Sedentary Behavior and Cardiometabolic Markers in Adolescents: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study.

PURPOSE: Analyzed the associations of sedentary behavior (SB) measured by questionnaire and accelerometer, with cardiometabolic markers in adolescents. METHODS: Longitudinal study with 4 years of follow-up with adolescents from João Pessoa, Brazil. SB was measured using a questionnaire (305 adolescents: 54.5% females; age 11.7 [SD = 0.7]) and use of accelerometer (136 adolescents: 54.8% females; age 11.5 [SD = 0.7]). The cardiometabolic markers were body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins (HDL-C), total cholesterol/HDL ratio, triglycerides/HDL ratio, and non-HDL-C. Generalized Estimating Equation analysis was used to for analyses. RESULTS: The average time in SB by the accelerometer was greater (average 8.3 [SD = 1.5], 8.8 [SD = 1.6], and 8.4 [SD = 1.9] h/d/wk) than observed in the questionnaire (on average 6.0 [SD = 4.1], 7.2 [SD = 4.9], and 6.6 [SD = 5.4] h/d/wk), in all years of the study, but without a significant increasing trend (P > .05) over time for both measures. There was a significant and positive association between SB measured by the questionnaire and SBP (ß = 0.148; 95% CI, 0.021-0.274). CONCLUSIONS: The SB generally does not seem to contribute to significant changes in cardiometabolic markers in adolescents, despite it being associated with increased systolic blood pressure levels.

Characterization of gut microbiota associated with metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus in Mexican pediatric subjects.

BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is a serious public health concern that confers a greater risk of developing important comorbidities such as MetS and T2DM. Recent studies evidence that gut microbiota may be a contributing factor; however, only few studies exist in school-age children. Understanding the potential role of gut microbiota in MetS and T2DM pathophysiology from early stages of life might contribute to innovative gut microbiome-based interventions that may improve public health. The main objective of the present study was to characterize and compare gut bacteria of T2DM and MetS children against control subjects and determine which microorganisms might be potentially related with cardiometabolic risk factors to propose gut microbial biomarkers that characterize these conditions for future development of pre-diagnostic tools. RESULTS: Stool samples from 21 children with T2DM, 25 with MetS, and 20 controls (n = 66) were collected and processed to conduct 16S rDNA gene sequencing. α- and ß-diversity were studied to detect microbial differences among studied groups. Spearman correlation was used to analyze possible associations between gut microbiota and cardiometabolic risk factors, and linear discriminant analyses (LDA) were conducted to determine potential gut bacterial biomarkers. T2DM and MetS showed significant changes in their gut microbiota at genus and family level. Read relative abundance of Faecalibacterium and Oscillospora was significantly higher in MetS and an increasing trend of Prevotella and Dorea was observed from the control group towards T2DM. Positive correlations were found between Prevotella, Dorea, Faecalibacterium, and Lactobacillus with hypertension, abdominal obesity, high glucose levels, and high triglyceride levels. LDA demonstrated the relevance of studying least abundant microbial communities to find specific microbial communities that were characteristic of each studied health condition. CONCLUSIONS: Gut microbiota was different at family and genus taxonomic levels among controls, MetS, and T2DM study groups within children from 7 to 17 years old, and some communities seemed to be correlated with relevant subjects' metadata. LDA helped to find potential microbial biomarkers, providing new insights regarding pediatric gut microbiota and its possible use in the future development of gut microbiome-based predictive algorithms.

Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass as a Treatment for Hepatic Iron Overload: An Exploratory Study.

BACKGROUND: Excess bodily iron content is commonly associated with obesity and metabolic associated medical conditions and is thought to lead to cardiovascular disease. The effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on hepatic iron overload remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To assess the evolution of histologically proven hepatic iron overload after RYGB. METHODS: This is an exploratory historical cohort study in which 42 individuals who underwent RYGB, and then a second surgical procedure had paired liver biopsies collected. Hepatic iron overload and NAFLD features were assessed through histopathological examination. Biochemical iron metabolism parameters were also assessed. RESULTS: The mean age at RYGB was 47 ± 10.2 years and 92.9% were female. The average time elapsed between RYGB and the second surgical procedure was 20.6 ± 15.4 months. The mean percentage of total weight loss between the two procedures was 26.7 ± 9.4%. Significant reductions in ferritin (220.8 ± 202.9 vs. 101.6 ± 116.7 ng/mL; p = 0.006), hemoglobin (13.7 ± 1.8 vs. 12.1 ± 2.6 g/dL; p = 0.01), and red blood cell count (4.7 ± 0.7 vs. 4.3 ± 0.5 106/mm3; p = 0.003) were observed, as well as reductions in the frequencies of steatosis (83.3% vs. 23.8%; p < 0.0001) and steatohepatitis (52.4% vs. 11.9%; p < 0.0001). The frequency of hepatic iron overload significantly decreased from 16.7 to 2.4% (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: RYGB led to a significant decrease in hepatic iron overload, emerging as a possible therapeutical tool for this condition in individuals with obesity and dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome.

