Rare manifestation of pulmonary benign metastasizing leiomyoma: Respiratory failure.

We report a case of a 42-year-old woman diagnosed with pulmonary benign metastasizing leiomyomatosis with a random nodular pattern on image and with a rare clinical condition progressing with respiratory failure and severe hypoxemia. This study is relevant due to the rarity of the tomographic pattern and the patient's clinical presentation. There is no treatment guideline for this comorbidity, which further increases the importance of publishing case reports in the literature.

Metástasis pulmonares aisladas de adenocarcinoma ductal de páncreas: una población con supervivencia prolongada / Isolated pulmonary metastases from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a population with prolonged survival

RESUMEN La incidencia de metástasis pulmonares aisladas en adenocarcinoma ductal de páncreas es aproximadamente del 13%. La resección de estas metástasis es infrecuente; sin embargo, los pacientes que se presentan únicamente con metástasis pulmonares tienen una mejor supervivencia comparadas con otras localizaciones. Presentamos el caso de una paciente a quien se le realizó una lobectomía pulmonar por metástasis de adenocarcinoma ductal de páncreas. Luego de la resección, el período libre de recurrencia y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad específica fueron de 84 y 152 meses, respectivamente. Consideramos que el siguiente paso en el tratamiento de esta subpoblación es poder seleccionar a los pacientes con una biología tumoral favorable y que una estrategia de tratamiento enérgica estaría justificada.

ABSTRACT The incidence of isolated pulmonary metastases in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is about 13%. Resection of these metastases is uncommon; however, patients presenting only with pulmonary metastases have better survival compared to those with metastases on other locations. We report the case of a female patient who underwent lobectomy for metastases from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. After resection, disease-free interval and specific diseases-free survival were 84 and 152 moths, respectively. We consider that the next step in the treatment of this subpopulation of patients is to select those patients with favorable tumor biology who would benefit from a more aggressive approach.

Brazilin Inhibits the Invasion and Metastasis of Breast Cancer.

This study aimed to determine the effect of brazilin on the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. The breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells were treated with brazilin to investigate proliferation and invasion using cell proliferation assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay. BALB/C mice were randomized into normal, model, positive control, and Sappan L. extract groups (n = 6/group). The mice were injected with 4T1 cells via caudal veins to establish a lung metastasis model and via subcutaneous injection to establish a xenograft model. Metastatic nodules on the lung surface, survival rates and visceral indices were evaluated. Subcutaneous tumor volumes and weights were measured. Brazilin inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells and significantly inhibited the wound healing, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells. Compared with the normal group, the average survival days and spleen index in the model group were significantly decreased, but the lung index and number of pulmonary metastatic nodules were significantly increased. Compared with the model group, the average survival and spleen index of dose groups were significantly increased, and the lung index, the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules, and tumor volume and weight were significantly decreased. Brazilin significantly inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer. This study might suggest a new therapeutic agent for breast cancer.

Therapeutic Approaches for Metastases from Colorectal Cancer and Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma.

Metastasis is the process of dissemination of a tumor, whereby cells from the primary site dislodge and find their way to other tissues where secondary tumors establish. Metastasis is the primary cause of death related to cancer. This process warrants changes in original tumoral cells and their microenvironment to establish a metastatic niche. Traditionally, cancer therapy has focused on metastasis prevention by systematic treatments or direct surgical re-sectioning. However, metastasis can still occur. More recently, new therapies direct their attention to targeting cancer stem cells. As they propose, these cells could be the orchestrators of the metastatic niche. In this review, we describe conventional and novel developments in cancer therapeutics for liver and lung metastasis. We further discuss the resistance mechanisms of targeted therapy, the advantages, and disadvantages of diverse treatment approaches, and future novel strategies to enhance cancer prognosis.

Versican and Tumor-Associated Macrophages Promotes Tumor Progression and Metastasis in Canine and Murine Models of Breast Carcinoma.

