Effect of Ceramic Thickness on the Bond Strength to Resin-Luting Agents before and after Thermal Cycling

Abstract This study investigated microshear bond strength (µSBS) of two (2) dual-cured resin-luting agents (RelyX™ Ultimate and RelyX™ U200) when photoactivated through varying thicknesses of lithium disilicate, with or without thermal cycling. Discs of IPS e.max Press of 0.5, 1.5, and 2 mm in thickness were obtained. Elastomer molds (3.0 mm in thickness) with four cylinder-shaped orifices 1.0 mm in diameter, were placed onto the ceramic surfaces and filled with resin-luting agents. A Mylar strip, glass plate, and load of 250 grams were placed over the filled mold. The load was removed and the resin-luting agents were photoactivated through the ceramics using a single-peak LED (Radii Plus.) All samples were stored in distilled water at 37oC for 24 h. Half of the samples were subjected to thermal cycling (3,000 cycles; 5ºC and 55ºC). All samples were then submitted to µSBS test using a universal testing machine (Instron 4411) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were submitted to three-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (α=0.05). The mean µSBS at 24 h was significantly higher than after thermal cycling (p<0.05). No statistical difference was found between resin-luting agents (p > 0.05). The mean µSBS for groups photoactivated through 0.5 mm ceramic were significantly higher than 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm (p < 0.05). In conclusion, increased ceramic thicknesses reduced the bond strength of tested resin-luting agents to lithium disilicate. No differences were found between resin-luting agents. Thermal cycling reduced the bond strength of both resin-luting agents.

Resumo: Este estudo investigou a resistência de união ao microcisalhamento (RUµC) de dois (2) agentes de cimentação de resina dual (RelyX™ Ultimate e RelyX™ U200) quando fotoativados através de diferentes espessuras de dissilicato de lítio, com ou sem ciclagem térmica. Discos do IPS e.max Press de 0,5, 1,5 e 2 mm de espessura foram obtidos. Moldes de elastômero (3,0 mm de espessura) com quatro orifícios cilíndricos de 1,0 mm de diâmetro foram colocados sobre as superfícies cerâmicas e preenchidos com agentes de cimentação de resina. Uma tira Mylar, placa de vidro e carga de 250 gramas foram colocadas sobre o molde preenchido. A carga foi removida e os agentes de cimentação resinosos foram fotoativados através da cerâmica usando um LED de pico-único (Radii Plus). Todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37oC por 24 h. Metade das amostras foi submetida a ciclagem térmica (3.000 ciclos; 5ºC e 55ºC). Todas as amostras foram então submetidas ao teste de RUµC usando uma máquina de teste universal (Instron 4411) com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância três fatores e ao teste post-hoc de Tukey (α = 0,05). A média de RUµC em 24 h foi significativamente maior do que após a ciclagem térmica (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença estatística entre os cimentos resinosos (p > 0,05). As médias de RUµC para grupos fotoativados através de cerâmica de 0,5 mm foram significativamente maiores do que 1,5 mm e 2,0 mm (p < 0,05). Em conclusão, o aumento da espessura da cerâmica reduziu a resistência de união dos agentes de cimentação resinosos ao dissilicato de lítio. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os agentes de cimentação resinosos. A ciclagem térmica reduziu a resistência de união de ambos os agentes de cimentação resinosos.

Effect of irrigation protocols on smear layer removal, bond strength and nanoleakage of fiber posts using a self-adhesive resin cement.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the application method of 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and its influence on the adhesion of fiberglass posts cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and Methods: Sixty human mandibular premolars were endodontically treated and divided into 5 groups (n = 12), according to the canal irrigant and its application method: 2 groups with conventional syringe irrigation (CSI)-2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (control) and 2% CHX- and 3 groups with 2% CHX irrigation/activation-by passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Easy Clean file, and XP-Endo Finisher file. Two roots per group were evaluated for smear layer (SL) removal by scanning electron microscopy. For other roots, fiber posts were luted using a self-adhesive resin cement. The roots were sectioned into 6 slices for push-out bond strength (BS) (7/group) and nanoleakage (NL) (3/group). Data from SL removal were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls tests (α = 0.05). Data from BS and NL were evaluated by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results: For SL removal and BS, the CHX irrigation/activation promoted better values than CSI with CHX (p < 0.05), but it was not significantly different from CSI with NaOCl (p > 0.05). For NL, the lowest values were obtained by the chlorhexidine irrigation/activation groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Active 2% CHX irrigation can be used to improve the post space cleaning and adhesion before fiber post cementation with self-adhesive resin cements.

Effect of preheating on mechanical properties of a resin-based composite containing elastomeric urethane monomer.

