reduce gender inequities in food insecurity and other nutritional outcomes.

Household food insecurity and early childhood development in Brazil: an analysis of children under 2 years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if household food insecurity (HFI) is associated with the risk of developmental delays. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of children under 2 years old. Risk of developmental delays was assessed with the Denver Developmental Screening Test II. HFI was measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between HFI (food secure/insecure) and risk of developmental delays, adjusting for household, maternal and child variables. SETTING: Community Health Centers in the Federal District, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 1004 children under 2 years old. RESULTS: Among participants, 15 % were at risk of developmental delays and about 40 % of children lived in food-insecure households. HFI was associated with the risk of developmental delays (adjusted OR 2·61; 95 % CI 1·42, 4·80) compared with food-secure households after adjusting for key confounders. CONCLUSIONS: HFI was strongly associated with the risk of developmental delays in children under 2 years. Investments that prevent or mitigate HFI are likely to be key for improved human and national development.

Maternal Mental Health Mediates the Relationship Between Household Food Insecurity and Early Child Development in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Optimal early child development (ECD) is fundamental for every child to achieve their developmental potential and thrive. Household food insecurity (HFI) is a risk factor for suboptimal development, but there is still a need to better understand the pathways that explain this relationship. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether maternal mental health and infant's diet mediate the association between HFI and ECD using structural equation modeling. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 474 mother-infant dyads. Mothers answered a questionnaire that evaluated variables through validated instruments. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to obtain standardized effects (ß) and bias-corrected 95% CI, enabling comparisons between the magnitude of the effects. The following observed variables were included: HFI, ECD, consumption of a healthy and diverse diet, the presence of a partner in the household, wanted pregnancy, and current breastfeeding. Latent variables were included to evaluate mental health, poverty, and neonatal health. RESULTS: Poor maternal mental health mediated the relationship between HFI and ECD (ß = -.05), but a healthy and diverse diet was not a mediator in this relationship. Poverty was related to lower development scores directly (ß = .21) and indirectly (ß = .02). Not having a partner (ß = .05) and having an unwanted pregnancy (ß = .02) predicted indirectly lower development scores. CONCLUSIONS: Poor maternal mental health mediates the relationship between HFI and ECD, and ECD is influenced by poverty, single motherhood, and unwanted pregnancy through different pathways. Therefore, public policies and interventions that aim to promote an optimal ECD should also approach these aspects.

Governmental programmes associated with food insecurity among communities of descendants of enslaved blacks in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the access to government programmes and their association with food insecurity (FI) in families from quilombolas communities in Brazil. DESIGN: An analysis of secondary data from the 2011 Quilombolas Census was performed in Brazilian territories. The Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, EBIA) was used to assess the household FI status. The relationships of governmental programmes with the levels of FI were estimated using logistic regression models. SETTING: Greater national survey census of food and nutritional security of the recognised Quilombolas Brazilian territories. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 8743 quilombolas families. RESULTS: The prevalence of household FI was 86·1 % (moderate/severe FI: 55·9 %, 95 % CI 54·8, 56·9). After adjustment for socio-demographic variables, access to rural development programmes (Food Acquisition Program: OR: 0·6, 95 % CI 0·4, 0·8, P-value < 0·01) and health programmes (Center for Family Health Support: OR: 0·5, 95 % CI 0·5, 0·7, P-value < 0·001) is inversely and significantly associated with moderate/severe FI. The Brazilian conditional cash transfer programme (Bolsa Família) was associated with quilombolas families with moderate/severe levels of FI (OR: 3·3, 95 % CI 2·8, 4·0, P-value < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of FI was high among quilombolas families. Despite reduced participation in governmental programmes, rural development, agriculture and conditional cash transfer programmes are fundamental to the autonomy of quilombolas communities. In spite of the low participation, when families are able to access these programmes, the study revealed the importance of these initiatives in reducing the likelihood of severe levels of FI.

Household food insecurity and early childhood development: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Household food insecurity (HFI) is a powerful stressor negatively associated with early childhood development (ECD). However, no comprehensive review has examined the association of HFI and ECD. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association between HFI and ECD domains and subdomains in children under 5 years old. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched in electronic databases with no year or language restrictions. Studies were eligible if they assessed the association between HFI and one or more ECD domains. Data were extracted using a standard predefined protocol. Meta-analysis was performed, and the heterogeneity across studies was explored. Nineteen studies were included in the systematic review and 14 in the meta-analysis. Of the studies, 15 were from high income countries (HICs) and four from low-middle income countries (LMICs). For developmental risk and the cognitive/math and cognitive/school readiness and reading subdomains, the only studies available were conducted in HICs. The meta-analysis showed that HFI was associated with developmental risk (OR 1.28; 95% CI [1.14, 1.45]), cognitive/vocabulary (OR 0.94; 95% CI [0.90, 0.98]), and cognitive/math (OR 0.84; 95% CI [0.73, 0.96]). HFI was marginally associated with cognitive/school readiness and reading (OR 0.91; 95% CI [0.82, 1.00]) and motor development (OR; 0.91, 95% CI [0.80, 1.04]). HFI was associated with poor ECD in children under 5 years old. Specifically, HFI was associated with developmental risk and poor math skills in studies conducted in HICs and with poor vocabulary skills in studies conducted in both HICs and LMICs. Prospective studies examining HFI and ECD are needed in LMICs.

