Acupuncture as a Complementary Treatment for Leg Ulcers in Sickle-Cell Disease.

Background: Sickle-cell diseases (SCD) are a group of hereditary disorders in which a specific mutation in the gene that encodes the hemoglobin ß chain leads to formation of an anomalous hemoglobin molecule (HbS) with high polymerization power. This leads to sickling of erythrocytes in situations of low oxygen tension, such as in microcirculation, resulting in peripheral microvasculature occlusion, chronic hemolysis, inflammation, and damage to several target organs. Malleolar ulcers are among the most-debilitating complications of the disease, as they are associated with significant pain, secondary infections, and social impact due to their aesthetic impairment. There are no completely satisfactory therapeutic options for this complication; local healing agents, antibiotics, and dressings are used, with high rates of recurrence and complications, such as osteomyelitis and even limb amputation. Case: This case study evaluated the effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine techniques on chronic malleolar ulcers in a 49-year-old male patient. Ten sessions of systemic acupuncture (combinations involving Source, Master, Energetic Action, and Extraordinary Vessels points), auriculotherapy, and dressing with magnets were conducted. Results: Although the primary outcome sought was not reached (decrease in ulcer diameters), this patient had great reduction of local pain, a decrease in limb edema, and important reduction of his inflammatory condition, reflected in his decreasing blood levels of C-reactive protein. Conclusions: These results show that acupuncture should be considered as an important auxiliary treatment for SCD complications.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of intralesional and perilesional recombinant human epidermal growth factor vs hydrocolloid therapy in venous ulcer treatment in the Colombian context.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a comparative analysis of health care expenses and outcomes in response to the question: What is the cost-effectiveness of intralesional and perilesional recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) compared with hydrocolloid therapy in patients diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency without infection in Colombia? METHODS: A Markov model was used to determine cost effectiveness over a 5-year period, considering the perspective of the health system in Colombia. The study included patients aged >18 years diagnosed with chronic venous insufficiency and used clinical studies to calculate the probabilities of epithelialization, infection, recurrence, and mortality. RESULTS: RhEGF is more expensive per unit than hydrocolloids, but it is proven to be effective at healing ulcers in 8 to 12 weeks, even in complex cases. Hydrocolloids, in contrast, typically require 29.5 weeks on average, and ≤46 weeks for complex cases. Despite the cost, rhEGF is more cost effective because it achieves results comparable with hydrocolloid therapy at a lower cost per additional quality-adjusted life-year. CONCLUSIONS: Based on cost-effectiveness analysis, rhEGF is a superior alternative to hydrocolloids for treating venous ulcers in Colombia. Not only is it more affordable, but it also enhances patients' quality of life and streamlines the health care system's resource use.

Leg Ulcers in Sickle Cell Disease: A Multifactorial Analysis Highlights the Hemolytic Profile.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by the presence of the variant S hemoglobin (HbS). The homozygous genotype (HbSS) is sickle cell anemia (SCA), while the double heterozygous of HbS and HbC (HbSC) is defined as SC hemoglobinopathy. The pathophysiology is based on chronic hemolysis, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and vaso-occlusion, which results in vasculopathy and serious clinical manifestations. Sickle leg ulcers (SLUs) are cutaneous lesions around the malleoli frequent in 20% of Brazilian patients with SCD. SLUs present a variable clinical and laboratory pattern modulated by several characteristics that are not fully understood. Hence, this study aimed to investigate laboratory biomarkers and genetic and clinical parameters associated with the development of SLUs. This descriptive cross-sectional study included 69 SCD patients, 52 without SLU (SLU-) and 17 with active or previous SLU history (SLU+). The results showed a higher incidence of SLU in SCA patients and there was no observed association of α-3.7 Kb thalassemia in SLU occurrence. Alterations in NO metabolism and hemolysis were associated with clinical evolution and severity of SLU, in addition to hemolysis modulating the etiology and recurrence of SLU. Our multifactorial analyses demonstrate and extend the role of hemolysis driving the pathophysiological mechanism of SLU.

Determinação do agente microbiano, perfil de resistência antimicrobiana e produção de biofilme em úlceras de membros inferiores em pacientes com sequelas de hanseníase e outras doenças crônicas / Determination of the microbial agent, antimicrobial resistance profile and biofilm production in lower limb ulcers in patients with leprosy sequelae and other chronic diseases

Úlceras crônicas são definidas quando o processo de reparação do tecido excede o período de 3 meses, dificultando sua cicatrização. Sua etiologia pode ser multifatorial, como a ocorrência de traumas e consequência de patologias, como hanseníase, hipertensão e diabetes. As úlceras abrigam diversos microrganismos colonizadores e residentes que podem tornar-se potenciais agravantes a sua condição clínica, visto sua capacidade de formação de biofilmes e resistência antimicrobiana, diminuindo a eficácia da terapêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os agentes microbianos presentes em úlceras de pacientes com doenças crônicas atendidos no ambulatório de feridas do Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, avaliar a susceptibilidade antimicrobiana destes isolados e sua capacidade de produção de biofilme, bem como comparar os resultados evidenciados por swab e biópsia e correlacionar os resultados microbiológicos com dados clínicos dos pacientes. Foram coletadas amostras de exsudato por swab e biópsia de úlceras crônicas dos participantes com doenças crônicas. As amostras foram semeadas em ágar sangue, manitol, cetrimide e MacCnkey para posterior identificação microbiana. Também foi desempenhada a determinação da susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e capacidade de produção de biofilme dos isolados identificados por swab e biópsia. Foram identificados 47 microrganismos no total, sendo 26 (55%) isolados presentes no swab e 21 (45%) em biópsia. P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis e S. aureus foram as bactérias comumente prevalentes em ambos os materiais de coleta, com predomínio de P. aeruginosa. Apenas 16 (36%) das bactérias demonstraram capacidade de produzir biofilme, com destaque para o grupo dos gram-positivos (92%) que também exibiram alto perfil de susceptibilidade frente linezolida e vancomicina. Meropenem foi o único fármaco a mostrar eficácia frente as cepas de P. aeruginosa presentes, enquanto o grupo das enterobactérias apresentaram menor resposta frente a amoxicilina com ácido clavulânico. Swab e biópsia apresentaram uma concordância geral de 60%, semelhante ao observado por outros estudos. Tais diferenças podem se dar devido à presença de colonizadores. A cobertura de zinco e bota de Unna foi correlacionada à ausência de sinais flogísticos de infecção. Os dados sociodemográficos mostram prevalência de indíviduos com baixa escolaridade e idade acima de 60 anos. O swab é menos invasivo e mais utilizado devido sua facilidade e baixo custo em relação a biópsia; contudo, deve ser considerado com mais cautela na análise dos resultados microbiológicos.