This study investigated the effect of preheating an elastomeric urethane monomer (Exothane-24) experimental resin composite on its physicochemical properties. Two resin matrices were formulated: (a) 50 wt% Bisphenol-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and 50 wt% triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA); and (b) 20 wt% Exothane-24, 40 wt% Bis-GMA and 40 wt% TEGDMA. A photoinitiator system (0.25 wt% camphorquinone and 0.50 wt% ethyl-4-dimethylamino benzoate) and 65 wt% of the inorganic filler (20 wt% 0.05 µm silica and 80 wt% 0.7 µm BaBSiO2 glass) were added to both matrices. These formulations were then assigned to four groups: Exothane-24 (E); Exothane-24 plus preheating (EH); no Exothane-24 (NE); and no Exothane-24 plus preheating (NEH). NEH and EH were preheated at 69 °C. The dependent variables were as follows: film thickness (FT); polymerization shrinkage stress (PSS); gap width (GW); maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax); and degree of conversion (DC). Data were statistically analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Preheating reduced FT for both composites. PSS and GW were significantly lower for EH, when compared with E. The DC for EH and NEH and the Rpmax for EH increased significantly. Preheating improved most of the physicochemical properties (FT, PSS, GW, and DC) of the experimental resin composite containing Exothane-24.

Reparación de fractura aislada del mango del martillo con cemento ionomérico vidrioso autocurado / Repair of a malleus handle fracture using glass ionomer luting cement

Resumen La fractura aislada del mango del martillo es una entidad clínica poco habitual, pero frecuentemente subdiagnosticada. Lo fundamental es la sospecha clínica. El diagnóstico se confirma con la otoscopia neumática o la otomicroscopia con maniobra de Valsalva, en la cual se observa una movilidad anormal del mango del martillo. El rasgo de fractura se puede demostrar con tomografía computada de alta resolución o cone beam. Existen diferentes opciones de tratamiento como interposición de cartílago o uso de prótesis de reemplazo osicular así como cemento óseo. El cemento ionomérico vidrioso autocurado, muy utilizado en odontología, se ha usado en distintas cirugías otológicas con buenos resultados y biocompatibilidad. A nuestro saber no se ha usado en esta patología por lo que presentamos esta serie de tres casos en los cuales se ha usado esta novedosa técnica con buenos resultados clínicos.

Abstract Isolated fracture of the manubrium of the malleus is a rare clinical entity. Clinical suspicion is paramount. The usual clinical presentation is acute otalgia followed by tinnitus and fluctuating hearing loss after a brisk introduction and withdrawal of a finger into the external auditory canal. On physical examination, the eardrum looks normal on otoscopy. Only in pneumatic otoscopy or otomicroscopy with Valsalva an abnormal motility of the manubrium could bee seen. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) or cone beam CT is able to show the fracture line. Several treatment options have been proposed, such as interposition of bone or cartilage between the manubrium and the incus, total or partial ossicular replacement prosthesis; and the use of bone cement. Glass ionomer luting cement, with wide use in dentistry, has been used in several otological procedures with good biocompatibility and results, however, to our best knowledge, it has not been used to repair this type of fractures, so we present this novel material in three cases.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on using preheated resin composites as luting agents for indirect restorations.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review investigated the hypothesis that preheated resin composites (RCs) used as luting agents improve the mechanical properties, physicochemical performance, and color of indirect ceramic restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature search was performed in three databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and in the grey literature (OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Catalog of Theses & Dissertations from CAPES). Eligibility criteria included only studies comparing at least one preheated RC used as a luting agent with resin cements. RESULTS: Data regarding the mechanical properties, physicochemical characteristics, and color were analyzed qualitatively, and the microtensile bond strength and film thickness were also evaluated by meta-analysis. The search strategy identified 3894 papers, and 28 were full-text screened. Seven studies were included in the review, and 5 were included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference was found for microtensile bond strength (P = 0.14). Preheated RCs showed significantly higher film thickness than resin cements (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Overall, the use of preheated RCs as luting agents offers similar to poorer performance than using resin cements for bonding indirect restorations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Despite the claim that preheated RC could be used as a luting agent, further studies should investigate the effect of clinically unacceptable film thickness.

Viscosity and thermal kinetics of 10 preheated restorative resin composites and effect of ultrasound energy on film thickness.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated viscosity and thermal kinetics of 10 selected preheated restorative resin composites and the effect of ultrasound energy on film thickness. METHODS: A range of different resin composites was tested: Charisma Diamond, IPS Empress Direct, Enamel Plus HRi, Essentia, Estelite Omega, Filtek Z100, Filtek Z350 XT, Gradia, TPH Spectrum and VisCalor. A flowable resin composite (Opallis Flow) and two resin cements (RelyX Veneer, Variolink Esthetic LC) also were tested. Viscosity (Pa s) was measured at 37 °C and 69 °C (preheating temperature) using a rheometer. Film thickness (µm) was measured before and after application of ultrasound energy. Temperature loss within resin composite following preheating (°C/s) was monitored. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Viscosity at 69 °C was lower than at 37 °C for all materials except the flowable resin composite. Preheating reduced viscosity between 47% and 92% for the restorative resin composites, which were generally more viscous than the flowable materials. Film thickness varied largely among materials. All preheated resin composites had films thicker than 50 µm without ultrasound energy. Application of ultrasound reduced film thickness between 21% and 49%. Linear and nonlinear regressions did not identify any relationship between filler loading, viscosity, and/or film thickness. All materials showed quick temperature reduction following preheating, showing maximum temperature loss rates after approximately 10 s. SIGNIFICANCE: Distinct restorative resin composites react differently to preheating, affecting viscosity and film thickness. The overall performance of the preheating technique depends on proper material selection and use of ultrasound energy for reducing film thickness.