Selenium intake is not associated with the metabolic syndrome in Brazilian adolescents: an analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents.

Se reduces cellular inflammation and lipid peroxides; therefore, its association with CVD and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been studied. We aimed to investigate the association between Se intake and the MetS and its parameters (high waist circumference, hyperglycaemia, high blood pressure, high TAG and low HDL-cholesterol) in Brazilian adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. This research is part of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), a Brazilian nationwide school-based study with regional and national relevance. We assessed: (1) socio-demographic data (sex, age, type of school and maternal education) using a self-administered questionnaire; (2) dietary intake using a 24-h recall applied for the whole sample and a second one applied to a subsample to allow within-person variability adjustment; (3) anthropometric data (weight, height, waist circumference) and blood pressure using standardised procedures; and (4) biochemical analyses (fasting glucose, TAG and HDL-cholesterol). Logistic regression was applied, basing the analysis on a theoretical model. Median Se intake was 98·3 µg/d. Hypertension and hyperglycaemia were more prevalent among boys, while a high waist circumference was more frequent in girls, and low HDL-cholesterol levels were higher among private school students. The prevalence of the MetS was 2·6 %. No association between the MetS and its parameters and Se intake was found. This lack of association could be due to an adequate Se intake in the studied population.

Neck circumference and the burden of metabolic syndrome disease: a population-based sample.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to verify the association between neck circumference (NC) and metabolic syndrome and establish NC cut-off points to predict metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Weight, height, NC, waist circumference, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure were measured in a cross-sectional and population-based study with 966 adults. The association between NC and the burden of metabolic syndrome disease was evaluated by multinomial logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to acquire gender-specific cut-off values and predict metabolic syndrome. The NC is a simple anthropometric measurement, has low evaluation costs, can estimate the subcutaneous fat in the upper body and is related to cardiometabolic risks. RESULTS: NC is an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome burden with high association to women. The syndrome components stratification indicated that the NC of individuals with one component was lower than those with three or more (P = 0.001). Metabolic syndrome prediction cut-off point was a NC of 39.5 cm for men and 33.3 cm for women. CONCLUSIONS: Increased NC was associated with higher metabolic syndrome risks. This anthropometric parameter can be used as an additional marker for screening cardiovascular risk diseases.

Síndrome metabólica em idosos de um aglomerado urbano subnormal: prevalência e fatores associados / Metabolic syndrome in older adults living in a subnormal urban cluster: Prevalence and associated factors

Resumo Introdução A síndrome metabólica (SM) é o agrupamento de fatores de risco associados à adiposidade central e à resistência à insulina. Objetivo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a prevalência da SM e os fatores associados em idosos de uma comunidade do município de Recife, Pernambuco. Método Estudo transversal com 166 idosos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, residentes na Comunidade dos Coelhos, no município de Recife. Para o diagnóstico da SM, foi utilizado o critério do NCEP-ATPIII. A análise dos dados foi efetuada com a utilização do programa estatístico SPSS para Windows, versão 13.1. Na comparação entre proporções, foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fischer. A razão de prevalência foi utilizada como medida de efeito considerando a SM como variável dependente. Resultados A prevalência de SM encontrada foi de 38,3%. Os fatores associados à SM após ajustes foram: a idade, na faixa etária 60-69 anos (44,4%, p = 0,047), o sexo feminino (43,1%, p = 0,056) e o excesso de peso (57,3%, p < 0,001). Conclusão A SM apresentou uma alta prevalência na população idosa avaliada, sendo associada às características demográficas e ao estado nutricional.