Versican and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are involved in growth and metastases in several cancers. Here, we investigated the potential role of versican, a matrix proteoglycan, and its correlation with TAMs infiltrates in different stages of two different breast cancer models: spontaneous canine mammary gland carcinomas and the murine 4T1 breast cancer model. The stromal versican expression was correlated with TAMs accumulation in tumors with an advanced stage from spontaneous canine mammary carcinoma samples. Versican expression in mice, identified in late stages of tumor progression, was associated to a high number of peri-tumoral infiltrating TAMs. Indeed, TAMs were related to a pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic state in the primary tumor. Furthermore, TAMs accumulation was related to versican expression in the lungs and an increased number of pulmonary metastatic nodules with pulmonary mechanical dysfunction, which was due to leukocyte influx in the airways and elevated growth factor levels in the microenvironment. Thus, we suggest that versican and TAMs as attractive targets for breast cancer therapy.

Comparison of [18F]Fluorocholine and [18F]Fluordesoxyglucose for assessment of progression, lung metastasis detection and therapy response in murine 4T1 breast tumor model.

The [18F]Fluorocholine ([18F]FCH) tracer for PET imaging has been proven to be effective for several malignances. However, there are only a few studies related to its breast tumor applicability and they are still limited. The aim of this study was investigate the efficacy of [18F]FCH/PET compared to [18F]FDG/PET in a murine 4T1 mammary carcinoma model treated and nontreated. [18F]FCH/PET showed its applicability for primary tumor and lung metastasis detection and their use for response monitoring of breast cancer therapeutics at earlier stages.

Chronic Sleep Restriction Impairs the Antitumor Immune Response in Mice.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep regulates immune function reciprocally and can affect the parameters that are directly involved in the immune response. Sleep deprivation is considered to be a stress-causing factor and is associated with impaired immune activity. It causes increased glucocorticoid concentrations by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; this can lead to a series of disorders that are associated with the prolonged or increased secretion of these hormones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sleep restriction (SR) on the development of pulmonary experimental metastasis and the modulation of the tumor immune response. METHODS: The SR protocol was accomplished by depriving C57BL/6 male mice of sleep for 18 h/day for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. The modified multiple-platforms method was used for SR. RESULTS: The results showed that cytotoxic cells (i.e., natural killer [NK] and CD8+ T cells) were reduced in number and regulatory T cells were predominant in the tumor microenvironment. Sleep-restricted mice also exhibited a reduced number of dendritic cells in their lymph nodes, which may have contributed to the ineffective activation of tumor-specific T cells. Peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also reduced in the sleep-restricted mice, thus indicating an immunosuppressive status. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep dep-rivation induces failure in the activity of cells that are im-portant to the tumor immune response, both in the tumor microenvironment and on the periphery. This leads to the early onset and increased growth rate of lung metastasis.

LALF32-51-E7 therapeutic vaccine induces antitumor immunity against human papillomavirus type 16 E7-expressing murine tumor metastases in the lungs.

One important goal of cancer immunotherapy is to prevent and treat tumor metastasis. We have previously reported the significant antitumor effect induced by the immunization with our human papillomavirus therapeutic protein-based vaccine (LALF32-51-E7) without adjuvant and admixed with clinically relevant adjuvants in the subcutaneous TC-1 tumor challenge model. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of the above mentioned vaccine formulations in controlling the hematogenous spread of TC-1 tumor cells using a more tumourigenic clone named TC-1* and other intravenous injection site less stressful than the tail vein. We generated a lung metastasis model by injecting TC-1* cells into the retro-orbital venous sinus and this is the first study describing it. Also, this is the first study that demonstrates the efficacy of the immunization with LALF32-51-E7 without adjuvant and admixed with VSSP or Al(OH)3 in controlling metastatic tumors increasing the survival of the mice. Our TC-1 lung metastasis model can be used to test the efficacy of other immunotherapeutic strategies based on E6/E7 antigens.