Curing potential and color stability of different resin-based luting materials.

PURPOSE: To determine the curing potential and color stability of resin-based luting materials for aesthetic restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four resin-based luting agents were tested: traditional dual-activated resin cement (RelyX ARC, ARC), amine-free dual-activated resin cement (RelyX Ultimate, ULT), light-activated resin cement (RelyX Veneer, VEN), and pre-heated restorative resin composite (Filtek Supreme, PHC). Degree of C=C conversion was determined by infrared spectroscopy (n=3) with direct light exposure or with interposition of 1.5-mm-thick ceramic (e.max Press HT) between the luting material and light. The curing potential considered the ratio between these two scenarios. Color difference (n=6) was determined by CIELAB (ΔEab) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) methods, by spectrophotometer measurements made 24h after photoactivation and 90 days after storage in water. Data was submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). RESULTS: The luting agents affected both conversion and color stability. With ceramic, ARC produced the highest conversion among the tested groups (75±1%) and the pre-heated composite (PHC) the lowest one (51±3%), but the curing potential was similar for all materials. ULT produced lower ΔEab than ARC. PHC presented the lowest color difference when considered both CIELAB and CIE2000 methods (ΔEab 2.1±0.4; ΔE00 1.6±0.2). SIGNIFICANCE: All luting strategies presented high curing potential. Amine-free dual-activated material was able to reduce color difference than that formulated with the amine component. Pre-heated composite produced the least color variation after storage.

Effect of immediate dentin sealing, bonding technique, and restorative material on the bond strength of indirect restorations / Efeito do selamento imediato da dentina, técnica de união e material restaurador na resistência de união de restaurações indiretas

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of immediate dentin sealing, bonding technique, and restorative material on the dentin bond strength of an indirect composite (Solidex) and a resin nanoceramic CAD/CAM block (LAVA Ultimate). Material and Methods: A total of 120 periodontally extracted human molar teeth were abraded horizontally and divided into two groups according to dentin sealing procedures (delayed dentin sealing [DDS] and immediate dentin sealing [IDS]). Next, all teeth were attached to a simulated pulpal pressure mechanism. The specimens were removed from the mechanism after a week. Teeth were subdivided into three groups based on the bonding technique and the type of cement used (Acid-etching + Single Bond Universal + RelyX Ultimate, Single Bond Universal + RelyX Ultimate, RelyX Unicem). Each subgroup was further divided into 2 subgroups according to the type of restorative material used (Solidex [n = 10], Lava Ultimate CAD/ CAM restorative material [n = 10]). Sixty cylindrical samples prepared using both the restorative materials were bonded to the tooth surface according to their group's bonding procedures. All specimens were embedded in chemically cured acrylic resin for shear bond strength test. The shear bond strength (SBS) of the specimens was determined by a universal testing machine with a headspeed of 0.5 mm/min. Results: Three-way ANOVA, independent-sample t test and post hoc Tukey comparison tests (α=0.05) were performed on all data. There were significant differences between the groups. It was found that IDS process significantly increased bond strength in all groups. When dentin bond strengths of tested luting cements were compared, the highest bond strength values were recorded in groups in which the specimens were luted with RelyX Ultimate cement using etch-and-rinse technique. The lowest bond strength values were obtained from groups that used RelyX Unicem as the luting cement. Conclusion: IDS improves bond strength of indirect restorations. Moreover, bonding techniques may have critical effects on the dentin bond strength of indirect restorative materials. The cements' specific affinity levels to both restorative materials and dentin could be considered as the reason of the situation.(AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do selamento imediato da dentina, da técnica adesiva e do material restaurador na resistência de união à dentina de um compósito indireto (Solidex) e um bloco CAD / CAM de resina nanocerâmica (LAVA Ultimate). Material e Métodos: Um total de 120 dentes molares humanos extraídos por razões periodontais foram desgastados horizontalmente e divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os procedimentos de selamento dentinário (vedação tardia da dentina [DDS] e vedação imediata da dentina [IDS]). Em seguida, todos os dentes foram conectados a um equipamento de pressão pulpar simulada. As amostras foram removidas do equipamento após uma semana. Os dentes foram subdivididos em três grupos, com base na técnica de união e no tipo de cimento utilizado (ataque ácido + Single Bond Universal + RelyX Ultimate, Single Bond Universal + RelyX Ultimate, RelyX Unicem). Cada subgrupo foi então dividido em 2 subgrupos de acordo com o tipo de material restaurador utilizado (Solidex [n = 10], material restaurador Lava Ultimate CAD / CAM [n = 10]). Sessenta amostras cilíndricas preparadas com os dois materiais restauradores foram coladas na superfície do dente de acordo com os procedimentos de adesão do grupo. Todas as amostras foram embebidas em resina acrílica quimicamente ativada para o teste de resistência ao cisalhamento. A resistência de união ao cisalhamento (SBS) das amostras foi determinada por uma máquina de teste universal com uma velocidade de 0,5 mm / min. Resultados: ANOVA de três fatores, teste t de amostra independente e testes de comparação post hoc de Tukey (α = 0,05) foram realizados em todos os dados. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos. Verificou-se que o processo IDS aumentou significativamente a força de união em todos os grupos. Quando as forças de união da dentina dos cimentos testados foram comparadas, os valores mais altos de força de união foram registrados nos grupos em que as amostras foram cimentadas com cimento RelyX Ultimate usando a técnica "condicione e lave". Os menores valores de resistência de união foram obtidos de grupos que usaram como cimento o RelyX Unicem. Conclusão: O IDS melhora a força de união das restaurações indiretas. Além disso, as técnicas de união podem ter efeitos críticos na resistência da união à dentina de materiais restauradores indiretos. Os níveis de afinidade específicos dos cimentos para materiais restauradores e dentina podem ser considerados o motivo da situação.(AU)

