[Analysis of journalistic framing during the Covid-19 pandemic in Colombia's leading newspapers: El Tiempo and El Espectador]. / Análisis del encuadramiento periodístico en tiempos de pandemia de covid-19 en los principales diarios de Colombia: El Tiempo y El Espectador.

This study presents a content analysis of headlines featured on the front pages of Colombia's two most prominent newspapers during the COVID-19 health emergency. The objective was to examine the framing strategies employed by El Tiempo and El Espectador during their journalistic coverage of the initial phase of the pandemic. Criteria for analysis included informational tone, thematic approaches, grammatical structures in the headlines, information sources, coverage scope, and media perspective. Regarding interpretative frameworks, both newspapers predominantly adopted a negative approach towards the crisis and the structural impact the pandemic had on the country, especially within a context marked by uncertainty and tension. Primary themes were associated with economic and social aspects. The most prominent terms in the headlines during this period were linked to the pandemic, Covid-19, and the virus, concepts that consistently maintained a significant presence in the media agenda of the studied outlets.

Se presenta un análisis de contenido de los titulares publicados en las portadas de los dos diarios de mayor tradición en Colombia durante la emergencia sanitaria por covid-19. El objetivo fue analizar el encuadramiento o framing de los periódicos El Tiempo y El Espectador durante el cubrimiento periodístico del primer periodo de la pandemia. Se tomaron como criterios de análisis el tono informativo, los abordajes temáticos, el tipo de estructura gramatical en los titulares, las fuentes de información, la cobertura y la perspectiva mediática. En relación con los marcos de interpretación, los medios privilegiaron un enfoque negativo de la crisis y del impacto estructural que la pandemia desencadenó en el país, sobre todo desde un contexto marcado por la incertidumbre y la tensión. Los principales temas se asociaron a lo económico y social. Los términos que tuvieron mayor visibilidad en los titulares de dicho periodo se asociaron con pandemia, covid-19 y virus, conceptos que transversalmente mantuvieron una marcada presencia en la agenda mediática de los medios objeto de estudio.

Análisis del encuadramiento periodístico en tiempos de pandemia de covid-19 en los principales diarios de Colombia: El Tiempo y El Espectador / Analysis of journalistic framing during the Covid-19 pandemic in Colombia's leading newspapers: El Tiempo and El Espectador

RESUMEN Se presenta un análisis de contenido de los titulares publicados en las portadas de los dos diarios de mayor tradición en Colombia durante la emergencia sanitaria por covid-19. El objetivo fue analizar el encuadramiento o framing de los periódicos El Tiempo y El Espectador durante el cubrimiento periodístico del primer periodo de la pandemia. Se tomaron como criterios de análisis el tono informativo, los abordajes temáticos, el tipo de estructura gramatical en los titulares, las fuentes de información, la cobertura y la perspectiva mediática. En relación con los marcos de interpretación, los medios privilegiaron un enfoque negativo de la crisis y del impacto estructural que la pandemia desencadenó en el país, sobre todo desde un contexto marcado por la incertidumbre y la tensión. Los principales temas se asociaron a lo económico y social. Los términos que tuvieron mayor visibilidad en los titulares de dicho periodo se asociaron con pandemia, covid-19 y virus, conceptos que transversalmente mantuvieron una marcada presencia en la agenda mediática de los medios objeto de estudio.

ABSTRACT This study presents a content analysis of headlines featured on the front pages of Colombia's two most prominent newspapers during the COVID-19 health emergency. The objective was to examine the framing strategies employed by El Tiempo and El Espectador during their journalistic coverage of the initial phase of the pandemic. Criteria for analysis included informational tone, thematic approaches, grammatical structures in the headlines, information sources, coverage scope, and media perspective. Regarding interpretative frameworks, both newspapers predominantly adopted a negative approach towards the crisis and the structural impact the pandemic had on the country, especially within a context marked by uncertainty and tension. Primary themes were associated with economic and social aspects. The most prominent terms in the headlines during this period were linked to the pandemic, Covid-19, and the virus, concepts that consistently maintained a significant presence in the media agenda of the studied outlets.

Text mining analysis to understand the impact of online news on public health response: case of syphilis epidemic in Brazil.

Background: To effectively combat the rising incidence of syphilis, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) created a National Rapid Response to Syphilis with actions aimed at bolstering epidemiological surveillance of acquired, congenital syphilis, and syphilis during pregnancy complemented with communication activities to raise population awareness and to increase uptake of testing that targeted mass media outlets from November 2018 to March 2019 throughout Brazil, and mainly areas with high rates of syphilis. This study analyzes the volume and quality of online news content on syphilis in Brazil between 2015 and 2019 and examines its effect on testing. Methods: The collection and processing of online news were automated by means of a proprietary digital health ecosystem established for the study. We applied text data mining techniques to online news to extract patterns from categories of text. The presence and combination of such categories in collected texts determined the quality of news that were analyzed to classify them as high-, medium-and low-quality news. We examined the correlation between the quality of news and the volume of syphilis testing using Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient. Results: 1,049 web pages were collected using a Google Search API, of which 630 were categorized as earned media. We observed a steady increase in the number of news on syphilis in 2015 (n = 18), 2016 (n = 26), and 2017 (n = 42), with a substantial rise in the number of news in 2018 (n = 107) and 2019 (n = 437), although the relative proportion of high-quality news remained consistently high (77.6 and 70.5% respectively) and in line with similar years. We found a correlation between news quality and syphilis testing performed in primary health care with an increase of 82.32, 78.13, and 73.20%, respectively, in the three types of treponemal tests used to confirm an infection. Conclusion: Effective communication strategies that lead to dissemination of high quality of information are important to increase uptake of public health policy actions.