Diffuse cystic lung disease due to pulmonary metastasis of colorectal carcinoma.

The diffuse cystic lung diseases (DCLDs) are a pathophysiologically heterogeneous processes characterized by the presence of multiple thin-walled, air-filled spaces within the pulmonary parenchyma. The most common causes of DCLD are lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). DCLD develops rarely as a result of malignancy, typically secondary to metastases from peripheral sarcomas and mesenchymal tumors. DCLD have also been reported in a variety of other metastatic disease such as adenocarcinoma. Our case describes a patient with DCLD as a result of metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Metástasis pulmonares en osterosarcoma neoadyuvancia, tratamiento quirúrgico y supervivencia / Pulmonary metastasis in osteosarcoma neoadjuvant, surgical treatment and survival

La supervivencia global a 5 años de los pacientes conosteosarcoma no-metastásico es del 60-70%, mientrasque la misma se reduce a 10-30% en los pacientes con enfermedad diseminada. El objetivo de nuestro estudiofue determinar supervivencia y factores pronósticos enun grupo de pacientes con metástasis pulmonares porosteosarcoma tratados quirúrgicamente. Se realizó unabúsqueda retrospectiva en nuestra base de datos oncológicaentre 1992-2006, y 38 pacientes fueron incluidos enel estudio. La edad media al momento del diagnóstico fuede 18 ± 9.4 años (3-45) y el seguimiento promedio de 57± 53.8 meses (12-231). Todos fueron tratados con quimioterapia, resección oncológica del tumor primario y de lasmetástasis pulmonares. Se analizó la supervivencia a 5 y10 años de la serie y los siguientes factores pronósticos: edad, sexo, localización del tumor primario, metástasis de inicio, recidiva local, número de metástasis extirpadasy la respuesta al tratamiento de quimioterapia (necrosistumoral). La supervivencia global fue de 29% a los 5 años(IC95%:14.5-43.5) y de 26% a los 10 años (IC95%:12-40).Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los buenos y malos respondedores a la quimioterapia:53% (IC95%: 28-78) vs. 8% (IC95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). Nose observó relación estadísticamente significativa entre losdemás factores pronósticos analizados. La supervivenciaa 5 y 10 años de los pacientes con osteosarcoma y metástasis pulmonares tratados con quimioterapia y resección quirúrgica continúa siendo pobre. Los pacientes con buena respuesta a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante presentan un mejor pronóstico oncológico.

Five years overall survival in osteosarcoma patients isaround 70%, although in patients with metastatic diseaseit is only 10-30%. The objective of this study was to analyzeoverall survival and prognostic factors in a group of patientswith metastatic osteosarcoma treated with surgical removal of the lung metastases. A retrospective review from ouroncology data base revealed 38 patients treated between1992 and 2006. The mean age at diagnosis was 18 ± 9.4years (3-45) and mean follow-up was 57 ± 53.8 months(12-231). All patients were treated with chemotherapy and oncologic resection of the primary tumor and surgicalremoval of the lung metastases. We analyzed overallsurvival and prognostic factors: age, gender, site, time ofmetastasis, local recurrences, number of lung metastasisand chemotherapy response (necrosis). Overall survival of the entire series was 29% at 5 years (CI95%: 14.5-43.5)and 26% at 10 years (CI95%: 12-40). Significant differencein 5 year overall survival was found between good and badresponders to chemotherapy, 53% (IC95%: 28-78) vs. 8%(IC95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). No statistically significantrelationship between other prognostic factors analyzedwas observed. Five and ten years overall survival ratesin osteosarcoma patients with lung metastasis treatedwith chemotherapy and surgically resection is poor. Patientswith good response to chemotherapy have betterprognosis.

Melatonin decreases breast cancer metastasis by modulating Rho-associated kinase protein-1 expression.