Household food insecurity in black-slaves descendant communities in Brazil: has the legacy of slavery truly ended?

OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with food insecurity among Quilombolas communities in Brazil. DESIGN: An analysis of secondary data assessed in the 2011 Quilombolas Census was performed. The Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, EBIA) was used to assess household food security status. Sociodemographic conditions and access to social programmes and benefits were also evaluated. SETTING: National survey census from recognized Quilombolas Brazilian territories. SUBJECTS: Quilombolas households (n 8846). RESULTS: About half (47·8 %) of the Quilombolas lived in severely food-insecure households, with the North and Northeast regions facing the most critical situation. Households located in North Brazil, whose head of the family had less than 4 years of education, with a monthly per capita income below $US 44, without adequate sanitation and without adequate water supply had the greatest chance of experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity. Households that had access to a water supply programme for dry regions (Programa Cisternas) and an agricultural harvest subsidy programme (Programa Garantia Safra) had less chance of experiencing moderate and severe food insecurity. Households that did not have access to health care (Programa Saúde da Família) had greater chance of suffering from moderate or severe food insecurity. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions are urgently needed to strengthen and promote public policies aimed to improve living conditions and food security in Quilombolas communities.

Intimate partner violence, common mental disorders and household food insecurity: an analysis using path analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the direct and indirect associations between psychological and physical intimate partner violence and the occurrence of common mental disorders (CMD) and how they relate to the occurrence of household food insecurity (HFI). DESIGN: This was a population-based cross-sectional study. Intimate partner violence was assessed using the Brazilian version of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) and HFI was assessed using the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. The propositional analytical model was based on a review of the literature and was tested using path analysis. SETTING: Duque de Caxias, Greater Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (April-December 2010). SUBJECTS: Women (n 849) who had been in a relationship in the 12 months preceding the interview. RESULTS: Both psychological and physical violence were found to be major risk factors of HFI. Psychological violence was associated with HFI indirectly via physical violence and CMD, and directly by an unidentified path. The effects of physical violence seemed to be manifested exclusively through CMD. Most of the variables in the propositional model related to socio-economic position, demographic characteristics, degree of women's social support and partner alcohol misuse were retained in the 'final' model, indicating that these factors contribute significantly to the increased likelihood of HFI. CONCLUSIONS: The results reinforce the importance of considering domestic violence and other psychosocial aspects of family life when implementing interventions designed to reduce/eradicate HFI.

Household food insecurity, nutritional status and morbidity in Brazilian children.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association of household food insecurity (HFI) with anthropometric status, the risk of vitamin A deficiency and anaemia, morbidities such as cough and fever, and hospitalizations for diarrhoea and pneumonia in children under 5 years old. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2006 Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey. HFI was measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA). Vitamin A deficiency and anaemia were assessed in blood samples. Child morbidities were reported by the child's mother and included cough, fever, and hospitalizations for diarrhoea and pneumonia. Regression results were expressed as unadjusted and adjusted OR and corresponding 95 % CI for severe food insecurity, with statistical significance set at P<0·05. SETTING: Nationally representative survey. SUBJECTS: Children (n 4064) under 5 years old. RESULTS: There was no association between HFI and vitamin A deficiency, pneumonia, wasting or overweight. The prevalence of cough, fever, hospitalization for diarrhoea and stunting were associated with degree of HFI severity. There was a significant association of morbidities and stunting with severe food insecurity (v. food secure). After controlling for confounders, the association between severe food insecurity (v. food secure/rest of food insecurity categories) and the prevalence of common morbidities remained strong, showing that severely food-insecure children had a greater likelihood of experiencing cough (adjusted OR=1·79) and of being hospitalized for diarrhoea (adjusted OR=2·55). CONCLUSIONS: Severe HFI was associated with cough and severe diarrhoea among Brazilian children.

