Risk factors for acute kidney injury in very-low birth weight newborns: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

This study aims to analyze the main risk factors for acute kidney injury in the subgroup of very-low birth weight newborns, using the diagnosing criteria of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) or the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). A systematic review of the literature was performed on the EMBASE® and PubMed® platforms. Studies that evaluated the risk factors for developing AKI in VLBW newborns were included. For the meta-analysis, we only included the risk factors that were associated with AKI in the univariate analysis of at least two studies. After an initial screening, abstract readings, and full-text readings, 10 articles were included in the systematic review and 9 in the meta-analysis. The incidence of AKI varied from 11.6 to 55.8%. All the studies have performed multivariate analysis, and the risk factors that appeared most were PDA and hemodynamic instability (use of inotropes or hypotension), sepsis, and invasive mechanical ventilation. After the meta-analysis, only cesarian delivery did not show an increased risk of AKI, all the other variables remained as important risk factors. Moreover, in our meta-analysis, we found a pooled increased risk of death in newborns with AKI almost 7 times.  Conclusion: AKI in VLBW has several risk factors and must be seen as a multifactorial disease. The most common risk factors were PDA, hemodynamic instability, sepsis, and invasive mechanical ventilation. What is known: • Acute kidney injury is associated with worst outcomes in all ages. It´s prevention can help diminish mortality. What is new: • A synthesis of the main risk factors associated with AKI in very low birth weight newborns.

Comparison of mortality and survival without major morbidities of very preterm infants with very low birth weight from Japan and Brazil / Comparação entre mortalidade e sobrevida sem morbidades importantes dos recém-nascidos prematuros de muito baixo peso entre o Japão e o Brasil

Abstract Objective: This study was carried out to understand the disparities in mortality and survival without major morbidities among very premature and very low birth weight infants between participating Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) from the Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research (RBPN) and the Neonatal Research Network of Japan (NRNJ). Methods: Secondary data analysis of surveys by the RBPN and NRNJ was performed. The surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2015 and included 187 NICUs. Primary outcome was mortality or survival without any major morbidity. Logistic regression analysis adjustment for confounding factors was used. Results: The study population consisted of 6,406 infants from the NRNJ and 2,319 from the RBPN. Controlling for various confounders, infants from RBPN had 9.06 times higher adjusted odds of mortality (95%CI 7.30-11.29), and lower odds of survival without major morbidities (AOR 0.36; 95%CI 0.32-0.41) compared with those from the NRNJ. Factors associated with higher odds of mortality among Brazilian NICUs included: Air Leak Syndrome (AOR 4.73; 95%CI 1.26-15.27), Necrotizing Enterocolitis (AOR 3.25; 95%CI 1.38-7.26), and Late Onset Sepsis (LOS) (AOR 4.86; 95%CI 2.25-10.97). Conclusions: Very premature and very low birth weight infants from Brazil had significantly higher odds for mortality and lower odds for survival without major morbidities in comparison to those from Japan. Additionally, we identified the factors that increased the odds of in-hospital neonatal death in Brazil, most of which was related to LOS.

RESUMO Objetivo: Este estudo foi realizado para compreender as disparidades na mortalidade e sobrevivência sem as principais morbidades entre recém-nascidos muito prematuros e de muito baixo peso entre Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTINs) participantes da Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas Neonatais (RBPN) e Rede de Pesquisa Neonatal do Japão (NRNJ). Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise dos dados secundários dos bancos de dados da RBPN e da NRNJ. As pesquisas foram realizadas em 2014 e 2015 e incluíram 187 UTINs. O desfecho primário foi mortalidade ou sobrevida sem qualquer morbidade importante. Utilizou-se a análise de regressão logística com ajuste para os fatores de confusão. Resultados: A população do estudo foi composta por 6.406 recém-nascidos do NRNJ e 2.319 do RBPN. Ajustando para diversos fatores de confusão, os prematuros da RBPN tiveram 9,06 vezes maiores chances de mortalidade (IC95% 7,30-11,29) e menores chances de sobrevivência sem morbidades importantes (AOR 0,36; IC95% 0,32-0,41) em comparação com os da NRNJ. Fatores associados a maiores chances de mortalidade entre as UTINs brasileiras incluíram: síndrome de escape de ar (AOR 4,73; IC95% 1,26-15,27), enterocolite necrosante (AOR 3,25; IC95% 1,38-7,26) e sepse de início tardio (AOR 4,86; IC95% 2,25-10,97). Conclusões: Os recém-nascidos muito prematuros e de muito baixo peso do Brasil apresentaram chances significativamente maiores de mortalidade e menores chances de sobrevivência sem as principais morbidades em comparação aos do Japão. Além disso, identificamos os fatores que aumentam as chances da morte neonatal no Brasil, sendo a maioria relacionada à sepse tardia.

Influencia de la malnutrición fetal en el crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial

Introducción: La malnutrición fetal incide de forma negativa en el crecimiento y la maduración, afectando las estructuras craneofaciales en el feto. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la malnutrición fetal por defecto en el crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial en niños. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles, en el área de salud José Martí del municipio Camagüey, desde enero de 2018 hasta diciembre de 2020. El universo estuvo constituido por niños de 6-11 años de edad, pertenecientes al área salud y la muestra quedó conformada por 40 niños, 20 en el grupo de estudio y 20 controles. El grupo de estudio se conformó por niños que presentaron bajo peso al nacer por defecto y tuvieron alteraciones en el crecimiento del complejo craneofacial y el grupo control por niños que no presentaron alteraciones en el crecimiento del complejo craneofacial y que al nacimiento se encontraban normopeso. A todos los niños se les efectuaron mediciones antropométricas craneofaciales. Resultados: La medida de la circunferencia cefálica al nacer en los controles masculinos superó en 0,78 cm al sexo femenino y entre los malnutridos por defecto, los masculinos lograron 1,57 cm más que los femeninos. En el diámetro bicigomático hubo una fuerte asociación estadística y el riesgo relativo indicó que la incidencia del bajo peso al nacer fue mayor que en los controles (p <0,05). Conclusiones: Los niños con bajo peso al nacer presentan menor crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial según las variables antropométricas.