The occurrence of metastasis, an important breast cancer prognostic factor, depends on cell migration/invasion mechanisms, which can be controlled by regulatory and effector molecules such as Rho-associated kinase protein (ROCK-1). Increased expression of this protein promotes tumor growth and metastasis, which can be restricted by ROCK-1 inhibitors. Melatonin has shown oncostatic, antimetastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects and can modulate ROCK-1 expression. Metastatic and nonmetastatic breast cancer cell lines were treated with melatonin as well as with specific ROCK-1 inhibitor (Y27632). Cell viability, cell migration/invasion, and ROCK-1 gene expression and protein expression were determined in vitro. In vivo lung metastasis study was performed using female athymic nude mice treated with either melatonin or Y27832 for 2 and 5 wk. The metastases were evaluated by X-ray computed tomography and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and by immunohistochemistry for ROCK-1 and cytokeratin proteins. Melatonin and Y27632 treatments reduced cell viability and invasion/migration of both cell lines and decreased ROCK-1 gene expression in metastatic cells and protein expression in nonmetastatic cell line. The numbers of 'hot' spots (lung metastasis) identified by SPECT images were significantly lower in treated groups. ROCK-1 protein expression also was decreased in metastatic foci of treated groups. Melatonin has shown to be effective in controlling metastatic breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, not only via inhibition of the proliferation of tumor cells but also through direct antagonism of metastatic mechanism of cells rendered by ROCK-1 inhibition. When Y27632 was used, the effects were similar to those found with melatonin treatment.

Metástasis pulmonar de tumor de células de la granulosa como recurrencia del tumor primario después de diez años del tratamiento quirúrgico / Pulmonary metastasis of granulosa cell tumor as recurrence of primary tumor after 10 years of surgical treatment

Los tumores de células de la granulosa son neoplasias de bajo grado, que corresponden al 2-5% de los tumores malignos del ovario y presentan una baja incidencia. Las manifestaciones clínicas dependerán del tamaño tumoral y de la exposición prolongada a estrógenos producidos por las células neoplásicas. Habitualmente, son tumores unilaterales, sólido-quísticos con focos de hemorragia, constituidos por células pálidas con su característico pliegue nuclear, en un trasfondo fibrotecomatoso, con cuerpos de Call Exner sólo en el 30-60% de los casos. El diagnóstico se realiza con los niveles séricos de estradiol y con exámenes imagenológicos como ecotomografía ginecológica, tomografía axial computarizada o resonancia nuclear magnética. El tratamiento quirúrgico es la elección. Las recurrencias pueden ocurrir años posteriores al diagnóstico inicial y en general son pélvicas. El factor pronóstico más determinante en la evolución de la enfermedad es el estadio clínico al momento del diagnóstico. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente postmenopáusica con metástasis pulmonar de tumor de células de la granulosa después de diez años del tratamiento quirúrgico.

The granulosa cell tumors are low grade neoplasias that correspond to 2-5% of all malignant tumors of the ovary with a low incidence in the population. The clinical presentation depends on the tumor size and the long term exposition to estrogens produced by neoplastic cells. They are usually unilateral tumors exhibiting a mixture of cystic and solid areas with bleeding, constituted by pale cells with their characteristic nuclear groove in a fibrotecomatous background, with Call Exner bodies only in 30-60% of cases. The diagnosis is done with serum levels of estradiol and gynecological imaging analysis such as echotomography, Computerized axial tomography and magnetic nuclear resonance. The surgical treatment is the choice. The recurrences could happen years after the first diagnosis and usually are in pelvic area. The most important prognostic factor in the disease progression is the clinical stage at diagnosis. It is presented a case report of a postmenopausal patient with lung metastasis of granulosa cell tumor after ten years of surgical treatment.