Chronic wounds are defined when the tissue repair process exceeds the period of 3 months, making it difficult to heal. Its etiology can be multifactorial, such as the occurrence of trauma and consequences of pathologies, such as leprosy, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Ulcers harbor several colonizing and resident microorganisms that can become potential aggravating factors for their clinical condition, given their ability to form biofilms and their antimicrobial resistance, decreasing the therapeutic efficacy. This study aimed to determine the microbial agents present in ulcers of patients with chronic conditions treated at the wound clinic of the Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, to evaluate their antimicrobial susceptibility and ability to produce biofilm, as well as to compare the results evidenced by swab and biopsy and correlate the microbiological results with clinical data of the patients. Exudate samples were collected by swab and biopsy of leg ulcers from participants with chronic diseases. Samples were seeded on sheep blood agar, mannitol, cetrimide and MacConkey agar for subsequent microbial identification. The determination of antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm production capacity of isolates identified by swab and biopsy was also performed. A total of 47 microorganisms were identified, 26 (55%) of which were isolated from the swab and 21 (45%) from the biopsy. P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis and S. aureus were the commonly prevalent bacteria in both collection materials, with predominance of P. aeruginosa. Only 16 (36%) bacteria demonstrated the ability to produce biofilm, with emphasis on the gram-positive group (92%) that also exhibited a high profile of susceptibility to linezolid and vancomycin. Meropenem was the only drug to show efficacy against the strains of P. aeruginosa present, while the group of enterobacteria showed less response against amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Swab and biopsy showed an overall agreement of 60%, similar to that observed by other studies. Such differences may occur due to the presence of colonizers. Zinc coating and Unna boot correlated with the absence of phlogistic signs of infection. Sociodemographic data show a prevalence of individuals with low education and aged over 60 years. The swab is less invasive and more used due to its ease and low cost compared to biopsy; however, it should be considered with more caution in the analysis of microbiological results

Randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing the healing of stasis ulcers in lower limbs with standard hydrocolloid gel dressings and with dressings with Syzygium cumini extract.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the healing of venous ulcers in the lower limbs (VLU) using dressings with hydrocolloid gel associated with Syzygium cumini extract (SHG) compared to standard hydrocolloid gel dressings (HG). METHOD: This prospective, double-blind, randomized trial recruited 90 patients with VLU divided into: dressings with SHG (n = 44) and dressings with HG (n = 46). Primary endpoint was healing in the 14th visit. Secondary endpoints were healing rate, complete healing during follow-up, and improvement in the pain scale and in quality of life. RESULTS: There were no significant between-group differences in healing (p = 0.15). The wound area made healing difficult (p = 0.008). Age, body mass index, and wound time demonstrated a tendency to worsen the healing. Positive culture for Pseudomonas aeruginosa resulted in 88% reduction in the healing risk (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: There was no difference between the dressings evaluated. The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly impaired wound healing.

The meaning of work for men with sickle-cell anemia and ulcers / El sentido del trabajo para hombres con anemia falciforme y úlceras falcémicas / O sentido do trabalho para homens com anemia falciforme e úlceras falcêmicas

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the meaning of work for men with sickle-cell anemia and ulcers and to discuss the challenges they face to remain in the world of work. Method: a qualitative and descriptive study developed in two settings: an outpatient service specialized in dressings of a large-sized hospital and a Stomatherapy Nursing clinic, both linked to a public university from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data collection took place from August to November 2018 by means of semi-structured interviews with 20 men who had sickle-cell ulcers. Lexical data analysis was performed in the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires software. Results: the physical, social and psychological hardships caused by the wounds in men who are active in the world of work were verified. In addition to that, it was found that work is of important value for men, in addition to considering it as a shelter to deal with the pain imposed by the wounds. Conclusion: work represents usefulness and satisfaction, as it makes it possible to materially provide for men and their families and it reasserts their virility and their dominance in the family and social contexts, in addition to making them feel useful and productive. However, on the other hand, it also produces distress when these men need to stay at work with pain, tiredness, shame and frustration arising from a disease and an injury that alter their body image and productivity, in addition to generating feelings of disgust in their professional collective.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el sentido del trabajo para hombres con anemia falciforme y úlceras falcémicas y debatir los desafíos que afrontan para mantenerse activos en el mundo del trabajo. Método: estudio cualitativo y descriptivo desarrollado en dos escenarios: un servicio ambulatorio especializado en vendajes de un hospital de gran magnitud y una clínica de Enfermería especializada en Estomaterapia, ambos vinculados a una universidad pública do Río de Janeiro, Brasil. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar entre agosto y noviembre de 2019 por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas con 20 hombres que tenían úlceras falcémicas. El análisis lexical de los datos se realizó sobre la base del programa software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Resultados: se verificaron los inconvenientes físicos, sociales y psicológicos que causan las heridas en los hombres activos en el mundo del trabajo. También se verificó que el trabajo representa un valor importante para los hombres, además de ser visto como un refugio para lidiar con el dolor generado por la herida. Conclusión: el trabajo representa utilidad y satisfacción, ya que permite cubrir las necesidades materiales de los hombres y de sus familias, reafirma su virilidad y su dominio en los contextos familiar y social, y los hace sentir útiles y productivos. Sin embargo, contradictoriamente, también genera sufrimiento porque estos hombres deben permanecer en el trabajo con dolor, cansancio, vergüenza y frustración como resultado de una enfermedad y de una lesión que alteran su imagen corporal y su productividad, además de generar un sentimiento de rechazo en su colectivo profesional.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o sentido do trabalho para homens com anemia falciforme e úlceras falcêmicas e discutir os desafios que eles enfrentam para manterem-se no mundo do trabalho. Método: estudo qualitativo e descritivo, desenvolvido em dois cenários, um ambulatório de curativos de um hospital de grande porte e uma clínica de enfermagem em estomaterapia, ambos vinculados a uma universidade pública do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a novembro de 2019, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, com 20 homens com úlceras falcêmicas. A análise lexical dos dados foi realizada a partir do software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires. Resultados: verificou-se a penosidade física, social e psicológica que a ferida origina nos homens que atuam no mundo do trabalho. Além disso, constatou-se que o trabalho representa um valor importante para o homem, além de ser visto como refúgio para lidar com a dor imposta pela ferida. Conclusão: o trabalho representa utilidade e satisfação, pois possibilita prover materialmente o homem e suas famílias, reafirma sua virilidade e seu domínio nos contextos familiar e social, o faz sentir-se útil e produtivo. Mas, contraditoriamente, também produz sofrimento quando esses homens precisam se manter no trabalho com dor, cansaço, vergonha e frustração decorrentes de uma doença e de uma lesão que altera sua imagem corporal e sua produtividade, além de gerar sentimento de repulsa no seu coletivo profissional.