Avaliação da adaptação marginal em coroas cerâmicas cimentadas com resinas restauradoras preaquecidas / Evaluation of marginal adaptation in ceramic crowns cemented with preheated restorative resins

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso de diferentes resinas compostas preaquecidas, como agentes de cimentação, em relação à adaptação marginal de coroas cerâmicas. Um primeiro molar inferior hígido foi escaneado pelo sistema CAD/CAM e os dados da anatomia armazenados. O dente recebeu um preparo para coroa cerâmica e novamente escaneado para a confecção de 24 coroas cerâmicas a partir da cópia mestre biogenérica obtida previamente. Foram confeccionadas 24 réplicas do dente preparado em resina epóxi. As coroas cerâmicas e as réplicas do dente preparado foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em 4 grupos (n=6) de acordo com o agente de cimentação utilizado: cimento resinoso RelyX ARC, resina composta restauradora P60, resina composta restauradora Z250 e resina composta restauradora Z350. Todas as resinas compostas foram aquecidas em dispositivo específico previamente à cimentação. A adaptação marginal da coroa sobre a réplica do dente preparado foi mensurada, antes e depois da cimentação, em um programa de processamento de imagens após a captura das imagens em um microscópio confocal com ampliação de 5x. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se análise de variância (ANOVA) de um fator e o teste de Tukey (HSD). O cimento RelyX apresentou um aumento significativo da discrepância marginal. As resinas restauradoras preaquecidas não demonstraram valores de discrepância marginal significativos. (AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of different preheated composite resins, as luting agents, in relation to the marginal adaptation in ceramic crowns. A first molar was scanned using the CAD/CAM system and the anatomy data was stored. The tooth received a ceramic crow preparation and was scanned again to confection 24 ceramic crowns to the biogeneric master copy obtained previously. It was made twenty-four replicates of the tooth prepared in epoxy resin. The ceramic crowns and replicas of the prepared tooth were randomly divided into 4 groups (n= 6) according to the luting agents used: Resin cement RelyX ARC, the composite resin P60, a composite resin Z250 and the composite resin Z350. All composite reins were heated in a specific device prior to cementation. The marginal adaptation of the crown over the replica of the prepared tooth was measured, before and after cementation, in a image processing program after capturing the images in a confocal microscope with 5x magnification. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (HSD). RelyX cement showed a significant increase in marginal discrepancy. Preheated composite resins did not show significant marginal discrepancy values. (AU)

Response of composite resins to preheating and the resulting strengthening of luted feldspar ceramic.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the influence of preheating different composite resins on their viscosity and strengthening yielded to ceramic. METHODS: Modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and degree of CC conversion were measured for three restorative composite resins (Z100-microhybrid; Empress Direct-nanohybrid; Estelite Omega-supranano) and one photoactivated resin cement (RelyX Veneer). Viscosity was measured during a heating-cooling curve (25°C-69°C-25°C) and also using isothermal analyses at 25°C and 69°C. Feldspar ceramic disks simulating veneers were bonded with the luting materials. Biaxial flexural strength, characteristic strength, and Weibull modulus were calculated at axial positions (z=0 and z=-t2) of the bilayers. Film thickness was measured and morphology at the bonded interfaces was observed. Data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). RESULTS: A gradual decrease in viscosity was noticed as the rheometer temperature gradually increased. Viscosity differences between the composite resins were large at the beginning of the analysis, but minor at 69°C. At 25°C, the composites were up to 38 times more viscous than the resin cement; at 69°C the difference was 5-fold. CC conversion was similar between all resin-based agents. The resin cement yielded lower film thickness than the composites. All resin-based agents were able to infiltrate the ceramic porosities at the interface and strengthen the ceramic. However, the magnitude of the strengthening effect was higher for the preheated composite resins, particularly at z=-t2. SIGNIFICANCE: Selection of composite resin impacts its response to preheating and the resulting viscosity, film thickness, and magnitude of ceramic strengthening.