Impact Analysis of the Brazilian Suicide Prevention Campaign "Yellow September": an Ecological Study.

INTRODUCTION: Yellow September (YS) is a Brazilian suicide prevention campaign implemented in 2015, however, its effectiveness in reducing mortality is still unknown. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is an ecologically interrupted time series study that analyses the evolution of suicide rates in Brazil between 2011 and 2019 and its association with the implementation of YS at a national level. Data was provided by the Mortality Information System. A segmented interrupted series regression analysis was performed, using a generalized linear Poisson model, with correction for seasonal trends. RESULTS: There was an increase in the annual rates of suicide deaths between 2011 and 2019, with 4.99 and 6.41 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The null hypothesis, that the YS did not change the historical trend of growth in suicides in Brazil after its implementation, was affirmed. However, there was an eventual significant increase of 6.2% in the risk of mortality in 2017 and of 8.6% in 2019. DISCUSSION: The results are consistent with the literature, which proposes that campaigns focused solely on publications through the media generate unsound findings regarding the effective reduction in the number of deaths by suicide. Conclusions: The lack of initiative in multisectoral actions may explain the failure of YS on changing deaths by suicide, therefore the development of new lines of action focused on training professionals and expanding the care network could make it an effective instrument in reducing mortality from suicide. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of initiative in multisectoral actions may explain the failure of YS on changing deaths by suicide, therefore the development of new lines of action focused on training professionals and expanding the care network could make it an effective instrument in reducing mortality from suicide.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder and the influence of the media in demand for plastic surgery: the importance of proper evaluation / O Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal e a influência da mídia na procura por cirurgia plástica: a importância da avaliação adequada

Introduction: Since the beginning, plastic surgery has improved self-esteem and acceptance in a society that idealizes the cult of the body. The pressure of consumption and the ease of undergoing plastic surgery becomes an obsession in these patients' lives. Method: Female patients who underwent psychological evaluation and follow-up throughout the surgical and plastic surgery procedure, aged between 19 and 57, answered the Sociocultural Attitudes Questionnaire concerning appearance and the Body Dysmorphophobia Symptom Scale. Results: Of the 38 patients evaluated, 17 have the media as an influence concerning their body image and have symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), 13 patients have the media as an influence on their body image, but they do not have BDD symptoms, and in eight patients the media does not influence their body image, and they do not have BDD symptoms. Conclusion: The importance of a multidisciplinary team, with a psychologist, is highlighted to evaluate and monitor the patient throughout the surgical process, as the early diagnosis of BDD will avoid dissatisfaction with the result of the plastic surgery and, mainly, future court lawsuits.

Introdução: Desde os primórdios, a cirurgia plástica melhora a autoestima e a aceitação em uma sociedade que idealiza o culto ao corpo. A pressão do consumo e a facilidade de se submeter a um procedimento de cirurgia plástica acabam tornando-se obsessão na vida desses pacientes. Método: Pacientes do sexo feminino que passaram por avaliação e acompanhamento psicológico em todo o processo cirúrgico, e procedimento de cirurgia plástica, com a idade entre 19 e 57 anos, responderam ao questionário de Atitudes Socioculturais em relação a aparência e a Escala de Sintomas de Dismorfobia Corporal - Body Dysmorphic Scale. Resultados: Dos 38 pacientes avaliados, 17 têm a mídia como influência em relação a sua imagem corporal e apresentam sintomas do Transtorno Dismórfico Corporal (TDC), 13 pacientes têm a mídia como influência em relação a sua imagem corporal, mas não apresentam sintomas do TDC, e em oito pacientes a mídia não influencia em relação a sua imagem corporal e não apresentam sintomas do TDC. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância de uma equipe multidisciplinar, com a presença de um psicólogo, para avaliar e acompanhar o paciente em todo processo cirúrgico, pois o diagnóstico precoce do TDC evitará uma insatisfação com o resultado da cirurgia plástica e, principalmente, futuros processos judiciais.

Esquizofrenia, modelo biomédico e a cobertura da mídia / Schizophrenia, the biomedical model and media coverage

RESUMO A esquizofrenia, marcada por alterações significativas na percepção da realidade e, em muitos casos, pelo declínio social e ocupacional, continua sendo um desafio etiológico e terapêutico. A despeito de décadas em investigações científicas sobre suas possíveis causas, apenas modestos avanços foram alcançados. Atualmente, as pesquisas indicam que a esquizofrenia é uma condição complexa e que sua etiologia é multifatorial. No entanto, o modelo biomédico em saúde mental, caracterizado pela ideia de que transtornos mentais são doenças do cérebro, frequentemente procura delimitar a esquizofrenia aos seus aspectos biológicos, menosprezando a influência do ambiente. A concepção de transtornos mentais como doenças cerebrais tem repercutido na população em geral, que, em parte, é informada sobre o tema a partir da divulgação científica pela mídia tradicional. O objetivo do artigo é analisar como as causas da esquizofrenia têm sido divulgadas pela mídia impressa. Para tanto, a partir de uma Análise de Discurso Crítica, foi conduzida uma busca no acervo digital dos três maiores jornais brasileiros, de maneira a evidenciar quem é convocado a falar sobre a esquizofrenia e quais as principais explicações causais divulgadas ao público. Os resultados mostram um domínio do discurso biomédico e um enfoque em aspectos genéticos e neuroquímicos da esquizofrenia.