Costo-efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético: revisión sistemática / Cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management: systematic review / Custo-efetividade das intervenções de enfermagem para o tratamento das úlceras do pé diabético: uma revisão sistemática

Introducción. Las intervenciones de enfermería usadas para el tratamiento de las úlceras por pie diabético incluyen técnicas de cura tradicionales y avanzadas. Frecuentemente su elección depende del criterio personal de la enfermera, en lugar del reconocimiento de la relación costo-efectividad. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las intervenciones de enfermería de mayor costo-efectividad para el manejo de pacientes con úlceras por pie diabético. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en Pubmed, Cochrane y la Biblioteca Virtual De La Salud. Se incluyeron estudios aleatorizados y no aleatorizados de cualquier intervención de enfermería usada para el manejo de úlcera por pie diabético con reporte de costo-efectividad. La selección de los artículos elegibles fue realizada por dos evaluadores independientes. El riesgo de sesgos fue evaluado con las guías Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Resultados. Seis de los ocho artículos incluidos fueron clasificados con alto riesgo de sesgos. Las dos intervenciones en las que se evidenció una mejor relación costo-efectividad en comparación con el grupo control fueron el uso de Beta-Glucan gel (comparado con placebo) y la terapia de presión negativa (comparada con terapia de herida húmeda avanzada). Discusión. Guías nacionales e internacionales para el manejo de enfermería de úlceras por pie diabético proponen al menos 15 diferentes intervenciones. Sin embargo, la escasa disponibilidad de estudios de alta calidad sobre la relación costo-efectividad dificulta la selección y genera mayor variabilidad en las prácticas de enfermería. Conclusión. Es necesario realizar estudios de la relación costo-efectividad con comparaciones directas de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético. Cómo citar. Vásquez-Hernández, S., Rico-Ardila, D., Gómez-Camargo, L., Álvarez-Quintero, L. Costo-efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético: revisión sistemática. MedUNAB. 2021;24(1): 13-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3832

Introduction. Nursing interventions used for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers include traditional and advanced healing techniques. Often their choice depends on the nurse's personal judgment, rather than recognition of cost-effectiveness. The objective of this study is to identify the most cost-effective nursing interventions for the management of patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Methodology. A systematic review was conducted at Pubmed, Cochrane and the Virtual Health Library. Randomized and non-randomized studies of any nursing intervention used for diabetic foot ulcer management with reported cost-effectiveness were included. The selection of eligible articles was made by two independent reviewers. The risk of bias was assessed using the following guidelines: Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Results. Six of the eight included articles were classified at high risk of bias. The two interventions in which a better cost-effectiveness ratio was evidenced compared to the control group were the use of Beta-Glucan gel (compared to placebo) and negative pressure wound therapy (compared to advanced wet wound therapy). Discussion. National and international guidelines for the nursing management of diabetic foot ulcers propose at least 15 different interventions. However, the limited availability of high-quality cost-effectiveness studies makes selection difficult and generates greater variability in nursing practices. Conclusion. Cost-effectiveness studies with direct comparisons of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management are needed. Cómo citar. Vásquez-Hernández, S., Rico-Ardila, D., Gómez-Camargo, L., Álvarez-Quintero, L. Costo-efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético: revisión sistemática. MedUNAB. 2021;24(1): 13-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3832

Introdução. As intervenções de enfermagem usadas para tratar úlceras do pé diabético incluem técnicas de cura tradicionais e avançadas. Frequentemente, sua escolha depende do julgamento pessoal da enfermeira, ao invés do reconhecimento da relação custo-efetividade. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as intervenções de enfermagem com um maior custo-efetividade para o tratamento de pacientes com úlceras de pé diabético. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática no Pubmed, Cochrane e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Foram incluídos estudos randomizados e não randomizados de qualquer intervenção de enfermagem utilizada para o tratamento de úlceras do pé diabético com relatórios de custo-efetividade. A seleção dos artigos elegíveis foi feita por dois avaliadores independentes. O risco de tendências foi avaliado com as diretrizes do Critical Appraisal Skills Program. Resultados. Seis dos oito artigos incluídos foram classificados como de alto risco de tendência. As duas intervenções que mostraram uma melhor relação custo-efetividade em comparação com o grupo de controle foram o uso de gel de Beta-Glucan (em comparação com o placebo) e a terapia de pressão negativa (em comparação com a terapia avançada de feridas úmidas). Discussão. Diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para o tratamento de enfermagem de úlceras do pé diabético propõem pelo menos 15 intervenções diferentes. No entanto, a disponibilidade limitada de estudos de alta qualidade sobre a relação custo-efetividade torna difícil a seleção e leva a uma maior variabilidade nas práticas de enfermagem. Conclusão. São necessários estudos que tratem a relação custo-efetividade com comparações diretas de intervenções de enfermagem para o tratamento de úlceras do pé diabético. Cómo citar. Vásquez-Hernández, S., Rico-Ardila, D., Gómez-Camargo, L., Álvarez-Quintero, L. Costo-efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético: revisión sistemática. MedUNAB. 2021;24(1): 13-26. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3832

Cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management: systematic review / Costo-efectividad de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético: revisión sistemática / Custo-efetividade das intervenções de enfermagem para o tratamento das úlceras do pé diabético: uma revisão sistemática