Masking ability of indirect restorative systems on tooth-colored resin substrates.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the masking ability of different indirect restorative systems (IRS) on tooth-colored resin substrates. METHODS: A1-shaded specimens from 5 IRS (LDC-IPS e.max® CAD; YZW-Zenostar Zr Translucent; PICN-Enamic; YLD-T-IPS e.max® ZirCAD + IPS e.max Ceram; CAD-on-Zenostar Zr Translucent + Crystall./Connect + IPS e.max® CAD) were fabricated. Specimens (n = 5) were cemented with a resin luting agent (Variolink® N; shade White) on three different shades (ND3, ND8 and ND9) of a tooth-colored resin substrate (IPS Natural Die Material). Spectral reflectance and color coordinates were measured using a spectroradiometer under standardized lighting conditions (CIE D65 illumination) and optical geometry 0/45°. Color differences (ΔEab* and ΔE00) from cemented specimens and CIELAB- and CIEDE2000-based translucency parameter (TP and TP00) from non-cemented specimens were calculated. Data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (α = 0.05). ΔE values were also analyzed using perceptibility (PT = 1.22 ΔEab* units; 0.81 ΔE00 units) and acceptability (AT = 2.66 ΔEab* units; 1.77 ΔE00 units) thresholds. RESULTS: The cemented specimens of CAD-on, LDC, YZW and PICN on different substrates (ND3-ND8, ND3-ND9 and ND8-ND9) showed different ΔEab* and ΔE00 values (p ≤ 0.05), which were above AT. YLD-T showed ΔEab* and ΔE00 values below AT for all comparisons. Lowest and highest TP and TP00 values were obtained for YLD-T and PICN, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE: Resin-cemented YLD-T on different tooth-colored substrates showed less translucency as well as smaller color differences (below acceptability threshold), indicating the best masking ability among evaluated systems.

Marginal Fit of Metal-Ceramic Copings: Effect of Luting Cements and Tooth Preparation Design.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of the triad finish line design, axial wall convergence angle, and luting cement on the marginal fit of metal copings used in metal-ceramic crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Schematic dies and their respective copings were cast in NiCr alloy. The dies exhibited the following finish line/convergence angle combinations: sloping shoulder/6°, sloping shoulder/20°, shoulder/6°, shoulder/20°. Marginal fit was evaluated under a stereomicroscope, before and after cementation. Copings were air-abraded with 50 µm Al2 O3 particles and cemented with Cimento de Zinco, RelyX U100, or Panavia F cements (n = 10/group). Data were square-root transformed and analyzed by 3-way factorial random effect model and Tukey's post hoc test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed significance for the interactions finish line and convergence angle (p < 0.05), convergence angle and time (p < 0.001), and luting cement and time (p < 0.001). Sloping shoulder/20° provided the highest marginal discrepancy when compared to the other finish line/convergence angle combinations, which were statistically similar among each other. For both convergence angles and for all luting cements, the marginal discrepancy was significantly higher after cementation. Before and after cementation, 6° provided better marginal fit than 20°. After cementation, Panavia F provided higher marginal discrepancy than Cimento de Zinco. CONCLUSION: Lower convergence angle combined with shoulder and a low-consistency luting cement is preferable to cement metal copings.

Evaluación in vitro de la fuerza de desprendimiento y de la filtración marginal de coronas provisorias fijadas con diferentes agentes cementantes / In vitro evaluation of retention force and marginal leakage of temporary crowns using different luting agents

Objetivo: Analizar mediante pruebas in vitro la fuerza de desprendimiento y la microfiltración marginal de restauraciones coronarias temporales, realizadas sobre premolares, confeccionadas con tres tipos de resinas acrílicas y cementadas con tres materiales de fijación. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron 108 premolares a los que se les tallaron pilares con paredes convergentes hacia oclusal (8°), desgaste de 0,8 mm y chánfer a nivel adamantino. Las muestras fueron distribuidas en dos grupos: 54 muestras, para pruebas de desprendimiento; y 54, para pruebas de filtración. Los materiales utilizados en la confección de las coronas fueron: grupo A, resina de acrílico reticulado con relleno de micropartículas (Sistema Cerec, Sirona), grupo B, resina Duralay (Reliance Dental) y grupo C, resina Luxatemp (DMG). Para el cementado se emplearon: subgrupo I, cemento de hidróxido de calcio (Dycal; Dentsply); subgrupo II, cemento de óxido de zinc con el agregado de fluoruros, clorhexidina y nitrato de potasio (GC Temp Advantage; American In); subgrupo III, cemento de ZnO con el agregado de silicona y silano (Temposil; Coltène). Se desarrolló el estudio in vitro de la fuerza de desprendimiento y se realizó un análisis de correlación entre la fuerza (N) requerida para el desalojo de las coronas y la superficie de unión corona-diente (mm2). El análisis de filtración fue efectuado con lupa estereoscópica Olympus (20X y 32X), posicionando las muestras sobre portaobjeto y accionando luz incidente blanca. Por contraste colorimétrico, se determinó el grado de filtración por la penetración longitudinal del colorante en la interfaz diente-restauración. Resultados: Se encontró correlación significativa entre la fuerza requerida para el desalojo de las coronas y la superficie de unión corona diente (correlación de Pearson: 0,423, P=0,0001). Los valores medios obtenidos de la fuerza de desprendimiento fueron: grupo A, 41,09 N; grupo B, 43,52 N; grupo C, 41,26 N, sin diferencias significativas (P=0,484). Con respecto al factor cemento, subgrupo I, 56,87 N; subgrupo II, 40,75 N; y subgrupo III, 28,25 N, y la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (P=0,0001). En relación con las pruebas de filtración marginal in vitro considerando solo el factor categoría corona, se observó que los valores de longitud de filtración estuvieron dentro de rangos similares en los tres grupos, aunque el grupo B registró los valores más altos. Teniendo en cuenta solo el factor cemento, el subgrupo II arrojó los valores más bajos, en tanto que los subgrupos I y III registraron valores semejantes y algo mayores, con una media de 0,94 mm y 1,00 mm, respectivamente. La combinación que arrojó menor penetración fue la del grupo A con el subgrupo II (media de 0,62 mm), en tanto que la combinación con valores de longitud o profundidad de filtración más elevados fue la del grupo B con el subgrupo III (media de 1,25 mm), aunque no se alcanzaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusión: Se pudo observar que las coronas cementadas con hidróxido de calcio generan las mejores condiciones referidas a la fuerza de desprendimiento, y que las confeccionadas por el sistema Cerec Sirona, mediante tecnología CAD-CAM y cementadas con cemento de óxido de zinc con el agregado de fluoruros, clorhexidina y nitrato de potasio, podrían ofrecen mejores propiedades en cuanto a la filtración marginal (AU)