Introduction: Fetal malnutrition impacts in a negative way the growth and development, thus affecting the craniofacial structures of the fetus. Objective: To determine the effects of fetal malnutrition by defect on craniofacial growth and development in children. Methods: An analytical case and control study was carried out in Jose Martí health area of Camagüey, from January 2018 to December 2020. A sample of 40 was selected from the totality of the children between 6 and 11 years old who belong to the referred health area, to be divided into 20 cases and the same number in the control group. The study group was composed of those low birth weight who present craniofacial abnormalities while control group included the children without craniofacial abnormalities and normal weight at birth. Anthropometric craniofacial measurements were performed on all the sample. Results: The head circumference at birth in male children of control group was 0.78 cm higher than that on female sex. Among those low birth weight, male children exhibited 1.57 cm higher than females. Regarding the bizygomatic diameter there was a strong statistic association and the relative risk indicated a higher incidence on the study group compared to the control group (p <0.05). Conclusions: Low birth weight children show lower craniofacial growth and development, with higher impact on females according to anthropometric variables.

Neurodesarrollo en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso nacidos en Matanzas en el periodo 2016-2018

RESUMEN Fundamento La comparación de los resultados del neurodesarrollo en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso según cohortes de años de nacimiento permite evaluar el impacto de las diferentes intervenciones llevadas a cabo para prevenir y tratar las afecciones más frecuentes en este grupo de pacientes durante el período perinatal y neonatal, así como de las diferentes condiciones y enfermedades que se presentan en estas etapas del desarrollo. Objetivo evaluar el neurodesarrollo a los dos años de edad corregida en una cohorte de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso. Métodos estudio observacional prospectivo, que incluyó a recién nacidos pretérminos con peso al nacer <1500 g egresados vivos del Hospital Docente Ginecobstétrico Provincial de Matanzas, en el período 2016-2018, y que hubieran completado su seguimiento en consulta de neurodesarrollo a los dos años de edad corregida (N=52). Los datos contenidos en las historias clínicas fueron almacenados en una base de datos (SPSS v. 22.0), a partir de la cual se realizó el procesamiento estadístico. Se consideró significativo todo valor p <0,05. Resultados a los dos años de edad corregida, el 90 % de los pacientes eran normales; las alteraciones mayores y menores se encontraron, respectivamente, en 2 y 8 % de los casos. Las convulsiones neonatales clínicas se asociaron significativamente con la ocurrencia de alteraciones del neurodesarrollo. Conclusión La incidencia de alteraciones del neurodesarrollo a los dos años de edad corregida en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso en Matanzas fue menor en el período estudiado, en relación a años anteriores, aunque este hallazgo no resultó estadísticamente significativo.

ABSTRACT Background The comparison of neurodevelopmental results in very low birth weight newborns according to birth year cohorts allows evaluating the impact of the different interventions carried out to prevent and treat the most frequent conditions in this group of patients during the perinatal period and neonatal, as well as the different conditions and diseases that occur in these stages of development. Objective to evaluate neurodevelopment at two years of corrected age in a cohort of very low birth weight newborns. Methods prospective observational study, which included preterm newborns with birth weight <1500 g discharged alive from the Provincial Gynecobstetric Teaching Hospital of Matanzas, in the period 2016-2018, and who had completed their follow-up in a neurodevelopment consultation at two years old corrected age (N=52). The data contained in the medical records were stored in a database (SPSS v. 22.0), from which the statistical processing was performed. Any value p<0.05 was considered significant. Results at two years old of corrected age, 90% of the patients were normal; major and minor alterations were found, respectively, in 2 and 8% of cases. Clinical neonatal seizures were significantly associated with the occurrence of neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Conclusion The incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders at two years old of corrected age in very low birth weight newborns in Matanzas was lower in the period studied, in relation to previous years, although this finding was not statistically significant.

Diagnosis of congenital infections in premature, low-birthweight newborns with intrauterine growth restriction caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), Parvo-B 19, and Zika virus: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the prevalence of viral congenital infections in newborns classified as premature, low-birthweight, small for gestational age or intrauterine growth restriction. METHODS: The definition considered for selecting papers were: P as newborns younger than 28 days; V as low-birthweight, prematurity and intrauterine growth restriction; O as frequency of congenital infections with Cytomegalovirus, Parvovirus B19, Herpes Simplex, and Zika virus. The research was performed using EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS and MEDLINE databases, with no limitations on date and language. RESULTS: Eight studies were included. Manuscripts including Herpes Simplex, Zika virus or Parvovirus B19 did not fulfill the defined criteria. A wide variation in the frequency of CMV congenital infection (0-4.8%) was found, which might be attributed to regional and methodological differences between investigations. CONCLUSIONS: Newborn characteristics associated with CMV congenital infections may direct investigations towards these patients with a higher probability of infection. However, as data are controversial, studies concerning screening of infection are important to define recommendations of diagnosis.