Introducción. Nursing interventions used for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers include traditional and advanced healing techniques. Often their choice depends on the nurse's personal judgment, rather than recognition of cost-effectiveness. The objective of this study is to identify the most cost-effective nursing interventions for the management of patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Methodology. A systematic review was conducted at Pubmed, Cochrane and the Virtual Health Library. Randomized and non-randomized studies of any nursing intervention used for diabetic foot ulcer management with reported cost-effectiveness were included. The selection of eligible articles was made by two independent reviewers. The risk of bias was assessed using the following guidelines: Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Results. Six of the eight included articles were classified at high risk of bias. The two interventions in which a better cost-effectiveness ratio was evidenced compared to the control group were the use of Beta- Glucan gel (compared to placebo) and negative pressure wound therapy (compared to advanced wet wound therapy). Discussion. National and international guidelines for the nursing management of diabetic foot ulcers propose at least 15 different interventions. However, the limited availability of high-quality cost-effectiveness studies makes selection difficult and generates greater variability in nursing practices. Conclusion. Cost-effectiveness studies with direct comparisons of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management are needed. Citation. Vásquez-Hernández, S., Rico-Ardila, D., Gómez-Camargo, L., Álvarez-Quintero, L. Cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management: systematic review. MedUNAB. 2021;24(1): 27-40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3832

Introduction. Las intervenciones de enfermería usadas para el tratamiento de las úlceras por pie diabético incluyen técnicas de cura tradicionales y avanzadas. Frecuentemente su elección depende del criterio personal de la enfermera, en lugar del reconocimiento de la relación costo-efectividad. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar las intervenciones de enfermería de mayor costo-efectividad para el manejo de pacientes con úlceras por pie diabético. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en Pubmed, Cochrane y la Biblioteca Virtual De La Salud. Se incluyeron estudios aleatorizados y no aleatorizados de cualquier intervención de enfermería usada para el manejo de úlcera por pie diabético con reporte de costo-efectividad. La selección de los artículos elegibles fue realizada por dos evaluadores independientes. El riesgo de sesgos fue evaluado con las guías Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Resultados. Seis de los ocho artículos incluidos fueron clasificados con alto riesgo de sesgos. Las dos intervenciones en las que se evidenció una mejor relación costo- efectividad en comparación con el grupo control fueron el uso de Beta-Glucan gel (comparado con placebo) y la terapia de presión negativa (comparada con terapia de herida húmeda avanzada). Discusión. Guías nacionales e internacionales para el manejo de enfermería de úlceras por pie diabético proponen al menos 15 diferentes intervenciones. Sin embargo, la escasa disponibilidad de estudios de alta calidad sobre la relación costo-efectividad dificulta la selección y genera mayor variabilidad en las prácticas de enfermería. Conclusión. Es necesario realizar estudios de la relación costo-efectividad con comparaciones directas de las intervenciones de enfermería para el manejo de úlceras por pie diabético. Citation. Vásquez-Hernández, S., Rico-Ardila, D., Gómez-Camargo, L., Álvarez-Quintero, L. Cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management: systematic review. MedUNAB. 2021;24(1): 27-40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3832

Introdução. As intervenções de enfermagem usadas para tratar úlceras do pé diabético incluem técnicas de cura tradicionais e avançadas. Frequentemente, sua escolha depende do julgamento pessoal da enfermeira, ao invés do reconhecimento da relação custo-efetividade. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar as intervenções de enfermagem com um maior custo-efetividade para o tratamento de pacientes com úlceras de pé diabético. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática no Pubmed, Cochrane e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Foram incluídos estudos randomizados e não randomizados de qualquer intervenção de enfermagem utilizada para o tratamento de úlceras do pé diabético com relatórios de custo-efetividade. A seleção dos artigos elegíveis foi feita por dois avaliadores independentes. O risco de tendências foi avaliado com as diretrizes do Critical Appraisal Skills Program. Resultados. Seis dos oito artigos incluídos foram classificados como de alto risco de tendência. As duas intervenções que mostraram uma melhor relação custo-efetividade em comparação com o grupo de controle foram o uso de gel de Beta-Glucan (em comparação com o placebo) e a terapia de pressão negativa (em comparação com a terapia avançada de feridas úmidas). Discussão. Diretrizes nacionais e internacionais para o tratamento de enfermagem de úlceras do pé diabético propõem pelo menos 15 intervenções diferentes. No entanto, a disponibilidade limitada de estudos de alta qualidade sobre a relação custo-efetividade torna difícil a seleção e leva a uma maior variabilidade nas práticas de enfermagem. Conclusão. São necessários estudos que tratem a relação custo-efetividade com comparações diretas de intervenções de enfermagem para o tratamento de úlceras do pé diabético. Citation. Vásquez-Hernández, S., Rico-Ardila, D., Gómez-Camargo, L., Álvarez-Quintero, L. Cost-effectiveness of nursing interventions for diabetic foot ulcer management: systematic review. MedUNAB. 2021;24(1): 27-40. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29375/01237047.3832

High levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 are associated with a poor clinical outcome in sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) pathophysiology is characterized by the activation of sickle red blood cells, reticulocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and endothelial cells, and with the expression of several inflammatory molecules. Therefore, it is conceivable that variations in levels of proinflammatory cytokines may act as a signaling of differential clinical course in SCA. Here, we evaluated the clinical impact of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1-ß (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in 79 patients with SCA, followed in a single reference center from northeastern Brazil. The main clinical/laboratory data were obtained from patient interview and medical records. The proinflammatory markers IL-1ß, IL-6, and IL-8 were evaluated by using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. According to levels of the proinflammatory markers, we observed that patients who had a higher frequency of VOC per year (P = 0.0236), acute chest syndrome (P = 0.01), leg ulcers (P = 0.0001), osteonecrosis (P = 0.0006), stroke (P = 0.0486), and priapism (P = 0.0347) had higher IL-6 levels compared with patients without these clinical complications. Furthermore, increased levels of IL-8 were found in patients who presented leg ulcers (P = 0.0184). No significant difference was found for IL-1ß levels (P > 0.05). In summary, the present study emphasizes the role of inflammation in SCA pathophysiology, reveals an association of IL-8 levels and leg ulcer occurrence, and indicates that IL-6 levels can be used as a useful predictor for poor outcomes in SCA.

Leg ulcers in sickle cell disease patients.

Leg ulcers are the most common cutaneous complication of sickle cell disease. These lesions occur mainly in homozygous forms, are slow to heal and often relapse, causing negative physical, emotional, and economic impacts. In this paper, we discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of sickle cell leg ulcers and their implications for treatment.

Úlceras de perna em pacientes com anemia falciforme / Leg ulcers in sickle cell disease patients

Resumo As úlceras de perna são as complicações cutâneas mais comuns em pacientes com anemia falciforme. Acometem principalmente indivíduos homozigotos e são lesões de difícil cicatrização e recidivantes, com impactos físicos, psicológicos e econômicos. Neste trabalho, discutimos a apresentação clínica, o diagnóstico, a fisiopatologia das úlceras falcêmicas e as suas implicações sobre a terapêutica.