ABSTRACT Schizophrenia, marked by significant alterations in the perception of reality and, in many cases, by social and occupational decline, remains an etiological and therapeutic challenge. Despite decades of scientific investigation into its possible causes, only modest progress has been made. Today, research indicates that schizophrenia is a complex condition and that its etiology is multifactorial. However, the biomedical model of mental health, characterized by the idea that mental disorders are brain diseases, often seeks to delimit schizophrenia to its biological aspects, underestimating the influence of the environment. The conception of mental disorders as brain diseases has had an impact on the general population, which, in part, is informed about the subject from scientific dissemination by the traditional media. The objective of the article is to analyze how the causes of schizophrenia have been publicized by the print media. For this purpose, based on a Critical Discourse Analysis, a search was conducted in the digital collection of the three largest Brazilian newspapers, in order to highlight who is invited to talk about schizophrenia and what are the main causal explanations disclosed to the public. The results show a dominance of the biomedical discourse and a focus on genetic and neurochemical aspects of schizophrenia.

Análise noticiosa do trabalho em enfermagem no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 / Análisis de noticias sobre el trabajo de enfermería en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 / News analysis of nursing work in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as notícias veiculadas na imprensa brasileira sobre o trabalho em enfermagem no período da pandemia da COVID-19, compreendido entre fevereiro de 2020 a agosto de 2021. Métodos Estudo documental, descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa. Elaborado a partir de informações coletadas em sites de notícias, por meio de clipping, seguindo as etapas de monitoramento, coleta, análise e arquivamento de menções ao trabalho em enfermagem feitas pela mídia brasileira. A amostra totalizou 432 notícias. A análise dos dados se deu pela Análise de Conteúdo Temática proposta por Laurence Bardin. Resultados O ano de 2020 destacou-se dentre as notícias analisadas (59,96%), cujos personagens envolvidos foram profissionais da enfermagem, do sexo feminino (36,57%), de nível técnico (38,89%) e superior (38,43%). Houve predomínio de notícias nas regiões Sudeste (45,83%) e Centro-Oeste (17,36%). Foram identificadas seis categorias para análise dos dados: óbitos entre as trabalhadoras (40,74%), condições precárias de trabalho (28,94%), vacinação (8,56%), contaminação das trabalhadoras (8,33%), suspeita de infração ética (8,10%) e cura da COVID-19 (5,32%). Conclusão A pandemia da COVID-19 no Brasil trouxe o trabalho e as trabalhadoras da enfermagem para o centro de debate jornalístico. O óbito, as condições precárias de trabalho e a contaminação das trabalhadoras de enfermagem, veiculadas na imprensa, relacionam-se com a precarização do trabalho em enfermagem neste estudo. Conjectura-se que o debate jornalístico sobre o trabalho em enfermagem na pandemia da COVID-19 ajudou a fortalecer pautas políticas, como a que conduziu à promulgação da Lei n. 14.434/2022, que trata do piso salarial nacional para essas profissionais.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las noticias difundidas en la prensa brasileña sobre el trabajo de enfermería en el período de la pandemia de COVID-19 comprendido entre febrero de 2020 y agosto de 2021. Métodos Estudio documental, descriptivo, de enfoque cualitativo. Elaborado a partir de información recopilada en sitios web de noticias, por medio de clipping, siguiendo las etapas de monitoreo, recopilación, análisis y archivo de menciones del trabajo de enfermería realizadas por los medios de comunicación brasileños. La muestra totalizó 432 noticias. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante el análisis de contenido temático propuesto por Laurence Bardin. Resultados El año 2020 se destacó entre las noticias analizadas (59,96 %), cuyos personajes involucrados fueron profesionales de enfermería, de sexo femenino (36,57 %), de nivel técnico (38,89 %) y superior (38,43 %). Hubo un predominio de noticias en la región Sudeste (45,83 %) y Centro-Oeste (17,36 %). Se identificaron seis categorías para el análisis de datos: fallecimiento entre las trabajadoras (40,74 %), condiciones de trabajo precarias (28,94 %), vacunación (8,56 %), contaminación de las trabajadoras (8,33 %), sospecha de infracción ética (8,10 %) y cura de COVID-19 (5,32 %). Conclusión La pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil colocó el trabajo de enfermería y sus trabajadoras en el centro del debate periodístico. Los fallecimientos, las condiciones de trabajo precarias y la contaminación de las trabajadoras de enfermería, difundidas en la prensa, se relacionan con la precarización del trabajo de enfermería en este estudio. Se presume que el debate periodístico sobre el trabajo de enfermería durante la pandemia de COVID-19 ayudó a fortalecer debates políticos, como el que llevó a la promulgación de la ley n°. 14.434/2022, que trata sobre el salario mínimo nacional para estas profesionales.