Bajo peso al nacer en el contexto de las determinantes biológicas y sociales de salud

Introducción: El bajo peso al nacer requiere de un enfoque en sus determinantes para aumentar el alcance estratégico del programa. Objetivo: Identificar las determinantes biológicas y sociales de salud asociadas al bajo peso al nacer. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico de casos y controles en los recién nacidos con bajo peso al nacer pertenecientes al municipio de Las Tunas, provincia Las Tunas, en el período comprendido de enero a diciembre de 2021. El universo de estudio estuvo representado por el 100 % de los nacidos con peso inferior a los 2 500 gramos, que constituyeron los casos (121). La muestra se obtuvo de los normopesos a través de un muestreo aleatorio simple, se tuvo en cuenta una razón de dos controles por cada caso en el período de estudio escogido, (204) controles. Se analizaron las determinantes edad materna, antecedentes patológicos personales, antecedentes obstétricos desfavorables, número de partos, hipertensión arterial, anemia, infección vaginal, infección urinaria, ocupación escolaridad y estado civil. Se utilizaron medidas específicas como el Odds ratio y riesgo atribuible. Los datos fueron procesados y se representaron en tablas. Resultados: Las edades extremas de la vida, la hipertensión arterial, los antecedentes patológicos personales, la ganancia insuficiente de peso materno al final del embarazo (OR 6.6, 4.7, 4.3, 4.2), así como las determinantes sociales escolaridad, ocupación y estado civil (OR 4.8, 5.3, 5.0) presentaron una fuerte asociación causal con el bajo peso al nacer. Conclusiones: El bajo peso al nacer en el municipio Las Tunas estuvo asociado a las variables biológicas: edad, antecedentes patológicos personales, antecedentes obstétricos desfavorables, la insuficiente ganancia de peso al final del embarazo, la hipertensión arterial, infección urinaria, la anemia y sociales como ocupación, escolaridad y estado civil.

Introduction: Low birth weight requires a focus on its determinants to increase the strategic scope of the program. Objective: To identify the biological and social determinants of health associated with low birth weight. Methods: An observational, analytical case-control study was carried out in newborns with low birth weight belonging to the municipality of Las Tunas, Las Tunas province, in the period from January to December 2021. The universe of study was represented by 100% of those born weighing less than 2500 grams, which constituted the cases (121). The sample was obtained from normal weights through simple random sampling, taking into account a ratio of 2 controls for each case in the chosen study period, (204) controls. The determinants maternal age, personal pathological history (PPA), unfavorable obstetric history, number of deliveries, high blood pressure (HBP), anemia, vaginal infection, urinary infection, occupation, schooling and marital status were analyzed. Specific measures such as the Odds ratio (OR) and attributable risk (AR). The data were processed and represented in tables. Results: The extreme ages of life, HBP, APP, insufficient maternal weight gain at the end of pregnancy (OR 6.6, 4.7,4.3, 4.2), as well as the social determinants of schooling, occupation and marital status (OR 4.8, 5.3, 5.0) presented a strong causal association with low birth weight. Conclusions: Low birth weight in the Las Tunas Municipality was associated with biological variables: age, APP, unfavorable obstetric history, insufficient weight gain at the end of pregnancy, hypertension, urinary infection, anemia, and social factors such as occupation, education and marital status.

Hypothermia and neonatal morbimortality in very low birth weight preterm infants / Hipotermia e morbimortalidade neonatal em recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the prevalence of hypothermia in the delivery room, at admission, and 2 to 3 hours after admission in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), factors associated and possible relationship with morbidity and mortality in preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW). Methods: Cross-sectional study with data collection based on a retrospective review of medical records and including infants born in 2016 and 2017, with birth weights <1500g, and gestational ages <34 weeks. Data about VLBW preterm infants, maternal data and temperature in the delivery room were analyzed. Hypothermia was considered when axillary temperature <36°C. For statistical analysis, the chi-square test or G test, canonical and Spearman correlation, and logistic regression were used. Results: 149 newborns (NB) were included in the study. The prevalence of hypothermia in delivery room, at admission to the NICU and 2 to 3 hours after admission was 25.8%, 41.5% and 40.2%, respectively. The temperature of NBs was directly proportional to gestational age (p<0.010), birth weight (p<0.010), and Apgar score (p<0.050). There was an inverse association with hypothermia in the delivery room and cesarean delivery (OR 0.25; p=0.016). Conclusions: Hypothermia was a prevalent problem in the studied population. The neonatal temperature was directly proportional to gestational age, birth weight and Apgar score. Hypothermia was associated with maternal factors, such as cesarean delivery. It is necessary to implement and improve strategies for its prevention.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da hipotermia na sala de parto, à admissão e 2 a 3 horas após a admissão na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN), fatores associados e possível associação com morbimortalidade em recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso (RNPT MBP). Métodos: Estudo transversal, com coleta retrospectiva de dados em prontuários dos RNPT MBP nascidos em 2016 e 2017, com peso <1500g e idade gestacional <34 semanas. Foram analisados dados dos RNPT MBP, da mãe e a temperatura na sala de parto. Foi considerada hipotermia a temperatura axilar <36°C. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados teste do qui-quadrado ou teste G, correlacçã canônica e de Spearman, e regressaã logística. Resultados: Fizeram parte do estudo 149 recém-nascidos (RN). A prevalência da hipotermia na sala de parto, à admissão na UTIN e 2 a 3 horas após a admissão, foi de 25,8, 41,5 e 40,2%, respectivamente. A temperatura do RN foi diretamente proporcional à idade gestacional (p<0,010), ao peso ao nascimento (p<0,010) e ao índice de Apgar (p<0,050). Observou-se associação inversa entre hipotermia na sala de parto e parto cesáreo (OR 0,25; p=0,016). Conclusões: A hipotermia foi um problema prevalente na população estudada. A temperatura do RN foi diretamente proporcional à idade gestacional, peso ao nascimento e Boletim de Apgar. Esteve também associada a fatores maternos, como parto cesáreo. Portanto, faz-se necessário a implementação e aprimoramento de estratégias para a sua prevenção.

Avaliação do programa de puericultura na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Evaluaton of the childcare program in Primary Health Care

Este estudo objetva avaliar indicadores de Puericultura na Atenção Primária a Saúde na rede básica. Trata-se de um estudo quanttatvo realizado com pais/responsáveis de crianças menores de dois anos atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde na cidade de Santa Cruz, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, com uma amostra composta por 186 indivíduos. Este estudo vem fortalecer a proposta do Ministerio da Saúde de vigilância em saúde da criança, pois se trata de uma diretriz operacional que visa a redução dos indicadores de morbimortalidade infantl no país e colabora para o fortalecimento do Pacto pela Saúde.