Abstract Leg ulcers are the most common cutaneous complication of sickle cell disease. These lesions occur mainly in homozygous forms, are slow to heal and often relapse, causing negative physical, emotional, and economic impacts. In this paper, we discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and pathophysiology of sickle cell leg ulcers and their implications for treatment.

Efetividade das coberturas e agentes tópicos de matriz no tratamento de úlceras de perna: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Effectiveness of coverings and topical matrix agents in the treatment of leg ulcers: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo: As úlceras vasculogênicas (venosas, arteriais e mistas) são um tipo de ferida crônica, apresentam altos índices de prevalência e incidência mundial, são recorrentes, alteram a qualidade de vida, são susceptíveis a complicações, como a infecção, e geram altos custos para os prestadores de serviço. Em feridas crônicas os altos níveis de metaloproteinases, na fase inflamatória, destroem as proteínas essenciais para a formação da matriz extracelular (MEC), impedem a aderência das células, a angiogênese, a MEC degrada-se e retarda a cicatrização. As tecnologias de matriz estimulam os componentes ou substituem a matriz extracelular danificada, para otimizar a cicatrização. Esta revisão sistemática (RS) objetivou sintetizar as evidências da diversidade das tecnologias de matriz (origem, fonte e composição), aplicadas como coberturas e agentes tópicos, no tratamento de úlceras vasculogênicas, em adultos, a partir dos 18 anos, em qualquer ambiente de cuidado. Os desfechos foram: cicatrização, tempo para completar a cicatrização, infecção, redução da área, dor e qualidade de vida. Foram seguidas as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs, o protocolo foi publicado (JBISRIR-2017-003400R1) e registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42018100125). Incluíram-se ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR), publicados em inglês, português e espanhol, a partir de 1960. Os estudos foram identificados por meio da busca nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE; banco de teses e dissertações e plataformas de registros de ECR. A qualidade da evidência foi classificada com base no sistema GRADE. Identificaram-se 992 estudos, após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade por dois revisores independentes; 41 estudos foram incluídos, desses 7 inclusos à metanálise. Os produtos de matriz foram organizados em três categorias (Colágeno, Biocelulose e Outras matrizes) e dez subcategorias. No desfecho cicatrização, comparado à cobertura não-aderente, na subcategoria colágeno humano, a metanálise favoreceu o grupo colágeno humano de camada dérmica, porém, sem significância estatística (RR=1,21; IC95%:0,91-1,60; p=0,20), heterogeneidade baixa (I2= 28%). Na subcategoria colágeno suíno, o percentual de cicatrização foi, significativamente, maior para o grupo colágeno suíno (RR=1,57; IC95%:1,18-2,09; p=0,002), heterogeneidade baixa (I2=0%). Na subcategoria biocelulose bacteriana, houve diferença significativa no percentual de cicatrização entre os grupos, porém, sem significância estatística (RR=0,74; IC:95%:0,37-1,48; p=0,39), heterogeneidade baixa (I2=0%). No desfecho infecção, na subcategoria colágeno humano, o resultado da metanálise favoreceu o colágeno humano, porém, sem significância estatística (RR=0,92; IC 95%:0,64-1,31; p=0,64), heterogeneidade baixa (I2=0%). Embora as matrizes tenham demonstrado superioridade, em alguns dos demais desfechos, como: tempo para completar a cicatrização, redução da área, dor e qualidade de vida, as evidências ainda são limitadas ou muito limitadas, em decorrência de viés metodológico e imprecisão, levando à certeza baixa ou muito baixa, atribuídas aos estudos, conforme julgamento por meio do GRADE. Entretanto, não houve evidências que refutassem a aplicação dessas tecnologias de matriz nas úlceras vasculogênicas. Recomenda-se, dessa forma, a realização de novos estudos que poderão alterar a confiança na estimativa de efeito e, portanto, o grau de certeza destes achados.

Abstract: Vasculogenic ulcers (venous, arterial and mixed) are a type of chronic wound, presenting high prevalence rates and global incidence, they are recurrent, alter the quality of life, susceptible to complications, such as infection, and generate high costs for the service providers. In chronic wounds, high levels of metalloproteinases, in the inflammatory phase, destroy essential extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, impede cell adhesion, angiogenesis, ECM degrades and delays healing. Matrix technologies stimulate the components or replace the damaged extracellular matrix to optimize healing. This systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence of the diversity of matrix technologies (origin, source and composition), applied as topical coverages and agents in the treatment of vasculogenic ulcers in adults, from 18 years of age, in any care environment. The outcomes were: healing, time to complete healing, infection, reduction of area, pain and quality of life. The recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute were followed, the protocol was published (JBISRIR-2017- 003400R1) and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42018100125). It were included Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), published in English, Portuguese and Spanish, published from 1960. The studies were identified through the search in the databases MEDLINE/PUBMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, WEB OF SCIENCE; bank of theses, dissertations, and platforms of records of RTCs. The quality of the evidence was classified based on the GRADE system. Two independent reviewers identified 992 studies following the eligibility criteria; 41 studies were included, of these 7 included in the metaanalysis. The matrix products were organized into three categories (Collagen, Biocellulose and Other Matrices) and ten subcategories. In the outcome "healing", compared to the non-adherent coverages, in the subcategory human collagen, the meta- analysis favored the human collagen group of the dermal layer, but without statistical significance (RR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.91-1.60; p = 0.20), low heterogeneity (I 2 = 28%). In the subcategory pig collagen, the percentage of healing was significantly higher for the pig collagen group (RR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.18-2.09, p = 0.002), low heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%). In the subcategory bacterial biocellulose, there was a significant difference in the percentage of healing between the groups, however, without statistical significance (RR = 0.74, CI: 95%: 0.37-1.48, p = 0.39), low heterogeneity (I 2 = 0%). In the outcome "infection", in the subcategory of human collagen, the results of the meta- analysis favored human collagen, but, without statistical significance (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.64-1.31, p = 0.64), heterogeneity low (I 2 = 0%). Although the matrices have shown superiority, in some of the other outcomes, such as: time to complete healing, reduction of area, pain and quality of life, the evidence is still limited or very limited, due to methodological bias and imprecision, leading to low or very low confidence, attributed to the studies, according to GRADE judgment. However, there was no evidence to refute the application of these matrix technologies in vasculogenic ulcers. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out new studies that may after the confidence in the effect estimate and, therefore, the degree of certainty of these findings.