Abstract Objective To analyze the news published in the Brazilian press about nursing work during the COVID-19 pandemic period, between February 2020 and August 2021. Methods This is a documentary, descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Elaborated from information collected on news sites, through clipping, following the stages of monitoring, collection, analysis and archiving of mentions of work in nursing made by the Brazilian media. The sample totaled 432 news. Data analysis was performed using the Thematic Content Analysis proposed by Laurence Bardin. Results The year 2020 stood out among the analyzed news (59.96%), whose characters involved were nursing professionals, female (36.57%), technical (38.89%) and higher (38. 43%). There was a predominance of news in the Southeast (45.83%) and Midwest (17.36%) regions. Six categories were identified for data analysis: deaths among workers (40.74%), precarious working conditions (28.94%), vaccination (8.56%), contamination of workers (8.33%), suspected of ethical infraction (8.10%) and COVID-19 cure (5.32%). Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil brought nursing work and workers to the center of journalistic debate. Death, precarious working conditions and contamination of nursing workers, reported in the press, are related to the precariousness of nursing work in this study. It is conjectured that the journalistic debate on nursing work in the COVID-19 pandemic helped to strengthen political guidelines, such as the one that led to the enactment of Law 14,434/2022, which deals with the national wage floor for these professionals.

Queimaduras em crianças durante a pandemia da COVID-19: Representação da mídia digital brasileira / Burns in children during the COVID-19 pandemic: Representation of Brazilian digital media

OBJETIVO: Analisar a representação de casos de queimaduras durante a pandemia no Brasil disponíveis na mídia digital. MÉTODO: Pesquisa documental com análise qualitativa dos dados. Dados obtidos de reportagens disponíveis na mídia digital brasileira, publicadas entre 11 de março de 2020 e 11 de março de 2022, em formato escrito, acerca de crianças de até 12 anos incompletos que sofreram queimaduras no Brasil durante a pandemia da COVID-19, independentemente de ser acidente ou violência. A ferramenta de busca utilizada foi o Google® a partir de combinações de palavras-chave. A análise temática indutiva foi utilizada para a interpretação dos dados. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionadas 179 matérias: 130 foram acidentes, predominantes na Região Sudeste. Do total, 66 casos descreveram a identidade do responsável, 76 revelaram a identificação das vítimas e 34 mostraram fotos do rosto. Houve predominância do sexo masculino (90 casos); 18 matérias relataram mais de uma criança envolvida no acontecimento. Três categorias foram elaboradas: Apresentação das matérias; Condições relacionadas às queimaduras domésticas; Queimaduras infantis: acidente ou violência?. CONCLUSÕES: As reportagens mostraram aumento no número de queimaduras em crianças durante a pandemia relacionadas, principalmente, ao distanciamento social, à supervisão inadequada dos pais, ao uso do álcool como medida de prevenção contra o Coronavírus e como item para cozinhar alimentos, e devido a mudanças na situação socioeconômica, como o aumento do preço do gás de cozinha. Também foram relatados casos de violência envolvendo queimaduras. Pode-se observar que a divulgação dos casos ocorreu de forma descritiva, informativa e preventiva.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the representation of burn cases during the pandemic in Brazil available in digital media. METHODS: This is a documentary research with qualitative data analysis. The data were obtained from available articles in digital media published between March 11, 2020 and March 11, 2022, in written format, about children under the age of 12 years old that burned in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite being accident or violence. The search tool used was Google® based on keyword combinations. The inductive thematic analysis was used for data interpretation. RESULTS: There were 179 articles selected: 130 were accidents, mainly in the Southeast Region. From the total, 66 describe the responsible person's identity, 76 identify the victim and 34 show their face in photos. The majority was male (90 cases); 18 news reported more than one child involved in the situation. Three categories were elaborated: Presentation of the articles; Conditions related to domestic burns; Childhood burns: accident or violence?. CONCLUSIONS: The reports showed an increase in the number of burns in children during the pandemic, mainly related to social distancing, inadequate supervision of parents, alcohol use, as a preventive measure against coronavirus and as an item for cooking food, and due to changes in socioeconomic situation, such as the increase in the price of cooking gas. Cases of violence involving burns were also reported. It can be observed that the dissemination of cases occurred in a descriptive, informative and preventive way.

Violence against women in the media during the Covid-19 pandemic / Violencias contra las mujeres em los médios durante la pandemia del Covid-19 / Violências contra as mulheres divulgadas na mídia durante a pandemia de Covid-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe situations of violence against women in the Covid-19 pandemic reported in the media. Method: Documentary, qualitative research, in a virtual environment, carried out with 39 reports published in the newspaper O Globo and the Universo On-line portal, between March 2020 and July 2021, in Salvador - BA. Data organization followed the steps of content analysis, with a discussion based on the scientific literature. Results: In the analysis process, four core meanings were organized: social isolation denounces situations of domestic violence; Economic crisis and closed doors: justify more violence?; Tools available for ending violence against women: what changes with the pandemic?; The gender and color of violence in the pandemic. Final considerations: The media released alarming data on the intensification and susceptibility of women to different types and situations of violence, especially during social isolation, in the Covid-19 pandemic.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir situaciones de violencia contra la mujer en la pandemia de Covid-19 reportadas en los medios de comunicación. Método: Investigación documental, cualitativa, en ambiente virtual, realizada con 39 reportajes publicados en el diario O Globo y el portal Universo On-line, entre marzo de 2020 y julio de 2021, en Salvador - BA. La organización de los datos siguió los pasos del análisis de contenido, con una discusión basada en la literatura científica. Resultados: En el proceso de análisis se organizaron cuatro núcleos de significados: el aislamiento social denuncia situaciones de violencia intrafamiliar; Crisis económica y puertas cerradas: ¿justifican más violencia?; Herramientas disponibles para acabar con la violencia contra las mujeres: ¿qué cambia con la pandemia?; El género y el color de la violencia en la pandemia. Consideraciones finales: Los medios de comunicación dieron a conocer datos alarmantes sobre el recrudecimiento y la susceptibilidad de las mujeres a diferentes tipos y situaciones de violencia, especialmente durante el aislamiento social, en la pandemia del Covid-19.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as situações de violência contra mulheres na pandemia de Covid-19 divulgadas na mídia. Método: Pesquisa documental, qualitativa, em ambiente virtual, realizada com 39 reportagens divulgadas no jornal O Globo e portal Universo On-line ,entre março de 2020 a julho de 2021, em Salvador - BA. A organização dos dados seguiu as etapas da análise de conteúdo, com discussão fundamentada na literatura científica. Resultados: No processo de análise foram organizados quatro núcleos de sentido: o isolamento social denuncia situações de violência doméstica; Crise econômica e portas fechadas: justifica mais violências?; Ferramentas disponíveis para o rompimento da violência contra mulher: o que muda com a pandemia?; O gênero e a cor da violência na pandemia. Considerações finais: A mídia divulgou dados alarmantes sobre a intensificação e susceptibilidade das mulheres aos diversos tipos e situações de violência, principalmente durante o isolamento social, na pandemia de Covid-19.