This study aims to evaluate indicators of Childcare in Primary Health Care in the basic health network. This is a quanttatve study involving parents/guardians of children under two years old who are assisted in Basic Health Units in the city of Santa Cruz, State of Rio Grande do Norte, with a sample of 186 individuals. This study strengthens the proposal of the Ministry of Health for surveillance in child health, because it is an operatonal guideline that aims to reduce the indicators of child mortality in the country and that works to strengthen the Pact for Health.

Invasive mechanical ventilation and biomarkers as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the impact of invasive mechanical ventilation associated with two serum inflammatory cytokines and clinical indicators, on the second day of life, as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight preterm infants. It was hypothesized that the use of invasive mechanical ventilation in the first hours of life is associated with biomarkers that may predict the chances of preterm infants to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Methods Prospective cohort of 40 preterm infants with gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <1500 g. The following were analyzed: clinical variables; types of ventilator support used (there is a higher occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia when oxygen supplementation is performed by long periods of invasive mechanical ventilation); hospitalization time; quantification of two cytokines (granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF] and eotaxin) in blood between 36 and 48 h of life. The preterm infants were divided in two groups: with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Results The GM-CSF levels presented a significantly higher value in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (p = 0.002), while eotaxin presented higher levels in the group without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.02). The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin (100% sensitivity and 80% specificity; receiver operating characteristic area = 0.9013, CI = 0.7791-1.024, p < 0.0001). Conclusions The duration of invasive mechanical ventilation performed in the first 48 h of life in the very low birth weight infants is a significant clinical predictor of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin, suggesting increased lung injury and consequent progression of the disease.

Invasive mechanical ventilation and biomarkers as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of invasive mechanical ventilation associated with two serum inflammatory cytokines and clinical indicators, on the second day of life, as predictors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight preterm infants. It was hypothesized that the use of invasive mechanical ventilation in the first hours of life is associated with biomarkers that may predict the chances of preterm infants to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. METHODS: Prospective cohort of 40 preterm infants with gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <1500 g. The following were analyzed: clinical variables; types of ventilator support used (there is a higher occurrence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia when oxygen supplementation is performed by long periods of invasive mechanical ventilation); hospitalization time; quantification of two cytokines (granulocyte and macrophage colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF] and eotaxin) in blood between 36 and 48 h of life. The preterm infants were divided in two groups: with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. RESULTS: The GM-CSF levels presented a significantly higher value in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia group (p = 0.002), while eotaxin presented higher levels in the group without bronchopulmonary dysplasia (p = 0.02). The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin (100% sensitivity and 80% specificity; receiver operating characteristic area = 0.9013, CI = 0.7791-1.024, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The duration of invasive mechanical ventilation performed in the first 48 h of life in the very low birth weight infants is a significant clinical predictor of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The use of continuous invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with increased ratios between GM-CSF and eotaxin, suggesting increased lung injury and consequent progression of the disease.

Oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy and nutrition in preterm newborns: meta-analysis

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigated the effect of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy in reducing the time required for very low birth weight preterm newborns (VLBW-PTNB: < 1,500g and < 37 weeks) to achieve full enteral nutrition. METHODS Literature search was conducted using four databases, including gray literature, with additional manual search of the references of selected articles. Eligibility criteria consisted of randomized clinical trials, without restriction regarding the date or language of the publication. Two independent reviewers performed the article selection and data extraction. The random-effects meta-analysis used a non-standard technique to assess the mean difference in days to achieve full enteral nutrition, carried out by the Stata 15 statistic program. RESULTS The systematic review comprised 10 studies, and five were selected for meta-analysis, with a population of 764 VLBW-PTNB and gestational age of birth between 25 and 32 weeks. The studies were conducted between 2011 and 2018 in North America, Asia and Africa, with only one conducted in South America. Altogether, they reported the number of days it took 708 VLBW-PTNB to achieve full enteral nutrition, with newborns treated with immunotherapy showing a shorter time in only three studies. Meta-analysis showed a mean difference of -4.26 days, (95% CI -7.44; -1.08d), with high heterogeneity (I2 = 83.1%). CONCLUSION The use of oropharyngeal colostrum immunotherapy can reduce the time for VLBW-PTNB to achieve full nutrition when compared to those who used a placebo or received routine care.

Factores asociados al bajo peso al nacer en el municipio Pinar del Río / Factors associated with low birth-weight in Pinar del Río municipality

RESUMEN Introducción: el bajo peso al nacer constituye en la actualidad, una problemática de salud a nivel mundial y una de las causas de morbilidad y mortalidad perinatal que repercute en la calidad de vida de los niños sobrevivientes. Objetivo: identificar los principales factores de riesgo que inciden en la aparición del bajo peso al nacer en el municipio Pinar del Río. Métodos: se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal basada en la revisión de los factores asociados al bajo peso al nacer. Se tomó como universo los nacimientos bajo peso en las cuatro áreas de salud del municipio Pinar del Río durante el 2019. Resultados: los factores que más incidieron en la aparición del bajo peso fueron el crecimiento intrauterino retardado (40,8 %) y el pretérmino (34,7 %), el grupo etario de 20 a 24 resultó ser el que mayor número de recién nacidos bajo peso aportó, el nivel de escolaridad mayoritario fue el preuniversitario. En las afecciones asociadas al embarazo se encontró mayor incidencia el síndrome de flujo vaginal (30,6 %), la hipertensión arterial y anemia con el 25,5 y el 22,4 % respectivamente, y las mujeres no fumadoras predominaron durante la gestación. Conclusiones: el bajo peso al nacer es aún un problema de salud en el municipio Pinar del Río, así como la necesidad indispensable del conocimiento de los factores asociados al bajo peso para poder accionar y modificar los riesgos que inciden en su aparición.