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clustering of risk factors associated with central adiposity and insulin resistance. Objective This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of MS and associated factors in older adults living in a subnormal urban cluster located in the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with 166 older adults of both sexes aged ≥60 years residing in the Coelhos Community in Recife. MS was diagnosed through the NCEP/ATP III criteria. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS 13.1 statistical software. The Pearson's chi-squared test and the Fisher's exact test were used to compare the proportions. Prevalence ratio was used as an effect measure considering MS as dependent variable. Results Prevalence of MS was 38.3%. The factors associated with MS after adjustments were being 60-69 years old (44.4%, p=0.047), female (43.1%, p=0.056), and overweight (57.3%, p<0.001). Conclusion High prevalence of MS was observed in the older population evaluated, being associated with demographic characteristics and nutritional status. The group of older adults assessed should be provided with nutritional education and motivation to the practice of physical activities.

Moderate and severe periodontitis are positively associated with metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the association between periodontitis severity (exposure) and metabolic syndrome (MetS - outcome), using two criteria for diagnosis of the outcome, since this relationship remains unexplored. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was conducted with 870 individuals: 408 with first MetS diagnosis (cases) and 462 without MetS (controls). Participants' general information was obtained using a questionnaire and laboratory data was collected from medical records. Periodontitis severity criteria followed the Center for Disease Control and Prevention: none, mild, moderate, and severe. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Findings showed a positive association between moderate and severe periodontitis and MetS: ORadjusted = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.01 to 2.68) and ORadjusted = 1.94 (95% CI: 1.19 to 3.16), respectively, after adjustment for age, sex, schooling level, smoking habit, and cardiovascular disease. The adjusted measurements showed that among individuals with moderate or severe periodontitis, the probability of having MetS was around two times greater than among those without periodontitis, and that the chance was greater among participants with severe periodontitis than those with moderate periodontitis. CONCLUSION: An association between the severity of periodontal status and MetS was found, suggesting a possible relationship between the two diseases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: MetS influences the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The findings suggest that the greater the severity of periodontitis, the greater is the association magnitude with MetS. The health professional needs to recognize that the importance of periodontal disease may play in MetS.

Dietary habits, anthropometric and metabolic profile of adolescents born prematurely / Perfil alimentar, metabólico e antropométrico de adolescentes nascidos prematuros

INTRODUCTION: Prematurity may be related to the early onset of obesity and metabolic syndrome in adolescence. Breastfeeding and feeding are crucial factors in the genesis of cardio metabolic riskOBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the type of breastfeeding and eating habits with the blood pressure, lipid, glycemic and anthropometric profile of adolescents born prematurelyMETHODS: Cross-sectional study with 50 adolescents born prematurely in western Paraná, Brazil, aged 10 to 19 years. Data on birth, breastfeeding and feeding using the 24-hour Food Consumption Marker were evaluated. Weight, height, abdominal circumference (AC), blood pressure (BP) were verified; concentrations of glucose, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were measured by capillary puncture. Data analysis using descriptive statistics and analysis of varianceRESULTS: Out of total, 78% eat in front of screens and 52% do not take the main meals during the day. Regardless of the amount of meals a day, the lipid, glycemic and AC profiles did not show a statistically significant difference between the groups. There is a statistically significant association between BP and number of meals (p = 0.01), TC and breastfeeding (p = 0.03) and TG with consumption of sausages (p = 0.02) and products rich in carbohydrates (p = 0.01). Most of them (72%) consumed cow's milk before completing one year and only 30% received exclusive breastfeeding until six months of age. Related other values, 30% had high BP, 22% and 41% high TC and TG, respectively. Of the 30% overweight, 60% had high BP, 53% high TG, 33% high TC and 33% percentile AC ≥90CONCLUSION: Breastfeeding did not influence the metabolic profile, but it was evidenced as risk factors for adolescents to develop future cardiovascular problems due to prematurity, inadequate eating habits, overweight, alterations in abdominal circumference, blood pressure and lipid profile

