Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomics reveals increased levels of tryptophan indole metabolites in urine of metabolic syndrome patients.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactor condition predisposing for diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and other degenerative disorders. Although several diagnostic criteria have been established, none of them is specific and there is a call for better pathophysiological explanation of MetS and for the discovery of molecular biomarkers. Phenotype characterization at metabolome level might be useful for both purposes. To this end, our aim was to perform comparative untargeted metabolomics of urines from MetS patients and from the control group. The study participants included 52 diagnosticated and 50 healthy individuals from Leon city in central Mexico; 23 anthropometric and clinical parameters were measured and submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The obtained PCA model allowed us for selection of 11 MetS patients and 13 control subjects, correspondingly representative for each of the two groups (clearly separated in PCA). The first morning urines from these subjects were ambulatory collected and, after methanol extraction and acidification, were submitted to capillary liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The obtained data were analyzed on MetaboScape® platform (Bruker Daltonics). Specifically, t-test applied to LC-HRMS data revealed several ions presenting at least 3-fold higher intensities in MetS with respect to the control samples (p < 0.05). Data analysis and complementary experiments yielded the identification of the following metabolites: indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid-O-glucuronide, N-(indol-3-ylacetyl) glutamine, indole-3-carbaldehyde and hydroxyhexanoycarnitine. Additionally, indole-3-carboxylic acid was annotated with 2.13-fold higher abundance in MetS patients. To assess the contribution of individual metabolites in the difference between two groups of subjects, partial least square discriminant analysis was performed for LC-HRMS data and the obtained values of variable importance in projection (VIP), confirmed the association of six above mentioned compounds with MetS. Overall, this study provides direct evidence on the disturbed catabolism of tryptophan in metabolic syndrome.

Characterization of bacterial endophytes from the roots of native and cultivated Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) / Caracterização de bactérias endofíticas de raízes de castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) em habitats nativos e cultivados

Brazil nut is a very important nontimber forest product in the Amazon region. Propagation of this tree still represents a challenge due to slow and uneven seed germination. In this context, plant growth-promoting bacteria can facilitate the process of propagation. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from the roots of Brazil nut trees in native terra firme forest and cultivation areas in northern Brazil, and to identify mechanisms by which bacteria act in plant growth promotion. Overall, 90 bacterial isolates were obtained from the roots of Brazil nut trees in monoculture, agroforestry and native forest areas by using different semisolid media. The isolates were characterized by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Plant growth-promoting characteristics were evaluated by the presence of the nifH gene, aluminum phosphate solubilization and the production of indole compounds. The isolates were affiliated with 18 genera belonging to 5 different classes (α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria). The genus Bacillus was predominant in the forest and monoculture areas. Fourteen isolates presented the nifH gene. Most of the bacteria were able to solubilize aluminum phosphate and synthetize indole compounds. The results indicated high diversity of endophytic bacteria present among the roots of Brazil nut trees, mainly in the agroforestry area, which could be related to soil attributes. Among the 90 isolates, the 22 that presented the best results regarding plant growth promotion traits were good candidates for testing in seedling production of Brazil nut trees.(AU)

A castanha-do-brasil é um produto florestal não madeireiro muito importante na região amazônica. A propagação desta árvore ainda representa um desafio, devido ao lento e irregular processo de germinação das sementes. Neste contexto, bactérias promotoras do crescimento vegetal podem facilitar o processo de propagação. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e caracterizar bactérias endofíticas em raízes de castanha-do-Brasil em floresta de terra firme e em áreas cultivadas no norte do Brasil, e identificar alguns mecanismos de promoção do crescimento vegetal executados por essas bactérias. No total, 90 isolados bacterianos foram obtidos de raízes de castanha-do-Brasil em monocultura, agrofloresta e floresta nativa, usando diferentes meios de cultivo semi-sólidos. Os isolados foram caracterizados pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. As características de promoção do crescimento vegetal foram avaliadas através da presença do gene nifH, solubilização de fosfato de alumínio e produção de compostos indólicos. Os isolados foram afiliados a 18 gêneros, pertencentes a cinco diferentes classes (α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Bacilli e Actinobacteria). O gênero Bacillus foi predominante, principalmente nas áreas de floresta e monocultura. Quatorze isolados apresentaram o gene nifH. A maioria dos isolados foi capaz de solubilizar fosfato de alumínio e sintetizar compostos indólicos. Os resultados indicam uma elevada diversidade de bactérias endofíticas presente em raízes de castanha-do-Brasil, principalmente em área de agrofloresta, que pode estar relacionado aos atributos do solo. Entre os 90 isolados, 22 apresentaram os melhores resultados relacionados às características de promoção do crescimento vegetal, e são bons candidatos para testes em produção de mudas de castanha-do-Brasil.(AU)

Characterization of bacterial endophytes from the roots of native and cultivated Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa)