Autologous bone marrow-derived cells for venous leg ulcers treatment: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are a common problem in clinical practice and available treatments are not satisfactory. The use of adjuvant therapies in combination with lower limb compression may lead to improved healing rates. Chronic wounds are candidates for new strategies in the emergent field of regenerative medicine. Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) contain cells and secrete cytokines known to participate in wound healing. Thus, BMDC therapy seems a logical strategy for the treatment of chronic wounds. Our objective was to evaluate feasibility, safety and initial clinical outcome of autologous BMDC therapy associated with standard treatment in patients with VLUs. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, single-arm, prospective pilot clinical trial in four patients with six chronic VLUs. The study protocol was approved by the institutional and national review boards and ethics committees. Bone marrow was harvest, processed and then administered by multiple injections into the ulcers. All patients received standard treatment and non-healing characteristics of the VLUs were confirmed at study entry. RESULTS: Ulcer size and wound pain evaluated 12 months after BMDC treatment were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). BMDC treatment was safe and well tolerated in long-term follow-up. DISCUSSION: Despite the low number of patients studied, our results showed that autologous BMDC treatment could be a useful, feasible and safe procedure to enhance ulcer healing. However, randomized controlled trials with more patients are needed to address this question and translate this approach into clinical practice.

Úlcera de perna: um estudo sobre registro de diagnóstico e intervenção de enfermagem em prontuário / Leg ulcer: a study on diagnosis diagnosis and nursing intervention in medical records

A enfermagem vem buscando estabelecer sua sistematização do cuidado a partir de um conhecimento científico próprio, diferente do saber biomédico que se propõe a assistir e restabelecer o cliente à sua condição de saúde. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo destacar os diagnósticos de enfermagem das intervenções realizadas nos cuidados com as úlceras de perna em prontuários existentes no ambulatório de cirurgia do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG) e propor a instituição, nas consultas de enfermagem, de um processo de cuidar de úlceras de perna através de um Guia de Orientações em forma de aplicativo móvel que oriente as intervenções e diagnósticos de enfermagem. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivodesenvolvido em um Hospital Universitário no Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisados 39 prontuários de clientes atendidos no Ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular que apresentavam úlceras de perna. Para a avaliação, buscamos registros relacionados às dimensões do corpo e vida dos clientes; os propósitos da enfermagem que cuida de úlceras venosas e diagnósticos de enfermagem. Como resultados, encontramos: maior prevalência de úlceras em mulher (61,5%) e na faixa etária acima de 50 anos; não houve diferenças entre a cor branca (38,5%) e preta (35.9%); como em outros estudos, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) teve maior frequência (53,8%), seguida de Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (25,6%) e cardiopatia (15,4%); quanto ao etilismo e tabagismo, 87,2% bebem e 64,1% não fumam; a incidência de úlcera venosa foi de 82,2%; quanto ao local onde moram, 46,2% residem no estado do Rio de Janeiro e apenas 5,1% residem na Área Programática do Hospital; 17,1% dos clientes apresentavam lesões nos dois membros, com prevalência de 43,6% no membro inferior direito (MID); quanto ao tempo de evolução, 28,5% apresentavam lesão entre 5 e 10 anos e 30,8% inferior a 1 ano; quanto às características das lesões, encontramos: esfacelo (69,2%), maceração (46,2%), granulação (41,0%) e necrose de coagulação (15,4%); em relação à pele ao redor, observamos: dermatite (25%), erisipela (2,6%) e linfedema (17,9%). Quanto à terapia tópica foram registrados: Papaína (33,3 %), Iruxol® (23,1%) e Hidrogel (7,7%,); 64,1% receberam cuidados para desbridamento enzimático e autolíticos e 79,5% tiveram indicação de sistema de compressão. Na segunda análise, trazemos registros que encontramos sobre diagnósticos de enfermagem baseados em Wanda Horta. Na análise de conteúdo desses registros, encontramos um total de 320 encontros (consultas) com média de 1 a 20 consultas, resultando na leitura de 507 palavras (códigos) em que encontramos 236 cuidados captados por palavras; 114 registros relacionados ao Diagnóstico de Wanda Horta e 157 ausências de registros sobre cuidado. Detectamos 100% dos registros nas dimensões Fisicobiológicas, 61,5% em Detectar sinais e sintomas e 92,3% em Implementar cuidados e prescrições, o que denota um padrão biomédico e encontramos 87,2% de ausência de registros na dimensão Psicobiológica. Através da análise do teste exato de Fisher, buscando associações entre as variáveis do Objetivo do cuidado, Dimensões e Diagnóstico, apenas em 7 situações encontramos p<0,05: dependência de ajuda, orientação; e encaminhamento relaciona-se a Prevenir doença, Restabelecer, Reabilitar e Promover saúde. Através da análise dos dados, identificamos a necessidade de criar tecnologias que orientem o profissional nos registros dos cuidados e na orientação do cuidado. Como produto final foi criado um aplicativo-protótipo com informações para uma prática sistematizada para o cuidado de pacientes com úlcera venosa. Conclusões: os dados confirmam o que está dito sobre os registros de enfermagem, no entanto os elementos dos diagnósticos que estão nos registros se mostram de modo velado