A retrospective analysis of lung metastasis in 64 patients with alveolar soft part sarcoma.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the lung metastasis and possible factors influencing lung metastasis in alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) patients. METHODS: The medical records of 64 consecutive ASPS patients were reviewed to analyse their treatments, features of lung metastasis, and possible factors influencing lung metastasis. RESULTS: Thirty-six females and 28 males with a median age of 27 years were included. The primary disease sites were the extremities in 51 patients and other locations in 13 patients. The median primary tumour size was 5 cm. Wide local excision of the primary tumour was performed on 56 patients (87.5 %). Thirteen patients (20.3 %) received postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy, and nine patients (14.1 %) underwent adjuvant chemotherapy. Twelve patients (18.8 %) presented with metastatic lung disease. Twenty-nine patients (45.3 %) developed metastatic lung disease during follow-up. Lung metastasis occurred in 64.1 % of the patients. Lung metastasis was detected at a median interval of 20 months after primary ASPS diagnosis. Being male, >20 years of age, having a primary tumour size ≥ 5 cm, and local recurrence were associated with a greater rate of lung metastasis. Median survival after the diagnosis of lung metastasis was 34 months. The 5-year survival rates were 64.1 and 95.2 % for patients with and without lung metastasis (P < 0.001). Thirty-seven patients with metastatic lung disease received anthracycline- and ifosfamide-based chemotherapy. One patient experienced a partial remission. CONCLUSIONS: ASPS patients have a high prevalence of lung metastasis. Sex, age, primary tumour size, and local recurrence are major factors influencing lung metastasis. Chemotherapy is not efficacious in ASPS patients with lung metastasis.

[Osteosarcoma lung metastases. Survival after chemotherapy and surgery]. / Metástasis pulmonares en osteosarcoma. Neoadyuvancia, tratamiento quirúrgico y supervivencia.

Five years overall survival in osteosarcoma patients is around 70%, although in patients with metastatic disease it is only 10-30%. The objective of this study was to analyze overall survival and prognostic factors in a group of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma treated with surgical removal of the lung metastases. A retrospective review from our oncology data base revealed 38 patients treated between 1992 and 2006. The mean age at diagnosis was 18 ± 9.4 years (3-45) and mean follow-up was 57 ± 53.8 months (12-231). All patients were treated with chemotherapy and oncologic resection of the primary tumor and surgical removal of the lung metastases. We analyzed overall survival and prognostic factors: age, gender, site, time of metastasis, local recurrences, number of lung metastasis and chemotherapy response (necrosis). Overall survival of the entire series was 29% at 5 years (CI 95%: 14.5-43.5) and 26% at 10 years (CI 95%: 12-40). Significant difference in 5 year overall survival was found between good and bad responders to chemotherapy, 53% (IC 95%: 28-78) vs. 8% (IC 95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). No statistically significant relationship between other prognostic factors analyzed was observed. Five and ten years overall survival rates in osteosarcoma patients with lung metastasis treated with chemotherapy and surgically resection is poor. Patients with good response to chemotherapy have better prognosis.

Metástasis pulmonares en osteosarcoma neoadyuvancia, tratamiento quirúrgico y supervivencia

La supervivencia global a 5 años de los pacientes con osteosarcoma no-metastásico es del 60-70%, mientras que la misma se reduce a 10-30% en los pacientes con enfermedad diseminada. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar supervivencia y factores pronósticos en un grupo de pacientes con metástasis pulmonares por osteosarcoma tratados quirúrgicamente. Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva en nuestra base de datos oncológica entre 1992-2006, y 38 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. La edad media al momento del diagnóstico fue de 18 ± 9.4 años (3-45) y el seguimiento promedio de 57 ± 53.8 meses (12-231). Todos fueron tratados con quimioterapia, resección oncológica del tumor primario y de las metástasis pulmonares. Se analizó la supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de la serie y los siguientes factores pronósticos: edad, sexo, localización del tumor primario, metástasis de inicio, recidiva local, número de metástasis extirpadas y la respuesta al tratamiento de quimioterapia (necrosis tumoral). La supervivencia global fue de 29% a los 5 años (IC95%:14.5-43.5) y de 26% a los 10 años (IC95%:12-40). Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los buenos y malos respondedores a la quimioterapia: 53% (IC95%: 28-78) vs. 8% (IC95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). No se observó relación estadísticamente significativa entre los demás factores pronósticos analizados. La supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de los pacientes con osteosarcoma y metástasis pulmonares tratados con quimioterapia y resección quirúrgica continúa siendo pobre. Los pacientes con buena respuesta a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante presentan un mejor pronóstico oncológico.(AU)