Implications of the pandemic for the construction of nurses' identity based on the journalistic media / Implicaciones de la pandemia para la construcción de la identidad de los enfermeros a partir de los medios periodísticos / Implicações da pandemia para a construção da identidade das enfermeiras a partir da mídia jornalística

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the work of nurses portrayed in the journalistic media and its impact on the construction of professional nursing identity. Methods: this is qualitative, retrospective, descriptive and documentary research, with 51 reports from Folha de São Paulo. Time frame from March to December 2020. Thematic Content Analysis carried out from Claude Dubar's theoretical perspective. Organization and coding of data performed with the help of ATLAS.ti®. Results: three categories emerged: Working conditions in the pandemic - a problem that worsened; Impacts of the pandemic on daily work; Feelings generated by the pandemic. Conclusions: despite adversities, such as the precariousness of health institutions, inadequate working conditions for nurses, lack of basic items of individual protection, negative feelings and hopelessness, these professionals used their knowledge, skills and innovations in the act of caring, which contributed to reconstructing their professional identity.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar el trabajo de los enfermeros retratados en los medios periodísticos y su impacto en la construcción de la identidad profesional de enfermería. Métodos: investigación cualitativa, retrospectiva, descriptiva y documental, con 51 informes de Folha de São Paulo. Periodo de tiempo de marzo a diciembre de 2020. El Análisis de Contenido Temático se realizó desde la perspectiva teórica de Claude Dubar. La organización y codificación de los datos se realizó con la ayuda del software ATLAS.ti®. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías: Condiciones de trabajo en la pandemia - un problema que se agravó; Impactos de la pandemia en el trabajo diario; Sentimientos generados por la pandemia. Conclusiones: a pesar de las adversidades, como la precariedad de las instituciones de salud, condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas para las enfermeras, falta de elementos básicos de protección individual, sentimientos negativos y desesperanza, estos profesionales utilizaron sus conocimientos, habilidades e innovaciones en el acto de cuidar, lo que contribuyó a la reconstrucción de su identidad profesional.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar o trabalho das enfermeiras retratado na mídia jornalística e seu impacto na construção da identidade profissional da enfermagem. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, retrospectiva, descritiva e documental, com 51 reportagens da Folha de São Paulo. Recorte temporal de março a dezembro de 2020. Análise de Conteúdo Temática foi realizada sob a perspectiva teórica de Claude Dubar. Organização e codificação dos dados foram realizados com o auxílio do software ATLAS.ti®. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: Condições de trabalho na pandemia - um problema que se agravou; Impactos da pandemia no cotidiano de trabalho; Sentimentos gerados pela pandemia. Conclusões: apesar de adversidades, como precariedade das instituições de saúde, condições inadequadas de trabalho das enfermeiras, falta de itens básicos de proteção individual, dos sentimentos negativos e desesperança, essas profissionais utilizaram seus conhecimentos, habilidades e inovações no ato de cuidar, o que contribuiu para a reconstrução de sua identidade profissional.

Implications of the pandemic for the construction of nurses' identity based on the journalistic media / Implicaciones de la pandemia para la construcción de la identidad de los enfermeros a partir de los medios periodísticos / Implicações da pandemia para a construção da identidade das enfermeiras a partir da mídia jornalística