Nursing has sought to establish its systematization of care based on its own scientific knowledge, different from biomedical knowledge, which proposes to assist and restore clients to their health condition. This research aims to highlight the nursing diagnoses of the interventions performed in the care of leg ulcers in existing records at the Surgery Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Universitário Gaffrée and Guinle (HUGG) and to propose the establishment, in nursing consultations, of a process of caring for leg ulcers through an Orientation Guide in the form of a mobile application that will guide nursing interventions and diagnoses. This is a retrospective study developed at a University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. 39 medical records of clients who had leg ulcers and were attended in the Vascular Surgery Outpatient Clinic were analyzed. For the evaluation, we sought records related to the dimensions of the body and life of the clients, the purposes of nursing care for venous ulcers, and nursing diagnosis. As a result, we found: a higher prevalence of ulcers in women (61.5%) and in the age group over 50 years; there were no differences between white (38.5%) and black (35.9%); as in other studies, systemic arterial hypertension (HAS) had a higher frequency (53.8%), followed by Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (25.6%) and heart disease (15.4%); regarding alcohol consumption and smoking, 87.2% drink and 64.1% do not smoke; the incidence of venous ulcer was 82.2%; as to where they live, 46.2% live in the State of Rio de Janeiro and only 5.1% live in the Programmatic Area of the Hospital; 17.1% of the clients presented lesions in both limbs, with a prevalence of 43.6% in the right lower limb; regarding the time of evolution, 28.5% presented lesions for 5 to 10 years and 30.8% for less than 1 year; regarding the characteristics of the lesions, we found: slough (69.2%), maceration (46.2%), granulation (41.0%) and coagulative necrosis (15.4%); in relation to the surrounding skin, dermatitis (25%), erysipelas (2.6%) and lymphedema (17.9%). As for topical therapy, records showed: Papain (33.3%), Iruxol® (23.1%) and Hydrogel (7.7%); 64.1% received care for enzymatic and autolytic debridement, and 79.5% had indication for compression system. In the second analysis, we present records we found about nursing diagnoses based on Wanda Horta. In the content analysis of such records, we found a total of 320 encounters (consultations) with an average of 1 to 20 consultations, resulting in the reading of 507 words (codes) in which we found 236 care practices obtained by words; 114 records related to Wanda Horta diagnosis and 157 absences of records about the care. We detected 100% of the records in the Physical/biological dimensions, 61.5% in Detecting signs and symptoms, and 92.3% in Implementing care and prescriptions, which denotes a biomedical pattern, and found 87.2% absence of records in the Psychobiological dimension. Through analysis of the Fisher's exact test, seeking associations among the variables of Objective of care, Dimensions and Diagnosis, only in 7 situations we found p<0.05: care dependence, orientation; and referrals are related to Prevent illness, Restore, Rehabilitate and Promote health. Through the data analysis, we identified the need to create technologies that will guide the professional in the recording of care and in care orientation. As a final product, a prototype application with information for a systematized practice for the care of patients with venous ulcers was created. Conclusions: the data confirm what is said about the nursing records, however the elements of the diagnoses that are on the records are shown in a veiled way

Using AutoCAD software to measure venous leg ulcers: a reproducibility assessment study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reproducibility of using AutoCAD software to measure the area of venous leg ulcers (VLUs). METHOD: Data from patients with VLUs were collected between March and July 2015, using data collection forms and photographing the different ulcers. A researcher and five nurses collected the data. The wounds were measured using AutoCAD software. Data were analysed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients with 36 VLUs were included in the study. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the areas of VLUs measured by the researcher and the evaluators. There was an excellent agreement when analysing the ICC [p=0.98; 95% CI (0.97-0.99); p <0.05] and the CCC [CCC=CI 0.97; 95% (0.95-0.98)]. There was no difference between the measurements of VLUs ≤10 cm2 (p=0.49) and those with an area >10cm2 (p=0.22). CONCLUSION: The use of AutoCAD software is appropriate for measuring VLUs and appears to be more accurate when used to measure VLUs with an area >10cm2.

Effectiveness of the strategies of an orientation programme for the lifestyle and wound-healing process in patients with venous ulcer: A randomised controlled trial.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of strategies of a lifestyle orientation programme on patients with venous ulcer in elastic compression therapy. This was a single-blind, 2-arm, randomised clinical controlled trial. The primary outcome included the reduction of the wound surface area. The secondary outcomes included the perception of pain, questionnaire of ulcer status, and quality of life. Seventy-one patients with ulcers of venous aetiology were randomised into 2 arms: control group (CG) and intervention group (IG), with a 12-week follow up. The CG was provided with the routine guidelines of the health services. Meanwhile, the IG was provided with lifestyle guidelines regarding the physiopathology of a venous ulcer, importance of compression therapy, physical exercises and rest in 4 face-to-face and 2 telephone interviews. The IG had significant improvement on the wound healing on 30, 60, and 90 days of follow up when compared with the CG (P = .0197; P = .0472; P = .0116). There were no statistical differences between groups; both had improvement in the quality of life and pain perception. Our results demonstrated that elastic compression therapy along with guidelines on lifestyle is effective adjunctive treatment to promote wound healing in patients with leg ulcers.

Enhanced healing and anti-inflammatory effects of a carbohydrate polymer with zinc oxide in patients with chronic venous leg ulcers: preliminary results.

INTRODUCTION: Insufficient wound healing related to chronic inflammation of chronic venous leg ulcers (CVUs) represents an important public health problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a carbohydrate polymer with zinc oxide therapy on CVUs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty patients with CVUs were recruited for this study and were divided into a study group and control group. Patients In the study group were instructed to use venous compression treatment andtopical carbohydrate polymer with zinc oxide twice daily, while patients In the control group were treated with only venous compression treatment. All patients were followed up for 8 weeks. Peripheral blood samples and biosy tissue specimens were obtained at the initiation of treatment and after 8 weeks to assess serum levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as the percentage of leukocytes, T-helper cells, cytotoxic-T cells, macrophages and endothelial cells in the biopsy tissue using flow cytometry. RESULTS: A significantly greater reduction in the mean percentage ulcer area from baseline to eight weeks was observed in the study group (up to 40% for large ulcers). Furthermore, the patients in the study group had reduced systemic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8 (p = 0.0028) and IL-6 (p = 0.0302), fewer total CD45+ cells (p = 0.0038) and more CD31+ cells (p = 0.045) present in ulcer biopsies compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The carbohydrate polymer with zinc oxide treatment with venous compression enhances healing of CVUs and improves quality of life due, in part, to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Adaptação transcultural de um instrumento de avaliação de feridas / Adaptación transcultural de un instrumento de evaluación de heridas / Cross-cultural adaptation of a wound assessment instrument

Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o instrumento de Avaliação da Cicatrização de Feridas Crônicas para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. Método: estudo quantitativo, tipo metodológico, seguindo as etapas tradução, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, revisão por um comitê de especialistas e pré-teste. A pesquisa foi realizada nas Unidades de Saúde de Itajubá e Três Corações - Minas Gerais com amostra de 30 enfermeiros estomaterapeutas e/ou com prática clínica no tratamento de feridas. Foi avaliada a validade de conteúdo por meio do cálculo do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e praticabilidade do instrumento. Resultados: o instrumento apresentou-se como de fácil aplicação e compreensibilidade demonstrando ser aplicável na cultura brasileira. Quanto à praticabilidade, o tempo médio de preenchimento do instrumento foi de três minutos. O instrumento final, com alterações sugeridas pelos juízes, foi encaminhado e aprovado pelo autor. Conclusão: originou-se um instrumento aplicável à realidade brasileira.