INTRODUÇÃO: A prematuridade pode estar relacionada à instalação precoce de obesidade e síndrome metabólica na adolescência. O aleitamento e a alimentação são fatores cruciais na gênese do risco cardiometabólicoOBJETIVO: Analisar a relação do tipo de aleitamento e hábitos alimentares com o perfil pressórico, lipídico, glicêmico e antropométrico de adolescentes nascidos prematurosMÉTODO: Estudo transversal com 50 adolescentes nascidos prematuros no oeste do Paraná, com idades entre 10 e 19 anos. Avaliaram-se dados do nascimento, aleitamento e alimentação (Marcador de Consumo Alimentar de 24 horas). Verificou-se peso, altura, circunferência abdominal (CA), pressão arterial (PA); dosadas concentrações de glicose, colesterol total (CT) e triglicerídeos (TG) por punção capilar. Análise de dados por estatística descritiva e análise de variânciaRESULTADOS: 78% realizavam alimentação em frente a telas e 52% não realizavam todas as principais refeições do dia; independentemente da quantidade de refeições diárias, os perfis lipídico, glicêmico e CA não apresentaram diferença estatística significante entre os grupos. Observou-se associação estatisticamente significante entre PA e número de refeições (p=0,01), CT e aleitamento materno (p=0,03) e TG com consumo de embutidos (p=0,02) e produtos ricos em carboidratos (p=0,01). Para 72% foi ofertado leite de vaca antes de completar um ano e somente 30% receberam aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses de idade. Na amostra, 30% apresentaram PA elevada, 22% e 41% CT e TG elevados, respectivamente. Dos 30% com excesso de peso, 60% apresentaram PA elevada, 53% TG, 33% CT elevado e 33% percentil CA ≥90CONCLUSÃO: O aleitamento não influenciou no perfil metabólico, porém se evidenciou como fatores de risco para os adolescentes desenvolverem problemas cardiovasculares futuros à prematuridade, hábitos alimentares inadequados, excesso de peso, CA e perfil pressórico e lipídico alterados

Glycemia and Lipidemia in Term Newborns Correlate With Maternal Metabolism.

The present study characterized the plasma glycemic and lipid profiles in full-term newborn babies at birth and correlated these variables with growth markers and maternal clinical and metabolic conditions, to observe if maternal pregnancy conditions can influence metabolic programming in these newborn babies. Anthropometric and biochemical data were collected from 162 mother/newborn binomials at birth and at 6 months at a public hospital in Western Paraná State, Brazil. Samples of blood tests for glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were obtained. Two classes of mothers/babies were statistically defined. The glycemic profiles in Class 1, at birth, were 63.0 ± 19.6 mg/dL and at 6 months 80.4 ± 10.6 mg/dL; in Class 2, at birth, they were 66.1 ± 20.8 mg/dL and at 6 months 78.2 ± 9.4 mg/dL. The triglycerides levels in Class 1 and Class 2, at birth, were 124.5 ± 47.8 mg/dL and 132.6 ± 60.2 mg/dL, respectively, and at 6 months they were 139.0 ± 51.5 mg/dL and 115.2 ± 39.9 mg/dL, respectively. Even though most of the pregnant women were overweight at the end of the gestation period, the anthropometric patterns found for babies followed the desirable standards. Furthermore, the average glycemic profile values were between the cutoff standards at birth and at 6 months; however, the triglycerides were above the expected values.

Periodized Aerobic Interval Training Modifies Geometric Indices of Heart Rate Variability in Metabolic Syndrome.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) influences the autonomic modulation, increasing the risk of cardiovascular events, which demands the identification of effective treatments for this population. Considering this, the study has the objective of evaluating the effects of periodized aerobic interval training (AIT) on geometrical methods of heart rate variability (HRV) on individuals with MetS. Methods: 52 individuals with MetS were considered for analysis. They were divided into two groups: aerobic interval training group (AITG; n = 26) and control group (CG; n = 26). The AITG performed 16 weeks of periodized AIT. For HRV analysis, the heart rate was recorded beat-by-beat at the beginning and the end of the AIT program and geometrical methods were used for analysis. Results: significant increase was observed for triangular index (RRtri, -1.25 ± 0.58 vs. 1.41 ± 0.57), standard deviation of distances from diagonal to points (SD1, -0.13 ± 1.52 vs. 4.34 ± 1.49), and standard deviation of distances from points to lines (SD2, -2.14 ± 3.59 vs. 11.23 ± 3.52) on AITG compared to CG. Significant differences were not observed for triangular interpolation of normal heartbeats interval histogram (TINN, -4.05 ± 17.38 vs. 25.52 ± 17.03) and SD1/SD2 ratio (0.03 ± 0.02 vs. 0.00 ± 0.02). Qualitative analysis of the Poincaré plot identified increase on dispersion of both short and long-term intervals between successive heartbeats (RR interval) on AITG after the AIT program. Conclusion: geometric indices of HRV suggest an increase in cardiac autonomic modulation in individuals with MetS after 16 weeks of periodized AIT.