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the work of nurses portrayed in the journalistic media and its impact on the construction of professional nursing identity. Methods: this is qualitative, retrospective, descriptive and documentary research, with 51 reports from Folha de São Paulo. Time frame from March to December 2020. Thematic Content Analysis carried out from Claude Dubar's theoretical perspective. Organization and coding of data performed with the help of ATLAS.ti®. Results: three categories emerged: Working conditions in the pandemic - a problem that worsened; Impacts of the pandemic on daily work; Feelings generated by the pandemic. Conclusions: despite adversities, such as the precariousness of health institutions, inadequate working conditions for nurses, lack of basic items of individual protection, negative feelings and hopelessness, these professionals used their knowledge, skills and innovations in the act of caring, which contributed to reconstructing their professional identity.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar el trabajo de los enfermeros retratados en los medios periodísticos y su impacto en la construcción de la identidad profesional de enfermería. Métodos: investigación cualitativa, retrospectiva, descriptiva y documental, con 51 informes de Folha de São Paulo. Periodo de tiempo de marzo a diciembre de 2020. El Análisis de Contenido Temático se realizó desde la perspectiva teórica de Claude Dubar. La organización y codificación de los datos se realizó con la ayuda del software ATLAS.ti®. Resultados: surgieron tres categorías: Condiciones de trabajo en la pandemia - un problema que se agravó; Impactos de la pandemia en el trabajo diario; Sentimientos generados por la pandemia. Conclusiones: a pesar de las adversidades, como la precariedad de las instituciones de salud, condiciones de trabajo inadecuadas para las enfermeras, falta de elementos básicos de protección individual, sentimientos negativos y desesperanza, estos profesionales utilizaron sus conocimientos, habilidades e innovaciones en el acto de cuidar, lo que contribuyó a la reconstrucción de su identidad profesional.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar o trabalho das enfermeiras retratado na mídia jornalística e seu impacto na construção da identidade profissional da enfermagem. Métodos: pesquisa qualitativa, retrospectiva, descritiva e documental, com 51 reportagens da Folha de São Paulo. Recorte temporal de março a dezembro de 2020. Análise de Conteúdo Temática foi realizada sob a perspectiva teórica de Claude Dubar. Organização e codificação dos dados foram realizados com o auxílio do software ATLAS.ti®. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: Condições de trabalho na pandemia - um problema que se agravou; Impactos da pandemia no cotidiano de trabalho; Sentimentos gerados pela pandemia. Conclusões: apesar de adversidades, como precariedade das instituições de saúde, condições inadequadas de trabalho das enfermeiras, falta de itens básicos de proteção individual, dos sentimentos negativos e desesperança, essas profissionais utilizaram seus conhecimentos, habilidades e inovações no ato de cuidar, o que contribuiu para a reconstrução de sua identidade profissional.

Professional identity of nurses in pandemic times: new/old challenges reproduced in news media / Identidad profesional de las enfermeras en tiempos de pandemia: nuevos/viejos desafíos en los medios periodísticos / Identidade profissional das enfermeiras em tempo de pandemia: novos/velhos desafios a partir da mídia jornalística

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze aspects related to the professional identity of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic usingnews media as a source. Method: Qualitative, and retrospective document study with 51 reports from Folha de São Paulo from March to December 2020. Data was organized using ATLAS.ti, with Thematic Content Analysis and discussion from the theoretical perspective of Claude Dubar. Results: Three categories were formed: Identity captured by the images reflected on the text; The identity symbolized by the support of nurses to those who need care; and The identity symbolized by the support of nurses to those who need care. Conclusion: Despite the fact that the image of nurses is still mistakenly apprehended, the way they provide care, their commitment to the population, and their scientific mindedness ensured visibility and enabled a more empowered and secure identity for their role in society.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar aspectos relacionados con la identidad profesional de las enfermeras durante la pandemia de COVID-19 a partir de contenidos periodísticos. Método: Estudio cualitativo, documental y retrospectivo, con 51 reportajes del periódico Folha de São Paulo entre marzo y diciembre de 2020. La organización de los datos fue realizada por ATLAS.ti, con Análisis de Contenido Temático y discusión desde la perspectiva teórica de Claude Dubar. Resultados: Se constituyeron tres categorías: la identidad captada por las imágenes reflejadas en el texto; La Identidad simbolizada por el apoyo dado por enfermeras a quienes necesitan cuidados; y La identidad como valor social del trabajo del enfermero. Conclusión: A pesar de la imagen aún errónea y del contexto difícil, el compromiso con la población, la forma de cuidar y la cientificidad aseguraron visibilidad y posibilitaron una identidad más empoderada y segura de su papel en la sociedad.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar aspectos relacionados à identidade profissional das enfermeiras durante a pandemia da COVID-19 a partir de conteúdo jornalístico. Método: Estudo qualitativo, documental e retrospectivo, com 51 reportagens da Folha de São Paulo com recorte histórico entre março e dezembro de 2020. A organização dos dados se deu pelo ATLAS.ti, com Análise de Conteúdo Temática e discussão na perspectiva sociológica de Claude Dubar. Resultados: Três categorias foram constituídas: a Identidade capturada pelas imagens refletidas no texto; Identidade simbolizada pelo apoio das enfermeiras a quem precisa de cuidado e; Identidade como um valor social do trabalho das enfermeiras. Conclusão: Apesar da imagem ainda errônea e o contexto difícil, o compromisso com a população, a forma de cuidar e a cientificidade garantiram visibilidade e possibilitaram uma identidade mais empoderada e segura de seu papel na sociedade.

Centenario de la radiodifusión en el Uruguay (1922 ­ 2022): médicos en su inicio / Centenary of radio broadcasting in Uruguay (1922 - 2022): doctors at the beginning / Centenário da radiodifusão no Uruguai (1922 - 2022): médicos em seu início

En 2022 se cumplen 100 años del comienzo formal de la radiodifusión en el Uruguay. Varios médicos estuvieron vinculados y desempeñaron un rol dominante en su inicio y en las actividades culturales desarrolladas a partir de la instalación de las radioemisoras.

The year 2022 marks the 100th anniversary of the formal beginning of radio broadcasting in Uruguay. Several physicians were linked to and played a dominant role in its beginning and in the cultural activities developed since the installation of radio stations.

2022 marca o 100º aniversário do início formal das transmissões de rádio no Uruguai. Vários médicos estiveram envolvidos e desempenharam um papel dominante em seu início e nas atividades culturais desenvolvidas desde a instalação das estações de rádio.