ABSTRACT Introduction: low birth-weight is currently a global health problem and one of the causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality that affects the quality of life of surviving children. Objective: to identify the main risk factors affecting the incidence of low birth- weight in Pinar del Río municipality. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional research based on the review of the factors associated with low birth-weight was conducted taking as a target group the low birth-weight infants in the four health areas of Pinar del Río municipality during 2019. Results: the factors that most influenced in the incidence of low birth-weight were: delayed intrauterine growth (40,8 %) and preterm birth (34,7 %), the age group from 20 to 24 turned out to be the one that contributed with the highest number of low weight newborns and most of them completed pre-university education. Regarding the conditions associated with pregnancy: vaginal discharge syndrome was found to be more prevalent (30,6 %), hypertension and anemia with 25,5 % and 22,4 % of the cases respectively, and non-smoking women predominated during pregnancy. Conclusions: low birth-weight continues to be a health problem in the municipality as well as the indispensable need for knowing the factors associated with low weight at birth in order to be able to act and modify the risks that affect its incidence.

Qualidade de vida de crianças que nasceram com muito baixo peso ou extremo baixo peso / Quality of life of children born with very low or extremely low weight

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a qualidade de vida (QV) de crianças que nasceram com muito ou extremo baixo peso, na perspectiva das próprias crianças e de seus responsáveis, e identificar se há diferenças entre esses relatos. Estudo quantitativo, com amostra composta por crianças de 3 a 7 anos e seus responsáveis, advindos de um serviço de follow-up de instituição pública. Foi utilizada a Escala de Qualidade de Vida da Criança. Obteve-se escore médio de 49,75 (DP = 5,97) na avaliação das crianças e de 48,90 (DP = 6,54) na de seus responsáveis. A QV foi considerada prejudicada por 25% das crianças e por 37,5% dos responsáveis. Foram encontradas fraca correlação e pobre concordância entre os relatos das crianças e dos respectivos responsáveis. É importante avaliar a QV na percepção da criança e dos responsáveis considerando-se que pais e crianças forneceram perspectivas diferentes, o que pode direcionar a assistência à família na atenção primária.

This study aims to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of children born with very low or extremely low birth weight from their point of view and their guardians' point of view, and at identifying if there are differences between the reports. It is a quantitative study with a sample of 3-7 years-old children and their guardians selected at a follow-up service on a public institution. The Quality of Life Scale for Children was used. An average score 49,75 (DP = 5,97) was achieved in children's evaluation and 48,90 (DP = 6,54) in their proxies' evaluation. The QoL was considered impaired by 25% of children and 37,5% of their guardians. There was a weak correlation and a poor agreement between children and guardians' reports. It is important to evaluate the QoL reports of children and guardians considering that parents and children provided different views, which may direct assistance to the family in primary health care.

Association between human breast milk and retinopathy of prematurity / Associação entre ingesta de leite materno e desenvolvimento de retinopatia da prematuridade

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the possible protective effect of breast milk against retinopathy of prematurity by comparing the amount of breast milk received by patients who developed retinopathy of prematurity and those who did not and to determine both the required minimum amount of breast milk and the time of life during which neonates need to receive breast milk for this effect to be significant. Methods: Cohort study of newborns with a birth weight of <1500 g or gestational age of <32 weeks, or both, born between January 2011 and October 2014 and hospitalized within the first 24 h of life in the Hospital Criança Conceição Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Results: The prevalence of retinopathy of prematurity of any degree was 31% (100 of 323 patients) and that of severe retinopathy of prematurity was of 9% (29 of 323 patients). The median amounts of breast milk received daily by patients with and without retinopathy of prematurity were 4.9 mL/kg (interquartile range, 0.3-15.4) and 10.2 mL/kg (1.5-25.5), respectively. The amount of breast milk received in the first 6 weeks of life was inversely associated with the incidence of both retinopathy of prematurity of any degree and severe retinopathy of prematurity in the univariate analyses. However, the statistical significance was maintained only during the sixth week of life in a per-period multivariate analysis controlling for confounding factors. Conclusions: Small amounts of breast milk are inadequate to prevent retinopathy of prematurity in premature newborns at risk for the disease.

RESUMO Objetivos: Avaliar o possível efeito protetor do leite materno contra a retinopatia da prematuridade, através da comparação da quantidade de leite materno recebida entre os pacientes que desenvolveram retinopatia da prematuridade e aqueles livres da doença. Tentar determinar a quantidade mínima necessária e o momento em que o recém-nascido precisa receber o leite materno para que esse efeito seja significativo. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional incluindo recém-nascidos com peso de nascimento inferior a 1500 gramas e/ou com idade gestacional inferior a 32 semanas, nascidos no período de janeiro de 2011 a outubro de 2014 e internados nas primeiras 24 horas de vida na UTI Neonatal do Hospital da Criança Conceição em Porto Alegre. Resultados: A prevalência da retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer grau foi de 31% (100 casos em 323 pacientes) e a de retinopatia da prematuridade grave foi de 9% (29 casos em 323 pacientes). A mediana da quantidade de leite materno recebida pelos pacientes foi de 10,2 mL/kg/dia entre os pacientes sem retinopatia da prematuridade (amplitude interquartil 1,5-25,5) e de 4,9 mL/kg/dia entre os pacientes com retinopatia da prematuridade (0,3-15,4). A quantidade de leite materno recebida nas primeiras seis semanas de vida foi inversamente associada à incidência de retinopatia da prematuridade em qualquer grau e de retinopatia da prematuridade grave nas análises univariadas, mas a significância estatística não se manteve após análise multivariada para controle de fatores confundidores na maioria dos períodos avaliados, exceto na sexta semana de vida. Conclusão: Pequenas quantidades de leite materno não são suficientes para prevenção de retinopatia da prematuridade em recém-nascidos com de risco para a doença.