Five years overall survival in osteosarcoma patients is around 70%, although in patients with metastatic disease it is only 10-30%. The objective of this study was to analyze overall survival and prognostic factors in a group of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma treated with surgical removal of the lung metastases. A retrospective review from our oncology data base revealed 38 patients treated between 1992 and 2006. The mean age at diagnosis was 18 ± 9.4 years (3-45) and mean follow-up was 57 ± 53.8 months (12-231). All patients were treated with chemotherapy and oncologic resection of the primary tumor and surgical removal of the lung metastases. We analyzed overall survival and prognostic factors: age, gender, site, time of metastasis, local recurrences, number of lung metastasis and chemotherapy response (necrosis). Overall survival of the entire series was 29% at 5 years (CI95%: 14.5-43.5) and 26% at 10 years (CI95%: 12-40). Significant difference in 5 year overall survival was found between good and bad responders to chemotherapy, 53% (IC95%: 28-78) vs. 8% (IC95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). No statistically significant relationship between other prognostic factors analyzed was observed. Five and ten years overall survival rates in osteosarcoma patients with lung metastasis treated with chemotherapy and surgically resection is poor. Patients with good response to chemotherapy have better prognosis.(AU)

Metástasis pulmonares en osteosarcoma neoadyuvancia, tratamiento quirúrgico y supervivencia

La supervivencia global a 5 años de los pacientes con osteosarcoma no-metastásico es del 60-70%, mientras que la misma se reduce a 10-30% en los pacientes con enfermedad diseminada. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar supervivencia y factores pronósticos en un grupo de pacientes con metástasis pulmonares por osteosarcoma tratados quirúrgicamente. Se realizó una búsqueda retrospectiva en nuestra base de datos oncológica entre 1992-2006, y 38 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio. La edad media al momento del diagnóstico fue de 18 ± 9.4 años (3-45) y el seguimiento promedio de 57 ± 53.8 meses (12-231). Todos fueron tratados con quimioterapia, resección oncológica del tumor primario y de las metástasis pulmonares. Se analizó la supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de la serie y los siguientes factores pronósticos: edad, sexo, localización del tumor primario, metástasis de inicio, recidiva local, número de metástasis extirpadas y la respuesta al tratamiento de quimioterapia (necrosis tumoral). La supervivencia global fue de 29% a los 5 años (IC95%:14.5-43.5) y de 26% a los 10 años (IC95%:12-40). Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los buenos y malos respondedores a la quimioterapia: 53% (IC95%: 28-78) vs. 8% (IC95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). No se observó relación estadísticamente significativa entre los demás factores pronósticos analizados. La supervivencia a 5 y 10 años de los pacientes con osteosarcoma y metástasis pulmonares tratados con quimioterapia y resección quirúrgica continúa siendo pobre. Los pacientes con buena respuesta a la quimioterapia neoadyuvante presentan un mejor pronóstico oncológico.