Imaginários Morais no Discurso Midiático Sobre o Uso da Inseminação Caseira por Mulheres Lésbicas / Moral Imaginaries on the Media Discourse on the Use of Homemade Insemination by Lesbian Women / Imaginarios Morales en el Discurso Mediático Sobre Uso de la Inseminación Domiciliaria por Mujeres Lesbianas

O presente artigo objetiva refletir sobre o discurso moral midiático produzido em torno da Inseminação Caseira e seu uso como tecnologia reprodutiva por casais de mulheres lésbicas. Esta é uma modalidade reprodutiva autônoma, que consiste em uma autoinseminação de baixo custo, feita com o uso de material biológico de doador não anônimo. Para esta reflexão, utilizou-se cinco obras midiáticas produzidas por canais de comunicação de grande alcance no cenário nacional, analisadas sob a ótica da análise do discurso. Foram traçadas cinco categorias analíticas: apresentação textual-imagética das obras; narrativa das mulheres tentantes; discursos promovidos pelos ditos especialistas; e representação da figura do doador. Conclui-se pela necessidade de estímulo ao debate acerca da inseminação caseira realizada por mulheres lésbicas, de modo que tanto profissionais da área da saúde como a sociedade de uma forma geral não se baseiem apenas em discursos morais condenatórios ditos científicos, como aqueles propagados pela grande mídia em relação à Inseminação Caseira. Soma-se a isso a importância em garantir visibilidade para os relatos das mulheres que estão se submetendo à inseminação caseira, compreendendo-as enquanto protagonistas da produção de sua saúde sexual e reprodutiva e projetos parentais e que, por isso, devem ter seus discursos e experiências legitimados.

The present article aims to reflect on the media moral discourse produced around Homemade Insemination and its use as a reproductive technology by lesbian couples. This is an autonomous reproductive modality, which consists in a low-cost self-insemination performed with the use of biological material from a non-anonymous donor. This reflection was made using five media works produced by communication channels of great reach in the Brazilian scenario, analyzed from the point of view of discourse analysis. Five analytical categories were drawn: textual-imagetic presentation of the works; narrative of women trying to conceive; speeches promoted by the so-called experts; and representation of the donor figure. We conclude that it is necessary to stimulate the debate about homemade insemination performed by lesbian women, so that both health professionals and society in general do not rely only on condemning moral speeches called scientific, such as those propagated by the media in relation to Homemade Insemination. Added to that it is important to ensure visibility of the reports of women who are submitting themselves to homemade insemination, understanding them as protagonists of the production of their sexual and reproductive health and parental projects and that, therefore, they must have their speeches and experiences legitimated.

Este artículo pretende reflexionar sobre el discurso moral mediático producido sobre la Inseminación Domiciliaria y su uso como tecnología reproductiva por parejas lesbianas. Se trata de una modalidad reproductiva autónoma, que consiste en una autoinseminación de bajo coste realizada con el uso de material biológico de donante no anónimo. Para esta reflexión, se utilizaron cinco obras mediáticas producidas por canales de comunicación de gran alcance en Brasil analizadas desde la perspectiva del análisis del discurso. Se trazaron cinco categorías analíticas: presentación textual-imagen de las obras; narración de las mujeres que intentan; discursos promovidos por los llamados especialistas; y representación de la figura del donante. Se concluye por la necesidad de estimular el debate sobre la Inseminación Domiciliaria realizada por mujeres lesbianas, de manera que tanto los profesionales de salud como la sociedad en general no se basen apenas en los discursos morales condenatorios de los científicos, como los propagados por la gran prensa sobre Inseminación Domiciliaria. A esto se suma la importancia de garantizar la visibilidad de los relatos de las mujeres que hacen la Inseminación Domiciliaria, entendiéndolas como protagonistas de la producción de su salud sexual y reproductiva y de sus proyectos parentales y debe tener sus discursos y experiencias legitimados.

The Influence of Media Coverage on the Negative Perception of Migrants in Chile.

How mass media frame information about migrants is vital to further their well-being and social inclusion in the host society. However, it can also encourage forms of discrimination and xenophobia. In Chile, migration is a theme of great relevance due to a substantial increase in the flow of migrants over the last ten years, as well as the acts of extreme violence toward this group. Thus, this research analyzes how mass media coverage of migrants influences Chileans' perception of migrants. Adopting an experimental design, we implemented a large-scale, representative online survey with citizens over 18 years of age (N = 2227) and an experiment with combined access to positive and negative news about migrants in different news outlets. The regression analysis showed differences between citizens regarding the type of daily relationships they are willing to maintain with the migrant population. Furthermore, exposure to news about migration was the primary variable that explains why people consider this phenomenon one of the main problems affecting the country, confirming the agenda-setting theory. The experiment also indicated a causal relationship between the exposure to negative content and negative judgment about this group and their presence in the country.

How the "Are We Drinking Ourselves Sick?" Communication Campaign Built Support for Policy Action on Sugary Drinks in Jamaica.