Aim: To in-vitro analyze the detachment force and the marginal leakage of bicuspid temporary crowns made with three types of acrylic resins and cemented with three luting agents, Materials and methods: 108 premolars were used to drill 0.8 mm depth preparations with 8° taper and chamfer at adamantine level. Half of the specimens were used for detachment tests and the other for leakage. Temporary crowns were fabricated using: group A, acrylic resin with microparticle fillers (Cerec System, Sirona); group B, Duralay resin (Reliance Dental); and group C, Luxatemp resin (DMG). Dycal calcium hydroxide cement (Dentsply)subgroup I, zinc oxide cement with added fluorides, chlorhexidine and potassium nitrate GC TempAdvantage (American In) subgroup II and zinc oxide cement with silicone aggregate and Temposil Silane (Coltène) subgroup III, were used as luting agents and the load required to detach each of the crowns was determined. A correlation analysis was performed between the force (N) required and the crown-tooth involved area (mm2). Microleakage was assessed using an Olympus stereomicroscope (20X and 32X), under white incident light. By colorimetric contrast, the degree of leakage was defined by the longitudinal penetration of a dye at the tooth-restoration interface. Results: Significant correlation (Pearson: 0.423, P=0.0001) was found between force of detachment and surface. Average values obtained from the detachment force were: group A, 41.09 N; group B, 43.52 N; group C, 41.26 N, without significant differences (P=0.484). The cement factor, subgroup I, 56.87 N; subgroup II 40.75 N; and subgroup III, 28.25 N, was found significant (P=0.0001). Leakage was similar in the three groups, although group B recorded the highest values. Taking into account only the cement factor subgroup II yielded the lowest values, while subgroups I and III recorded similar and somewhat higher values, with an average of 0.94 mm and 1,00 mm, respectively. The combination that showed the lowest penetration was that of group A with subgroup II (average 0.62 mm), while the combination with higher values was seen in group B with subgroup III (average 1.25 mm). Conclusion: Temporary crowns cemented with calcium hydroxide generated the best conditions related to the detachment strength and temporary crowns fabricated using Cerec System with CAD-CAM tecnology, luted with a zinc oxide cement with the addition of fluorides, chlorhexidine and potassium showed, although not significant statistically, better properties in terms of marginal leakage (AU)

Influence of light-cured luting agents and associated factors on the color of ceramic laminate veneers: A systematic review of in vitro studies.

OBJECTIVE: The luting agent plays a significant role in the appearance of ceramic laminate veneers (CLV), allowing improved/stable shade matching with adjacent teeth. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the influence of light-cured luting agents and color-associated factors aiming to draw guidelines for stable shade matching of CLV. The paper has also given an overview of the compositional characteristics of all luting agents and ceramic systems whose performance was presented herein. METHODS: A search of in vitro studies that quantitatively investigated the influence of light-cured luting agents on the color of CLV was conducted. PubMed/MedLine, Cochrane Library, SciVerse Scopus and Web of Science databases were explored until December 2017 with no year limit. Data regarding the effect of light-cured luting agent, ceramic systems, effect of background, accelerated aging and surface treatments on color change were collected. A meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity of data. RESULTS: After duplicates' removal, 3630 studies were identified, 48 were selected for full-text analysis, and 21 remaining papers met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. SIGNIFICANCE: Considering the shade aspects of luting agents, translucency and value showed the greatest visible color differences for CLVs. The effect of luting agent shade on the color of veneers is greatly affected by ceramic thickness and opacity.

Feldspar ceramic strength and the reinforcing effect by adhesive cementation under accelerated aging