Objetivo: Traducir y adaptar culturalmente el instrumento de Evaluación de la Cicatrización de Heridas Crónicas al portugués brasileño. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, tipo metodológico, siguiéndose las etapas de traducción, síntesis de traducciones, retrotraducción, revisión por comité de expertos y prueba piloto. Investigación realizada en las Unidades de Salud de Itajubá y Três Corações - Minas Gerais. Muestra de 30 enfermeros estomaterapeutas y/o con práctica clínica en el tratamiento de heridas. Fue evaluada la validez de contenido mediante el cálculo del Índice de Validez de Contenido y viabilidad del instrumento. Resultados: El instrumento se presentó como de fácil aplicación y comprensibilidad, demostrándose aplicable a la cultura brasileña. Respecto a la viabilidad, el tiempo promedio de completado del instrumento fue de tres minutos. La versión final, con cambios sugeridos por los expertos, fue remitida y aprobada por el autor. Conclusión: Se dio origen a un instrumento aplicable a la realidad brasileña.

Objective: To translate and culturally adapt a chronic wound healing assessment instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. Method: A methodological quantitative study was carried out based on the following stages: translation, translation synthesis, back-translation, revision by an expert committee, and pre-test. The research was carried out in the healthcare units of the cities of Itajubá and Três Corações, in the state of Minas Gerais, with a sample made up of 30 stomal therapy nurses and nurses with clinical practice in wound care. Content validity was evaluated by means of calculation of the content validity index and the instrument's feasibility. Results: The instrument was considered of easy application and understandability, indicating that it can be used in the Brazilian culture. Regarding feasibility, the instrument's average filling time was three minutes. The final instrument, with alterations suggested by the experts, was sent to the author and approved. Conclusion: An instrument applicable to the Brazilian reality was created.

Estudio comparativo con membranas multifuncionales y apósitos húmedos a seco, en pacientes con heridas crónicas difíciles de curar. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado / RCT of Multfunctonal Membranes vs Traditional Methods for Chronic or Hard-to-Heal Wounds

Introducción: Conocida la dificultad en el tratamiento de heridas crónicas de difícil curación, nos hemos propuesto evaluar las diferencias del progreso de la cicatrización tras intervención con métodos avanzados (Membranas Multifuncionales) y métodos tradicionales (apósitos de gasa húmedos a seco), durante un período de estudio de 12 semanas. Metodología: Un total de 380 pacientes que se presentaron a la Clínica de Curaciones de Consulta Externa del Departamento de Cirugía del Hospital Roosevelt, con heridas crónicas difíciles de curar, fueron distribuidos para su tratamiento en entorno ambulatorio a uno de dos grupos: a. con métodos avanzados (Membranas Multifuncionales) y b. con métodos tradicionales (apósitos de gasa húmedos a seco). La distribución en cada grupo se realizó mediante aleatorización simple según la secuencia de presentación: casos impares, para tratamientos avanzados con Membranas Multifuncionales y casos pares: con curas tradicionales (apósitos húmedos a secos). El principal resultado de interés fue determinar la eficacia en relación con la formación de tejido de granulación y/o tejido epitelial en el lecho de la herida con los dos métodos de tratamiento, utilizando para su valoración la escala modificada de Houghton y colaboradores (Photographic Wound Assessment Tool- PWAT por sus siglas en inglés-) Resultados: De enero a octubre de 2014, se seleccionaron 380 pacientes elegibles y se asignaron al azar a 190 pacientes en cada grupo. 129 pacientes (92 del grupo de apósito húmedo a seco y 37 de la Membrana Multifuncional), no concluyeron el ensayo por el incumplimiento/abandono del protocolo, permaneciendo en el estudio 251 pacientes para el seguimiento. El tiempo establecido para la recolección de datos fue en las semanas 4, 8 y 12. A las cuatro semanas, en la primera evaluación, el grupo tratado con la Membrana Multifuncional presentó cicatrización completa o cercana al cierre en el 50% de los casos, en comparación con el 28% de los apósitos húmedos a secos. A las ocho semanas, en la segunda evaluación, el grupo tratado con la Membrana Multifuncional presentó cicatrización completa o cercana al cierre en el 71% de los casos, en comparación con el 50% de apósitos húmedos a secos. En la evaluación final a las doce semanas, el grupo tratado con la Membrana Multifuncional presentó cicatrización completa o cercana al cierre en el 85% de los casos, en comparación con el 58% de los apósitos húmedos a secos. Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, en las heridas crónicas difíciles de curar, el grupo tratado con las membranas multifuncionales fue la alternativa que ofreció mayor éxito de cierre completo de la herida comparada con las lesiones tratadas con apósito húmedo a seco.

Introducton: Complicated chronic or difcult-to-heal wounds have led to propose the evaluaton between the diferences in progress of healing afer an interventon with advanced methods (Multfunctonal Membranes) and traditional methods (wet to dry gauze dressings), during a period of 12 weeks. Methods: From January to October 2014, 380 patents who presented at the Outpatient Wound Care Clinic of the Department of Surgery, Roosevelt Hospital, with chronic or difficult-to-heal wounds, were distributed for treatment in outpatient setting to one of two groups: a. with advanced methods (Multifunctional Membranes) and b. with traditional methods (wet-to-dry gauze dressings). The distribution in each group was made by simple randomization according to the presentation sequence: odd cases, for advanced treatments with Multifunctional Membranes and even cases: with traditional cures (wet to dry dressings). The main interest was to determine the efficacy in relation to the formation of granulation tissue and/or epithelial tissue in the wound bed with the two treatment methods, using for evaluation the modified scale of Houghton PWAT (Photographic Wound Assessment Tool). Results: 380 eligible patents were selected, and 190 patents were randomized in each group. 129 patents did not complete the trial due to noncompliance or dropout of the protocol, leaving 251 patents for follow-up. At four weeks, the group treated with the Multifunctional Membrane had completely healed or almost closed in 50% of cases, compared with 28% of wet to dry gauze dressings. At eight weeks, the group treated with the Multifunctional Membrane completely healed or almost closed in 71% of cases, compared with 50% of wet to dry gauze dressings. At twelve weeks, the group treated with the Multifunctional Membrane had completely healed or almost closed in 85% of cases, compared with 58% of wet to dry gauze dressings. Conclusions: The group treated with the multfunctonal membranes was the alternatve that ofered the greatest success of complete closure of the wound compared with the lesions treated with wet-to-dry dressing.