Five years overall survival in osteosarcoma patients is around 70%, although in patients with metastatic disease it is only 10-30%. The objective of this study was to analyze overall survival and prognostic factors in a group of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma treated with surgical removal of the lung metastases. A retrospective review from our oncology data base revealed 38 patients treated between 1992 and 2006. The mean age at diagnosis was 18 ± 9.4 years (3-45) and mean follow-up was 57 ± 53.8 months (12-231). All patients were treated with chemotherapy and oncologic resection of the primary tumor and surgical removal of the lung metastases. We analyzed overall survival and prognostic factors: age, gender, site, time of metastasis, local recurrences, number of lung metastasis and chemotherapy response (necrosis). Overall survival of the entire series was 29% at 5 years (CI95%: 14.5-43.5) and 26% at 10 years (CI95%: 12-40). Significant difference in 5 year overall survival was found between good and bad responders to chemotherapy, 53% (IC95%: 28-78) vs. 8% (IC95%: 0-20) (p = 0.0008). No statistically significant relationship between other prognostic factors analyzed was observed. Five and ten years overall survival rates in osteosarcoma patients with lung metastasis treated with chemotherapy and surgically resection is poor. Patients with good response to chemotherapy have better prognosis.

Coriocarcinoma con metástasis pulmonar / Choriocarcinoma with lung metastasis

Se presenta el caso clínico de una fémina de 44 años de edad, con 32 semanas de embarazo, la cual fuera ingresada en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba, por presentar insuficiencia respiratoria aguda como consecuencia de una sepsis. La paciente fue tratada con cefalosporina de tercera generación y ventilación mecánica no invasiva, pero se mantuvieron las características gasométricas de hipoxemia y una mala reacción terapéutica, por lo que se requirió instrumentación de las vías respiratorias y soporte hemodinámico, sin lograr regresión del cuadro clínico, lo cual condujo a un paro cardiorrespiratorio y, con ello, a la muerte. La necropsia mostró un coriocarcinoma del endometrio con metástasis pulmonar.

The case report of a 44 years female is presented, with a 32 weeks pregnancy, who was admitted in the Intensive Care Unit of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, for presenting acute respiratory failure due to a sepsis. The patient was treated with third generation cephalosporins and non invasive mechanical ventilation, but the hypoxemic gasometrical characteristic and a poor therapeutic reaction remained, so that instrumentation of the airways and hemodynamic support were required, without achieving improvement of the clinical pattern, which led to a cardiorespiratory arrest and with it, to death. The autopsy showed a choriocarcinoma of endometrium with lung metastasis.

The metastatic behavior of osteosarcoma by gene expression and cytogenetic analyses.

Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor with high metastatic potential. Metastasis at diagnosis is the most significant prognostic factor in predicting the clinical outcome of osteosarcoma. We compared the gene expression of metastases that were present at the time of initial diagnosis to those developed later in the course of the disease. We used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the gene expression of MDM2, CXCR4, RANKL, RB1, and OSTERIX in 98 samples of osteosarcoma taken from 47 patients (74 metastases and 24 primary tumors) and 30 nonmalignant lung tissues surrounding osteosarcoma metastases. In addition, we investigated the copy number changes of RB1 and MDM2 genes in 12 primary cultures of pulmonary metastases of osteosarcoma, using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Metastases from metastatic patients at diagnosis were characterized by low expression of RB1 and RANKL (P = .0009 and P = .0109, respectively) and overexpression of CXCR4 and MDM2 (P = .0389 and P = .0325, respectively). The loss of RANKL and gain of CXCR4 could also be detected in the primary tumors of metastatic patients at diagnosis (P = .0121 and P = .0264, respectively). Thus, some early genetic events such as the loss of RANKL and the gain of CXCR4 expressions probably facilitate the metastatic progression concomitant with the primary tumor establishment, supporting the role of the CXCR4 receptor in directing osteosarcoma metastases to the lung. On the other hand, late events such as the loss of RB1 and gain of MDM2, crucial regulators of cell cycle, appear to be related to the final mechanisms contributing to the metastatic establishment of osteosarcoma.