Posição canguru em recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso: estudo descritivo / Kangaroo position in low birth weight preterm newborns: descriptive study

Descrever o número de períodos em que recém-nascidos pré-termo de muito baixo peso estiveram em posição canguru durante internação na unidade neonatal e buscar relações entre variáveis maternas e neonatais com a realização da posição canguru. Estudo descritivo retrospectivo com todos os recém-nascidos pré-termo admitidos em 2012, com peso de nascimento igual ou inferior a 1500g e idade gestacional menor que 31 semanas, classificados como pacientes de maior risco clínico, segundo o Clinical Risk Index for Babies. Foram investigados 38 sujeitos, cujo período de hospitalização variou entre 18 a 136 dias. O início da posição canguru ocorreu em média aos 30,8 dias de vida pós-natal (DP=18,5) e a quantidade de períodos em que estiveram em posição canguru foi em média 10,7 vezes. A ocorrência da posição canguru foi menos frequente que as oportunidades advindas da presença materna e esteve relacionado ao maior oferecimento de leite em livre demanda.

To describe the number of periods that very low birth weight preterm newborns were in kangaroo position during admission in the neonatal unit and to look for relations between maternal and neonatal variables with kangaroo position. A retrospective and descriptive study with all preterm newborns admitted in 2012, weighing 1500g or less and, gestational age lower than 31 weeks, classified as high clinical risk patients according to the Clinical Risk Index for Babies. We identified 38 babies whose admittance time ranged from 18 to 136 days. The beginning of kangaroo position occurred on average at 30.8 days of post-natal life (SD=18.5) and the number of periods in kangaroo position was on average 10.7 times. The occurrence of kangaroo position was less frequent than opportunities from the maternal presence, and the position was related to a higher offering of free milk demand.

A correlação entre procedimentos assistenciais invasivos e a ocorrência de sepse neonatal / The correlation between invasive care procedures and the occurrence of neonatal sepsis

Resumo Objetivo: Correlacionar os procedimentos assistenciais invasivos realizados nos recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso com a ocorrência de sepse neonatal. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, longitudinal, por meio de pesquisa de dados secundários, durante os anos de 2008-2012. As características dos recém-nascidos foram analisadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (médias) e o teste do qui quadrado para comparação de frequências. Todas as variáveis com significância de p<0,20 na análise bivariada compuseram um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Os dados demonstraram quatorze recém-nascidos com episódio de sepse tardia. A idade gestacional média foi de trinta semanas. Gênero feminino e parto cesáreo foram os mais frequentes. O peso de nascimento e o uso do cateter umbilical arterial explicaram a ocorrência de sepse, tendo este oferecido 8,5 vezes maior risco para o desfecho. Conclusão: Acessos vasculares necessitam rigor nas técnicas de inserção e manuseio para a melhoria dos indicadores de saúde.

Abstract Objective: To correlative the invasive care procedures applied to very-low-birth-weight infants with the occurrence of neonatal sepsis. Methods: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort study undertaken through the investigation of secondary data between 2008 and 2012. The infants' characteristics were analyzed by means of the Mann-Whitney test (means) and the chi-square test to compare frequencies. All variables with significance of p<0.20 in the bivariate analysis were included in a logistic regression model. Results: The data demonstrated fourteen infants with an episode of late sepsis. The mean gestational age was 30 weeks. Female gender and cesarean birth were the most frequent. The birth weight and the use of an arterial umbilical catheter explained the occurrence of sepsis, offering an 8.5 times higher risk for the outcome. Conclusion: Vascular accesses need start insertion and handling techniques to improve the health indicators.

Comportamento motor de lactentes prematuros de baixo peso e muito baixo peso ao nascer / Comportamiento motor de bebés prematuros de bajo peso y muy bajo peso al nacer / Motor behavior of low birth weight and very low birth weight premature infants

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a diferença do comportamento motor entre lactentes prematuros de baixo peso (BP) e muito baixo peso (MBP) nos primeiros 8 meses de vida e avaliar o comportamento motor em diferentes faixas etárias desses lactentes. Avaliou-se 41 lactentes nascidos com BP (2.499 a 1.500g) e 22 com MBP (1.499 a 1.000g). Dividiu-se os grupos nas faixas de RN-1 mês, 2-4 meses e 5-8 meses, e seu comportamento motor foi analisado pelo escore e percentil da Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Foi utilizado o teste Kruskall-Wallis para verificar a diferença do comportamento motor entre as faixas etárias (RN a 1 mês, 2-4 meses e 5-8 meses) em cada grupo independentemente. Para verificar a diferença entre os grupos (BP e MBP) em cada faixa etária utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney (p≤0,05). Observou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos BP e MBP, tanto no escore (p=0,011) quanto nos percentis (p=0,010), nas faixas etárias de 2-4 e 5-8 meses (p=0,017; p=0,013, respectivamente). Na comparação entre 0-1 mês e 2-4 meses foram observados maiores escores nos grupos BP (p=0,000) e MBP (p=0,001) e menores percentis (p=0,003) no grupo MBP aos 2-4 meses. Entre 0-1 mês e 5-8 meses, observamos maiores escores (p=0,000; p=0,000) e menores percentis (p=0,005; p=0,000) aos 5-8 meses, bem como, entre 2-4 e 5-8 meses apresentaram maior escore (p=0,000; p=0,000) e menor percentil (p=0,006; p=0,004) aos 5-8 meses. O peso ao nascer demonstrou ter repercussão importante no desenvolvimento motor de lactentes prematuros, sendo que atrasos podem ser mais nítidos em idades mais avançadas.