Coeficiente intelectual de niños escolarizados en instituciones públicas de las zonas nororiental y noroccidental de Medellín según el nivel de seguridad alimentaria del hogar y condiciones socieconómicas / Intelligence quotient of school-aged children enrolled in public schools located in the northeast and northwest areas of Medellin based on the level of household food security and socioeconomic conditions

Objective: To analyze the association between school-aged children intelligence quotient and their household food security levels and socioeconomic conditions. Methodology: Cross-sectional analysis with a randomly selected group of 423 school-aged children enrolled in 41 public schools located in the northeast and northwest areas of Medellin, Colombia. The intelligence quotient (IQ) was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV). Household food security was assessed using the Latin American and Caribbean Household Food Security Scale. Results: There were significant differences (p<0,001) between children IQ in household with good food security (mean: 93.6 ± 12.7) and severe household food insecurity (mean: 87.5 ± 15.4). The lower IQ scores were explained partly by diminished household food insecurity and socioeconomic conditions. Conclusions: To live under unfavorable environmental conditions predicts children cognitive problems and these effects are bigger if the families experiencing food insecurity or hunger.

Objetivo. AAnalizar la asociación entre el coeficiente intelectual de niños entre 6 y 8 años escolarizados en instituciones públicas de las zonas nororiental y nor-occidental de Medellín con los niveles de seguridad alimentaria de sus hogares y condiciones socioeconómicas. Metodología. Estudio observational analítico de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 423 niños. El coeficiente intelectual fue valorado mediante la Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Niños WISC-IV. Para la medición de la seguridad alimentaria en el hogar se utilizó la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria. Las condiciones socioeconómicas fueron elegidas tomando como referencia antecedentes de investigación. Resultados. Se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001) en el coeficiente intelectual total de los niños que pertenecían a hogares seguros (media: 93,6 DE: 12,7) con respecto a aquellos de hogares en inseguridad alimentaria severa (media: 87,5 DE: 15,4). El coeficiente intelectual limítrofe fue explicado en parte por la inseguridad alimentaria severa en el hogar (OR: 3,57 IC: 1,61-7,91) y las condiciones socioeconómicas. Conclusión. Vivir en medio de condiciones precarias predice la alteración cognitiva, estos efectos son mayores si las familias de los niños se encuentran en inseguridad alimentaria.

Relación entre malaria, desnutrición, inseguridad alimentaria y condiciones socioeconómicas, en niños de Turbo, Colombia / Relationship between malaria, malnutrition, food insecurity and low socioeconomical

Objetivo: asociar malaria con estado nutricional, seguridad alimentaria y factores socioeconómicos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal, en niños de 2 a 14 años, del corregimiento El Tres, Turbo (Colombia), distribuidos en dos grupos, con malaria (76) y sin malaria (147). Se analizó estado nutricional, seguridad alimentaria y factores socioeconómicos. Resultados: las prevalencias en el grupo con malaria versus el grupo sin malaria fueron respectivamente: 39,5% y 25,2% (p= 0,028) de desnutrición crónica en los niños; 94,7% y 92,5% de inseguridad alimentaria en sus hogares y la escolaridad de la madre 3±3 y 4±3 años (0,041), respectivamente. El riesgo de pertenecer al grupo con malaria se incrementó por desnutrición crónica de los niños (OR:1,94; IC95%1,07-3,50) y por habitar viviendas precarias, con mala calidad de techos (OR:5,95;IC95%2,28-15,55), pisos (OR:2,05;IC95%1,06-3,82) y carencia de electricidad OR:3,85;IC95%2,10-6,90). Conclusiones: se encontraron altas prevalencias de inseguridad alimentaria, condiciones socioeconómicas desfavorables y desnutrición crónica, esta última y las condiciones precarias de las viviendas se asociaron positivamente con malaria, la escolaridad de las madres fue menor en el grupo con malaria. Este es el primer estudio colombiano que asocia malaria, desnutrición y condiciones socioeconómicas adversas en niños.

Background: malaria, malnutrition and household food insecurity are public health problems in Colombia that should be studied all an integrated way Objective: to study the association between malaria nutritional status, household food insecurity and socio-economic factors. Materials and methods: cross sectional study was carried out in a place called “El Tres”, Turbo-Colombia. Children 2-14 year old were divided in two groups: one group with malaria (76) and the other one without malaria (147). Nutritional status, food accessibility and socio-economic factors were analyzed. Results: prevalence of chronic malnutrition in children with malaria versus children with no malaria were: 39,5% and 25,2%, food insecurity was 94,7% and 92,5%, and mother’s scholar level was 3±3 y 4±3 (p=0,041), respectively. The risk to have malaria is increased in chronic malnutrition (OR:1,94;IC95%1,07-3,50) and by poor housing conditions as bad roof quality (OR:5,95;IC95%2,28-15,55), bad floor quality (OR:2,05;IC95%1,06-3,82) and not have electricity (OR:3,85;IC95%2,10-6,90). Conclusion: food insecurity was common in studied subjects, socio-economic conditions were low and the prevalence of chronic malnutrition was high. All these issues were strong associated with malaria. This is the first study carried out in Colombia that explores the association of malaria with child malnutrition and household food insecurity.