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the accelerated artificial aging (AAA) on feldspar ceramic strength and the reinforcing effect promoted by adhesive cementation with resin luting agent. One hundred twenty feldspar ceramic disks were obtained. Sixty disks were acid-etched, silanized, and coated with an experimental resin luting agent simulating the adhesive luting procedures. Four groups were created (n=30): uncoated ceramic (control group), uncoated ceramic submitted to AAA, ceramic coated with resin luting agent, and coated ceramic submitted to AAA. Biaxial flexural testing with ball-on-ring setup was carried out. Biaxial flexural strength (s bf , MPa), characteristic strength (s 0 , MPa), and Weibull modulus (m) were calculated for axial positions z=0 (ceramic surface) and z=−t2 (luting agent surface). Data of s bf at positions z=0 and z=-t2 were separately submitted to statistical analyses (a=0.05). The uncoated ceramic submitted to AAA had no significant difference in s bf and s 0 compared with the control group. Resin coating of the ceramic increased s bf and s 0 at z=0. The AAA increased the s bf and s 0 for the resin-coated ceramic specimens at z=0 and also the s 0 at axial position z=-t2. The structural reliability at z=0 and z=-t2 was not influenced by the variables tested. In conclusion, resin coating improved the mechanical strength of the feldspar ceramic. The AAA procedure was not effective in aging the uncoated or resin-coated feldspar ceramic specimens.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do envelhecimento artificial acelerado (EAA) na resistência da cerâmica feldspática e o reforço promovido pela cimentação adesiva com cimento resinoso. Cento e vinte discos de cerâmica feldspática foram obtidos. Sessenta discos foram condicionados com ácido, silanizados, e recobertos com um cimento resinoso experimental simulando os procedimentos de cimentação adesiva. Quatro grupos foram criados (n=30): cerâmica sem recobrimento (grupo controle), cerâmica sem recobrimento submetida ao EAA, cerâmica recoberta com cimento resinoso, cerâmica recoberta com cimento resinoso submetida ao EAA. O teste de resistência à flexão biaxial foi realizado utilizando o dispositivo pistão-anel. Resistência à flexão biaxial (s fb , MPa), resistência característica (s 0 , MPa), e módulo de Weibull (m) foram calculados para as posições axiais z=0 (superfície da cerâmica) e z=−t2 (superfície do cimento). Os dados de s fb em z=0 e z=−t2 foram submetidos a análises estatísticas separadamente (a=0,05). A cerâmica não recoberta submetida ao EAA não teve diferença significante na s fb e s 0 comparada com o grupo controle. O recobrimento com cimento resinoso da cerâmica aumentou a s fb e s 0 em z=0. O EAA aumentou a s fb e s 0 para os espécimes de cerâmica recobertos com cimento resinoso em z=0 e também a s 0 em z=−t2. A confiabilidade em z=0 e z=−t2 não foi influenciada pelas variáveis testadas. Concluindo, o recobrimento com cimento resinoso melhorou a resistência mecânica da cerâmica feldspática. O procedimento de EAA não foi efetivo em envelhecer os espécimes de cerâmica feldspática recobertos ou não com cimento resinoso.

Influence of Zingiber officinale Extract on Push-Out Bond Strength of Glass-Fiber Post

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of 20% glycolic ginger extract on the bond strength of glass-fiber post cemented with etch-and-rinse or self-etching resin cement. Forty-eight bovine roots were standardized (17±0.5 mm) and randomly divided into two groups, according to irrigant used during biomechanical preparation: NaOCl: 1% sodium hypochlorite and GEN: 20% glycolic ginger extract. Root canal was prepared and randomly assigned to one of two subgroups (n=12), according to luting protocol: self-etching (RelyX U200) and etch-and-rinse (RelyX ARC). After 48 h, the roots were sectioned perpendicularly (4 in cervical third and 3 in middle third) and submitted to push-out bond strength test (50 kgf load cell, 1.0 mm/min). Failure mode was analyzed in SEM and stereomicroscopy. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). ANOVA revealed that there were no significant differences between U200 (2.01±0.17)B and ARC (1.93±0.12)B in GEN group, and at the cervical third for both irrigants, 2.69±0.16A and 2.54±0.17A, respectively. Middle third showed lower bond strength than cervical third, regardless the irrigant. Overall, the cervical third regardless the irrigant employed and the association between NaOCl and ARC, presented better adhesive performance.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro a influência do extrato de gengibre 20% na resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com cimentos resinosos convencional ou autocondicionantes. Quarenta e oito raízes bovinas foram padronizadas (17±0.5mm) e aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos (n=24), de acordo com o irrigante utilizado durante o preparo biomecânico: NaOCl: hipoclorito de sódio 1%; e GEN: extrato glicólico de gengibre 20%. Os canais radiculares foram preparados e aleatoriamente distribuídos em dois subgrupos (n=12), conforme o protocolo de cimentação: autocondicionante (RelyX U200) e convencional (RelyX ARC). Após 48 h, as raízes foram seccionadas perpendicularmente (4 no terço cervical e 3 no terço médio) e submetidas ao teste de resistência adesiva push-out (50 kgf carga, 1.0 mm/min). O modo de falha foi analisado em MEV e estereomicroscopia. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes ANOVA 3-fatores e Tukey (p<0.05). ANOVA mostrou que não houve diferenças significativas entre U200 (2.01±0.17)B e ARC (1.93±0.12)B no grupo GEN, e no terço cervical para ambos os irrigantes (2.69±0.16A and 2.54±0.17A, respectivamente). O terço médio apresentou menor resistência adesiva que o terço cervical, independente do irrigante. Em geral, o terço cervical, independentemente do irrigante empregado, e a associação entre NaOCl e ARC apresentaram melhores desempenhos adesivos.