RESUMEN Este estudio tiene el propósito de comprobar la diferencia de comportamiento motor entre bebés prematuros de bajo peso (BP) y muy bajo peso (MBP) en sus primeros 8 meses de vida y de evaluar sus comportamientos motores en las distintas franjas etarias. Participaron del estudio 41 bebés BP (2499 a 1500g) y 22 bebés MBP (1499 a 1000g). Los grupos fueron divididos según las franjas etarias de RN-1 mes, 2-4 meses y 5-8 meses de edad, y su comportamiento motor fue evaluado según la puntuación y el percentil de Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Para comprobar la diferencia de comportamiento motor entre las franjas etarias (RN a 1 mes, 2-4 meses y 5-8 meses) en cada grupo independientemente se utilizó el test Kruskall-Wallis, y para comprobar la diferencia entre los grupos (BP y MBP) en cada franja etaria se utilizó el test Mann-Whitney (p≤0,05). Se mostró una diferencia significativa entre estos grupos tanto en la puntuación (p=0,011) cuanto en los percentiles (p=0,010), en las franjas etarias de 2-4 y de 5-8 meses (p=0,017; p=0,013, respectivamente). Al comparar los bebés de 0-1 mes y los de 2-4 meses se concluyó que las mayores puntuaciones entre los grupos BP (p=0,000) y MBP (p=0,001) y los menores percentiles (p=0,003) en el grupo MBP que tiene 2-4 meses. Ya entre los de 0-1 mes y de 5-8 meses obtuvieron las mayores puntuaciones (p=0,000; p=0,000) y con los de 5-8 meses los menores percentiles (p=0,005; p=0,000), así como entre los de 2-4 y de 5-8 meses obtuvieron mayor puntuación (p=0,000; p=0,000) y los de 5-8 meses menor percentil (p=0,006; p=0,004). Se concluyó que el peso al nacer muestra una importante resonancia para el desarrollo motor de bebés prematuros y que retrasos pueden ser más visibles en edades más avanzadas.

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to verify the difference between the motor behaviors of low birth weight (LBW) premature infants and very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants in the first 8 months of life and assess motor behavior of these infants in different age groups. We evaluated 41 LBW infants (2499g to 1500g) and 22 VLBW infants (1499g to 1000g). Groups were divided according to age into NB-1 month, 2-4 months, and 5-8 months, and their motor behavior was analyzed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) score and percentile. Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized to verify the difference of motor behavior between age groups (NB to 1 month, 2-4 months, and 5-8 months) in each group independently. To detect differences between groups (LBW and VLBW) in each age group, we used the Mann-Whitney test (p≤0.05). A significant difference was observed between the LBW group and the VLBW group, both for score (p=0.011) and percentiles (p=0.010), in age groups 2-4 months and 5-8 months (p=0.017; p=0.013, respectively). In the comparison between age groups 0-1 month and 2-4 months, we observed higher scores for the LBW (p=0.000) and VLBW (p=0.001) groups and lower percentiles (p=0.003) for the VLBW group at 2-4 months. Between age groups 0-1 month and 5-8 months, we observed higher scores (p=0.000; p=0.000) and lower percentiles (p=0.005; p=0.000) at 5-8 months. Between age groups 2-4 months and 5-8 months, we observed higher score (p=0.000; p=0.000) and lower percentile (p=0.006; p=0.004) at 5-8 months. Birth weight had a significant impact on motor development of premature infants, and developmental delays can be more evident at older ages.

Vivência de mães de prematuros no processo de translactação / Prematures mothers’ experience in the process of translactation

Objetivou-se compreender o significado que as mães de prematuros atribuíram à sua vivência com a utilização da técnica da translactação. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, que entrevistou cinco mães de prematuros com menos de 32 semanas de gestação e/ou menos de 1.500 gramas, seis meses após alta hospitalar, no período de coleta de julho a setembro de 2011. Essas mães participaram do projeto integrado “Uma rede de apoio à família prematura”. Critérios de inclusão: mães de recém-nascidos prematuros internados na unidade neonatal; utilização da translactação para o aleitamento materno de seu bebê durante hospitalização, alta hospitalar do bebê há no mínimo seis meses no momento da coleta de dados e participação no projeto. Quanto aos critérios de exclusão foram: não residir no município de Londrina e possuir menos de 18 anos. Duas categorias emergiram: Leite materno ao prematuro: essencial para o desenvolvimento e crescimento saudável e Translactação como recurso para sucesso na amamentação. O método de análise utilizado foi a temática proposto por Bardin. A translactação mostrou-se uma boa estratégia para promoção do aleitamento materno do prematuro. É necessário um serviço de saúde preparado com apoio multiprofissional e interdisciplinar para o manejo e incentivo do aleitamento materno durante a internação na unidade de cuidados neonatais.

This study aimed to understand the meaning that mothers of premature attributed to their experience with the use of the technique of translactation. A qualitative study, which interviewed five mothers of premature infants less than 32 weeks gestation and / or less than 1,500 grams, six months after discharge from the hospital, in the period of collection from July to September 2011. These mothers participated in the integrated project "A support network to premature family". The inclusion criteria: mothers of premature infants admitted to the neonatal unit; that during the hospitalization of their baby, performed the technique of translactation, and their babies were discharged from the hospital for at least six months at the time of data collection and participation in the project. Exclusion criteria were being younger than 18 years and not residing in Londrina. Two categories emerged: Breast milk to premature: essential for healthy growth and development and Translactation as a resource for successful breastfeeding. The analysis method used was the theme proposed by Bardin. The translactation proved to be a good strategy to promote breastfeeding. A health service prepared with multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary support for the management and encouragement of breastfeeding during hospitalization in neonatal care unit is required.