Background: This study assesses the effectiveness of a campaign "Are We Drinking Ourselves Sick?" that ran nationally in Jamaica in four phases from 2017 to 2019 to increase knowledge about the harms of sugary drinks, shift attitudes, and build support for policy actions to address sugary drink consumption, including a tax and a ban in schools. Methods: Campaign impact was measured in representative cross-sectional household surveys of adults ages 18 to 55. A baseline survey was conducted before the launch of the campaign (n = 1430). Evaluation surveys were conducted mid-campaign (n = 1571) and post-campaign (n = 1500). Campaign impact was assessed by comparing changes across survey periods on key knowledge, attitudinal and policy support outcome indicators. The independent association between campaign awareness and outcomes was analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: The campaign was recalled by more than 80% of respondents and was well-received with 90% or more respondents describing it as believable and relevant. There was a decline in knowledge on the harms of sugary drinks from the baseline to post-campaign period, notably on risks of diabetes (adjusted odds ratio or AOR = 0.62, p < 0.001), overweight and obesity (AOR = 0.58, p < 0.001), and heart disease (AOR = 0.79, p < 0.003). However, post-campaign awareness was independently associated in logistic regression analysis with improved knowledge of the harms of sugary drinks, including risks of diabetes (AOR = 1.45, p = 0.019), overweight or obesity (AOR = 1.65, p = 0.001), and heart disease (AOR = 1.44, p = 0.011). Support for government action remained high across survey waves (≥90%), and campaign awareness was independently associated with increased policy support for sugary drinks taxes (Mid-campaign: AOR = 1.43, p = 0.019; post-campaign: AOR = 1.46, p = 0.01) and restrictions on sugary drinks in schools (AOR = 1.55, p = 0.01). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the role that media campaigns can play in maintaining knowledge and concern about the health harms of sugary drinks and increasing support for policy passage.

Mass Media Use to Learn About COVID-19 and the Non-intention to Be Vaccinated Against COVID-19 in Latin America and Caribbean Countries.

Background: The Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region has been one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with countries presenting some of the highest numbers of cases and deaths from this disease in the world. Despite this, vaccination intention is not homogeneous in the region, and no study has evaluated the influence of the mass media on vaccination intention. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of mass media to learn about COVID-19 and the non-intention of vaccination against COVID-19 in LAC countries. Methods: An analysis of secondary data from a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) survey was conducted in collaboration with Facebook on people's beliefs, behaviors, and norms regarding COVID-19. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between the use of mass media and non-vaccination intention using generalized linear models of the Poisson family with logarithmic link. Results: A total of 350,322 Facebook users over the age of 18 from LAC countries were included. 50.0% were men, 28.4% were between 18 and 30 years old, 41.4% had a high school education level, 86.1% lived in the city and 34.4% reported good health condition. The prevalence of using the mass media to learn about COVID-19 was mostly through mixed media (65.8%). The non-intention of vaccination was 10.8%. A higher prevalence of not intending to be vaccinated against COVID-19 was found in those who used traditional media (aPR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.29-1.44; p < 0.001) and digital media (aPR = 1.70; 95%CI: 1.24-2.33; p = 0.003) compared to those using mixed media. Conclusion: We found an association between the type of mass media used to learn about COVID-19 and the non-intention of vaccination. The use of only traditional or digital information sources were associated with a higher probability of non-intention to vaccinate compared to the use of both sources.

In Layman's Terms: The Power and Problem of Science Communication.

Improved policies for science communication are needed to ensure scientific progress in coming decades. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrated massive gaps in science communication, ranging from masking and social distancing mandates to vaccination requirements. These obstacles compounded the pandemic's tremendous inherent clinical and public health challenges. Although science made immense progress in understanding the virus and designing infection control solutions, society still remains within the pandemic due to flawed understanding, low responsiveness, and widespread misinformation on behalf of the public. Flawed communication plagues national responses not only to the pandemic, but also other long-standing issues such as climate change or nutrition. This Letter proposes a new protocol and framework for effective science communication, designed to educate experts in evidence-based communication, improve public partnership through relatability and modern relevance, and increase empathy and trustworthiness to increase public cooperation. A defined protocol for science communication can ensure that evolving knowledge can tangibly benefit society.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in radio and television workers.

We investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals working in radio and television stations (TV) in Sergipe state, Northeast Brazil. This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 1 to December 20, 2020, a period which was considered as the beginning of the second wave of COVID-19 in the state. One hundred and thirteen professionals from the three largest media companies in the state were included in this study. Venous blood was collected using venipuncture and a fluorescence immunoassay for qualitative detection and differentiation of IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was performed. Twenty-eight media workers had detectable levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (11 IgM+, 6 IgM+/ IgG+, and 11 IgG+) and the estimated seroprevalence was 24.8 % (95 % CI 17.7 - 33.5). Our findings showed a high seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in radio and TV workers during the second wave of COVID-19 in Brazil.

Mental disorders in the media: A retrospective study of newspaper coverage in the Chilean Press.

BACKGROUND: The mass media are relevant in shaping the population's attitudes towards mental disorders. In low- and middle-income countries there is little information about the portrayal of people with mental disorders in the mass media. AIM: The general objective of the study was to assess the tone and content of Chilean newspaper articles about mental disorder from 2000 to 2019. METHOD: The digital editions of four national circulation Chilean newspapers were intentionally selected. The search engine Google News was used to identify and retrieve the news. To evaluate the news, a standardised codebook was administered. A total of 385 news were evaluated. RESULTS: The results show that a large proportion of the news items has an overall positive/optimistic tone 43.5% and 57.5% does not stigmatise; however, only 18.4% emphasises recovery as part of the content. The highest percentages of news stigmatising in tone and content are observed for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Furthermore, the experts are quoted much more frequently than people diagnosed with mental disorders or their families and/or friends. When comparing by years there is a trend towards general decrease in stigmatisation, moving towards a more positive or optimistic view of mental health. CONCLUSIONS: In general, low stigmatisation towards mental disorders was found in the news and this was reduced steadily over time. Although there are aspects to improve in some particular areas, suggesting that manifest stigma has diminished, but more subtle forms still remain.