Metástasis pulmonar por coriocarcinoma / Lung metastasis due to choriocarcinoma

Se presenta el caso clínico de una fémina de 29 años de edad, que asistió al Servicio de Neumología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba con falta de aire constante que evolucionó a la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Teniendo en cuenta los antecedentes patológicos personales, la clínica, el examen físico y los resultados de los exámenes complementarios efectuados, se corroboró que la paciente presentaba lesiones metastásicas pulmonares como consecuencia de una enfermedad trofoblástica: el coriocarcinoma. Se realizó legrado terapéutico y se indicó tratamiento con citostáticos, luego de lo cual mejoró. Por la rareza del caso se comparten estos hallazgos con la comunidad científica en general.

The case report of a 29 year female is presented who attended the Pneumology Service of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba with persistent dyspnea which became an acute respiratory failure. Keeping in mind the personal pathological history, the clinic, the physical examination and the results of the made complementary tests, it was corroborated that the patient presented metastatic lung lesions as consequence of a trophoblastic disease: the choriocarcinoma. A therapeutic curettage was carried out and the treatment with cytostatic was indicated, after which she improved. Due to the rareness of the case these findings are shared with the scientific community in general.

Presence of lung metastases in bitches affected by malignant mammary neoplasms in Medellin (Colombia) / Presencia de tumores mamarios malignos con metástasis a pulmón en perras en Medellín (Colombia)

Objective. To define the presence of lung metastasis in bitches with malignant mammary neoplasms. Materials and methods. Thirty female dogs that were attended at Veterinary Hospital (University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia) were selected for the study. At consultation clinical variables and grade of mammary and inguinal lymph node compromise were registered. Latero-lateral and ventral-dorsal radiographic images of thorax were done for identification of radiographic lesions suggestive of lung metastasis. At surgery biopsies of affected mammary glands were taken for histopathological study and classification of tumors. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results. The average (± standard error) age at clinical diagnosis was 10.87±2.65 year old. French poodle (46.6%) cross-breed (13.3%) and Schnauzer (10%) were the breeds most frequently affected by mammary tumors. The most frequent tumor found was carcinoma (81%), followed by adenoma (8.1%), and other types (10.8%). The most frequently affected mammary glands by tumors were the right and the left inguinal glands (70% and 66.6%, respectively). Five out of 30 bitches (16.6%) had lung metastasis according to radiographic examination. From this group of dogs, 4 out of 5 neoplasms (80%) were diagnosed as complex carcinoma by histopathology diagnosis. Conclusions. We provide evidence suggesting that complex carcinoma is the most frequent mammary tumor in bitches in our city and it is highly related to lung metastasis.

Objetivo. Definir la presencia de metástasis pulmonar en perras con tumores mamarios. Materiales y métodos. En una muestra de 30 perras atendidas en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Colombia) con diagnóstico de tumores mamarios, al momento de la consulta, fueron registrados las variables clínicas y el grado de compromiso de las glándulas mamarias y de los nódulos linfáticos. Imágenes radiográficas latero-laterales y ventro-dorsales del tórax fueron tomadas para la identificación de hallazgos radiográficos compatibles con metástasis pulmonar. Biopsias mamarias afectadas fueron sometidas a estudio histopatológico y clasificación del tipo de tumor. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados. La edad promedio (± error estándar) al diagnóstico clínico fue 10.87 ± 2.65 años de edad. La raza más frecuentemente afectada fue la French poodle (46.6%) seguida de perros cruzados (13.3%) y Schnauzer (10%). El carcinoma fue el tumor más hallado (81%) seguido del adenoma (8.1%) y otros tipos de tumor (10.8%). Las glándulas mamarias más afectadas fueron las inguinales derecha (70%) e izquierda (66.6%). Cinco de las 30 pacientes (16.6%), presentaron metástasis a pulmón. Entre estas, 4 de 5 (80%) tenían carcinoma complejo. Conclusiones. El carcinoma complejo fue la neoplasia más frecuente y es el tipo más relacionado con metástasis pulmonar.