Central diabetes insipidus: alert for dehydration in very low birth weight infants during the neonatal period. A case report / Diabete insípido central: alerta para desidratação no período neonatal em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. Um relato de caso

CONTEXT: Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is a rare cause of hypernatremia during the neonatal period. The diagnosis is particularly difficult in very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns. CASE REPORT: We report on a preterm newborn who presented CDI soon after birth. On the third day of life, signs of dehydration were present despite normal fluid supply. The diuresis rate was 4.4 ml/kg/h. Although the fluid supply was then increased, the dehydration continued, with hypernatremia, normal glycemia, diuresis of 7.4 ml/kg/h and urine density of 1005 mOsmol/l. Thus, a diagnostic hypothesis of diabetes insipidus was raised. A test with a nasal vasopressin analogue (dDAVP) was performed and CDI was confirmed. Reduction of the fluid supply became possible through appropriate treatment. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of CDI is rarely made during the neonatal period, especially in VLBW newborns, because of the difficulty in detecting elevated diuresis. Persistent hypernatremia, usually accompanied by hyperthermia despite abundant fluid supply, weight loss and low urine osmolality are important signs of alert. .

CONTEXTO: Diabete insípido central (DIC) é uma rara causa de hipernatremia durante o período neonatal. O diagnóstico é difícil, particularmente em recém-nascidos (RN) de muito baixo peso (RNMBP). RELATO DE CASO: Relatamos um RN que apresentou DIC logo após o nascimento. No terceiro dia de vida, apresentava sinais de desidratação, embora estivesse recebendo aporte adequado de líquidos. A diurese aferida era de 4,4 ml/kg/h. Apesar do aumento do aporte hídrico, manteve-se desidratado, com hipernatremia, valores normais de glicemia e diurese de 7,4 ml/kg/h com densidade urinária de 1005 mOsmol/l. Desta forma, a hipótese diagnóstica de diabete insípido foi considerada. O teste com análogo da vasopressina (dDAVP) foi realizado e DIC foi confirmado. A redução do aporte de líquidos foi possível com o tratamento adequado. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico de DIC raramente é realizado durante o período neonatal, particularmente em RNMBP, devido à dificuldade em detectar diurese aumentada. Hipernatremia persistente, geralmente acompanhada de hipertermia, apesar do abundante aporte de água, perda de peso e osmolaridade urinaria baixa, são importantes sinais de alerta. .

Presión positiva continua en la vía aérea comparada con la respiración mecánica asistida en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con administración precoz de surfactante pulmonar / Nasal CPAP versus mechanical ventilation in 28 to 32-week preterm infants with early surfactant administration

Introducción. La presión positiva continua en la vía aérea ( Continuous Positive Airway Pressure , CPAP) es útil en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, pero no se ha precisado si es mejor que la respiración mecánica asistida después de la administración precoz de surfactante pulmonar. Objetivo. Comparar la incidencia de eventos adversos en prematuros de 28 a 32 semanas de gestación con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria atendidos con surfactante y respiración mecánica asistida o CPAP de burbuja. Materiales y métodos. Se atendieron 147 neonatos con respiración mecánica asistida y 176 con CPAP, ninguno de los cuales presentaba asfixia perinatal o apnea. Resultados. La incidencia de fracaso de la CPAP fue de 6,5 % (IC 95% 11,3-22,8 %). Fallecieron 29 pacientes, 7 de los cuales habían recibido CPAP (4,0 %) y, 22, respiración mecánica asistida (15,0 %; p<0,001). El riesgo relativo (RR) de morir de quienes recibieron CPAP, comparado con el de quienes recibieron respiración mecánica asistida, fue de 0,27 (IC 95% 0,12-0,61), pero, al ajustar por los factores de confusión, el uso de CPAP no implicó mayor riesgo de morir (RR=0,60; IC 95% 0,29-1,24). La letalidad con respiración mecánica asistida fue de 5,70 (IC 95% 3,75-8,66) muertes por 1.000 días-paciente, mientras que con CPAP fue de 1,37 (IC 95% 0,65-2,88; p<0,001). La incidencia de neumopatía crónica fue menor con CPAP (RR=0,71, IC 95% 0,54-0,96), al igual que la de hemorragia cerebral (RR=0,28; IC 95% 0,09-0,84) y la de sepsis (RR=0,67; IC 95% 0,52-0,86), pero fue similar en cuanto a escapes de aire (RR=2,51; IC 95% 0,83-7,61) y enterocolitis necrosante (RR=1,68; IC 95% 0,59-4,81). Conclusión. La incidencia de neumopatía crónica, hemorragia ventricular y sepsis es menor con el uso de CPAP.

Introduction: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is useful in low birth weight infants with respiratory distress, but it is not known if it is a better alternative to mechanical ventilation after early pulmonary surfactant administration. Objective: To compare the incidence of adverse events in 28 to 32-week newborns with respiratory distress managed with mechanical ventilation or CPAP after early surfactant administration. Materials and methods: In total, 176 newborns were treated with CPAP and 147 with mechanical ventilation, all with Apgar scores >3 at five minutes and without apnea. Results: The incidence of CPAP failure was 6.5% (95% CI: 11.3-22.8%); 29 patients died: 7 with CPAP (4.0%) and 22 with mechanical ventilation (15.0%, p<0.001). The relative risk of dying with CPAP versus mechanical ventilation was 0.27 (95% CI: 0.12-0.61), but after adjusting for confounding factors, CPAP use did not imply a higher risk of dying (RR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.29-1.24). Mechanical ventilation fatality rate was 5.70 (95% CI: 3.75-8.66) deaths/1,000 days-patient, while with CPAP it was 1.37 (95% CI: 0.65-2.88, p<0.001). Chronic lung disease incidence was lower with CPAP than with mechanical ventilation (RR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.54-0.96), as were intracranial hemorrhage (RR=0.28, 95% CI: 0.09-0.84) and sepsis (RR=0.67; 95%CI: 0.52-0.86), and it was similar for air leaks (RR=2.51; 95% CI: 0.83-7.61) and necrotizing enterocolitis (RR=1.68, 95% CI: 0.59-4.81). Conclusion: CPAP exposure of premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome is protective against chronic lung disease, intraventricular hemorrhage and sepsis compared to mechanical ventilation. No differences were observed regarding air leak syndrome or death.