Push-out bond strength of different translucent fiber posts cemented with self-adhesive resin cement.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the bond strength of different translucent fiber posts in the cervical, middle, and apical root thirds cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the fiber post used: Reforpost (opaque [control]), exacto, white post, radix, and Macro-Lock Illusion X-RO. The roots were subjected to chemomechanical preparation and cemented with self-adhesive resin cement. The teeth were sectioned into slices of the different root thirds and tested for bond strength (push-out). Two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were used to verify statistical differences between groups (P < 0.05). RESULTS: No significant difference between the root thirds was detected (P > 0.05). However, the performance of the posts demonstrated a significant difference (P < 0.05). RDX had a lower performance in the apical third (P < 0.05). The other fiber posts had the same performance irrespective of the root third evaluated. The predominant failure pattern was adhesive between resin cement and root dentin. CONCLUSION: In general, the different translucent fiber posts showed the same performance. Yet, translucent fiber posts did not show superior bond strength compared with the opaque fiber post in any of the root thirds evaluated.

Mechanical reliability of air-abraded and acid-etched bonded feldspar ceramic.

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effect of surface treatment (air-abrasion with alumina or hydrofluoric acid-etching) on feldspar ceramic mechanical strength and initial reliability (24h) before/after adhesive luting. METHODS: Ceramic discs (VITA) were tested as monolithic specimens (Acid; Abrasion), luted bilayers (Acid+luting agent; Abrasion+luting agent), or untreated (Control). Luted groups were coated using resin-based agent (RelyX Veneer, 3M ESPE). Biaxial flexural test with ball-on-ring setup was carried out (n=30). Biaxial flexural strength (σbf, MPa), characteristic strength (σ0, MPa), and Weibull modulus (m) were calculated for axial positions z=0 (ceramic surface) and z=-t2 (luting agent surface). For each condition, 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Scanning electron microscopy was used for topography and fractography analyses. RESULTS: At z=0, σbf and σ0 of luted specimens were higher than of monolithic specimens for both surface treatments. Groups Acid and Abrasion had lower σbf and σ0 than Control. Group Abrasion had poorer mechanical strength. Similar structural reliability was observed for all conditions except for the group Abrasion+luting agent, which had lower m than all other groups. At z=-t2, no significant differences between luted groups were observed for mechanical strength and reliability. A more irregular surface topography with more sharp angles was left by air-abrasion than etching. Monolithic specimens failed from surface pores at the tensile area, whereas failure in luted specimens originated from pores below the resin-ceramic interface. SIGNIFICANCE: Air-abrasion yielded lower mechanical strength and initial reliability than acid etching. Presence of a resin-based luting agent layer bonded to ceramic significantly increased its mechanical strength.

Transdentinal cytotoxicity of resin-based luting cements to pulp cells.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the transdentinal cytotoxicity of components released from different resin-based luting cements to cultured MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells and human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Artificial pulp chamber (APC)/dentin disc sets were distributed into four groups according to the materials tested (n = 10), as follows: G1, control (no treatment); G2, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RelyX Luting 2); G3, self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200); and G4, conventional resin cement (RelyX ARC). The materials were applied to the occlusal surfaces (facing up) of the dentin discs adapted to the APCs. The pulpal surfaces of the discs were maintained in contact with culture medium. Then, an aliquot of 400 µL from the extract (culture medium + resin-based components that diffused through dentin) of each luting cement was applied for 24 h to HDPCs or MDPC-23 cells previously seeded in wells of 24-well plates. Cell viability analysis was performed by the MTT assay (1-way ANOVA/Tukey test; α = 5 %). RESULTS: For MDPC-23 cells, RelyX ARC (G4) and RelyX Luting 2 (G2) caused greater reduction in cell viability compared with the negative control group (P < 0.05). Only the HDPCs exposed to RelyX ARC (G4) extract showed a tendency toward viability decrease (9.3 %); however, the values were statistically similar to those of the control group (G1) (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with the safe limits of ISO 10993-5:1999 (E) recommendations, all resin-based luting cements evaluated in this study can be considered as non-toxic to pulp cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cytotoxicity of resin-based luting cements is material-dependent, and the different protocols for the application of these dental materials to dentin may interfere with their cytotoxicity.

Correlation between clinical performance and degree of conversion of resin cements: a literature review

AbstractResin-based cements have been frequently employed in clinical practice to lute indirect restorations. However, there are numerous factors that may compromise the clinical performance of those cements. The aim of this literature review is to present and discuss some of the clinical factors that may affect the performance of current resin-based luting systems. Resin cements may have three different curing mechanisms: chemical curing, photo curing or a combination of both. Chemically cured systems are recommended to be used under opaque or thick restorations, due to the reduced access of the light. Photo-cured cements are mainly indicated for translucent veneers, due to the possibility of light transmission through the restoration. Dual-cured are more versatile systems and, theoretically, can be used in either situation, since the presence of both curing mechanisms might guarantee a high degree of conversion (DC) under every condition. However, it has been demonstrated that clinical procedures and characteristics of the materials may have many different implications in the DC of currently available resin cements, affecting their mechanical properties, bond strength to the substrate and the esthetic results of the restoration. Factors such as curing mechanism, choice of adhesive system, indirect restorative material and light-curing device may affect the degree of conversion of the cement and, therefore, have an effect on the clinical performance of resin-based cements. Specific measures are to be taken to ensure a higher DC of the luting system to be used.