Brazil nut is a very important nontimber forest product in the Amazon region. Propagation of this tree still represents a challenge due to slow and uneven seed germination. In this context, plant growth-promoting bacteria can facilitate the process of propagation. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from the roots of Brazil nut trees in native terra firme forest and cultivation areas in northern Brazil, and to identify mechanisms by which bacteria act in plant growth promotion. Overall, 90 bacterial isolates were obtained from the roots of Brazil nut trees in monoculture, agroforestry and native forest areas by using different semisolid media. The isolates were characterized by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Plant growth-promoting characteristics were evaluated by the presence of the nifH gene, aluminum phosphate solubilization and the production of indole compounds. The isolates were affiliated with 18 genera belonging to 5 different classes (α-Proteobacteria, ß-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria). The genus Bacillus was predominant in the forest and monoculture areas. Fourteen isolates presented the nifH gene. Most of the bacteria were able to solubilize aluminum phosphate and synthetize indole compounds. The results indicated high diversity of endophytic bacteria present among the roots of Brazil nut trees, mainly in the agroforestry area, which could be related to soil attributes. Among the 90 isolates, the 22 that presented the best results regarding plant growth promotion traits were good candidates for testing in seedling production of Brazil nut trees. (AU)

Desarrollo de un sistema de fermentación líquida y de enquistamiento para una bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno con potencial como biofertilizante / Development of a liquid fermentation system and encystment for a nitrogen-fixing bacterium strain having biofertilizer potential

El uso indiscriminado de fertilizantes químicos ha contribuido al deterioro de las propiedades biológicas, físicas y químicas del suelo, lo que derivó en la pérdida de su capacidad productiva. Por esta razón, se ha planteado como alternativa tecnológica el uso de biofertilizantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un sistema de fermentación líquida y de enquistamiento adecuado para la multiplicación de Azotobacter chroococcum cepa AC1, una bacteria utilizada en la formulación de un biofertilizante actualmente producido por CORPOICA, Colombia. Se emplearon diseños estadísticos secuenciales para determinar las condiciones del sistema de fermentación. Se evaluaron la interacción entre la agitación, la aireación y el pH sobre la biomasa viable obtenida de AC1 (UFC/ml), que se tomó como variable de respuesta. Además, se evaluó la capacidad de enquistamiento de esta bacteria empleando 2 agentes de enquistamiento, AE01 y AE02. La actividad potencial promotora del crecimiento vegetal fue evaluada por medio del ensayo de ARA (fijación biológica de nitrógeno), la técnica de azul de fosfomolibdeno (solubilización de fosfato) y la reacción colorimétrica empleando el reactivo de Salkowski (producción de compuestos indólicos). Se evidenciaron efectos significativos (p <0,05) sobre la producción de biomasa de los 3 factores evaluados (pH, aireación y agitación) individualmente, de una interacción dual y en la interacción tripartita, teniendo un efecto positivo sobre la variable de respuesta la aireación y agitación. La adición de los inductores de enquistamiento AE01 y AE02 demostró la capacidad de la cepa AC1 para formar quistes en condiciones de estrés. Asimismo, las condiciones de fermentación y el enquistamiento no afectaron las actividades biológicas evaluadas.

The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has contributed to the deterioration of the biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil, resulting in the loss of its productive capacity. For this reason, the use of biofertilizers has emerged as a technological alternative. The objective of this research was to develop a suitable liquid fermentation system and encystment for the multiplication of Azotobacter chroococcum AC1 strain, a bacterium employed in a biofertilizer formulation produced at present by CARPOICA, Colombia. Sequential statistical designs were used to determine the conditions in the fermentation system. The interaction between agitation, aeration and pH was evaluated on the viable biomass (CFU/ml) of AC1. In addition, the encystment ability of the strain was evaluated using two encystment agents and the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activity was assessed by different techniques, such as nitrogen fixation by ARA, phosphate solubilization by the phospho-molybdenum-blue reaction and indolic compound production by colorimetric reaction using the Salkowski reagent. Results showed significant effects (p <0.05) on the viable biomass in the three conditions (pH, aeration and agitation) tested individually, in one dual interaction and one tripartite interaction, were demonstrated to have a positive effect on the response variable aeration and agitation. The addition of the two encystment agents evaluated, AE01 and AE02, demonstrated the ability of AC1 to form cysts under stress conditions. Likewise, fermentation and encystment conditions did not affect the biological activities tested.

[Development of a liquid fermentation system and encystment for a nitrogen-fixing bacterium strain having biofertilizer potential]. / Desarrollo de un sistema de fermentación líquida y de enquistamiento para una bacteria fijadora de nitrógeno con potencial como biofertilizante.

The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has contributed to the deterioration of the biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil, resulting in the loss of its productive capacity. For this reason, the use of biofertilizers has emerged as a technological alternative. The objective of this research was to develop a suitable liquid fermentation system and encystment for the multiplication of Azotobacter chroococcum AC1 strain, a bacterium employed in a biofertilizer formulation produced at present by CARPOICA, Colombia. Sequential statistical designs were used to determine the conditions in the fermentation system. The interaction between agitation, aeration and pH was evaluated on the viable biomass (CFU/ml) of AC1. In addition, the encystment ability of the strain was evaluated using two encystment agents and the potential plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activity was assessed by different techniques, such as nitrogen fixation by ARA, phosphate solubilization by the phospho-molybdenum-blue reaction and indolic compound production by colorimetric reaction using the Salkowski reagent. Results showed significant effects (p<0.05) on the viable biomass in the three conditions (pH, aeration and agitation) tested individually, in one dual interaction and one tripartite interaction, were demonstrated to have a positive effect on the response variable aeration and agitation. The addition of the two encystment agents evaluated, AE01 and AE02, demonstrated the ability of AC1 to form cysts under stress conditions. Likewise, fermentation and encystment conditions did not affect the biological activities tested.