Síndrome metabólico en conductores de transporte intermunicipal de Tunja, Boyacá / Metabolic Syndrome in Intermunicipal Transportation Drivers Tunja, Boyacá / Síndrome metabólico em condutores de transporte intermunicipal Tunja, Boyacá

Resumen Introducción: el Síndrome Metabólico (SM) se considera una epidemia mundial, el aumento global de su prevalencia se ha extendido en los países tanto industrializados como en vía de desarrollo, es el resultado de una mayor proporción de obesidad y sedentarismo en la población. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la prevalencia de SM en conductores de transporte intermunicipal de Tunja en el año 2017. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal a una muestra de 115 conductores de transporte intermunicipal en la ciudad de Tunja, se evaluaron índices antropométricos, glicemia, triglicéridos, HDL y se aplicó el cuestionario internacional de actividad física IPAQ. La presencia de SM se identificó de acuerdo con los criterios de NCEP/ATP III, se calculó la razón de prevalências y se determinó significancia mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher y U de Mann- Whitney. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de SM del 10.4 % (12/115; IC 95 % 4.6-15.7) y se hallaron diferencias significativas entre los pacientes con y sin SM en relación con la hipertensión (p = 0.03), niveles de glucosa (p = 0.0004), triglicéridos (p = <0.001), HDL (p = 0.00004), perímetro abdominal (p = 0.008) e índice de masa corporal (p = 0.001). Conclusión: en esta población de conductores, la hipertrigliceridemia fue el criterio más frecuente entre los que tenían síndrome metabólico, y se observó una tendencia hacia el sobrepeso y la obesidad, que determina la importancia de la generación de programas de información, educación y comunicación dirigidos a estas poblaciones que promuevan la alimentación saludable y la actividad física.

Abstract Introduction: Metabolic Syndrome (SM) is considered a global epidemic. The increase of its prevalence is widely extended in both industrialized and developing countries and is the outcome of a rise in the proportion of obesity and sedentary lifestyle in the population. The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of SM and associated factors in transport drivers of Tunja in the year 2017. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 115 inter-municipal transportation drivers in the city of Tunja, evaluating anthropometric indexes, glycemia, triglycerides, HDL and the IPAQ international physical activity questionnaire was applied. The presence of SM evaluatio followed the NCEP/ATP III criteria, the prevalence ratio was found, and Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to determine the significance. Results: A prevalence of 10.4% (12/115; IC 95% 4.6-15.7) was found with significant differences between the patients with and without SM in relation with hypertension (p = 0.03), glucose levels (p = 0.0004), triglycerides (p < 0.001), HDL (p = 0.00004), abdominal perimeter (p = 0.008) and body mass index (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In this population of drivers, hypertriglyceridemia was the altogether criteria among those with metabolic syndrome as well as an observed trend towards overweight and obesity, which determines the importance of generating information, education and communication programs aimed at these populations to promote healthy eating and physical activity.

Resumo Introdução: a Síndrome Metabólica (SM) considera-se uma epidemia mundial, o aumento global de sua prevalência se tem estendido nos países tanto industrializados quanto em via de desenvolvimento, é o resultado de uma maior proporção de obesidade e sedentarismo na população. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a prevalências da SM em motoristas de transporte intermunicipal de Tunja no ano 2017. Materiais e métodos: se realizou um estudo analítico de corte transversal a uma amostra de 115 motoristas de transporte intermunicipal da cidade de Tunja; avaliaram-se índices antropométricos, glicemia, triglicérides, HDL e aplicou-se o questionário internacional de atividade física IPAO. A presença de SM se identificou de acordo aos critérios de NCEP/ATP III, calculara-se a razão de prevalências e determinou-se significância mediante a prova exata de Fisher e U de Mann - Whitney. Resultados: encontrou-se uma prevalência de SM do 10.4% (12/115; IC 95 % 4.6-15.7), achando diferenças significativas entre os pacientes com e sem SM em relação com a hipertensão (p = 0.03), níveis de glucose (p= 0.0004), triglicérides (p = <0.001), HDL (p = 0.00004), perímetro abdominal (p = 0.008) e índice de massa corporal (p = 0.001). Conclusão: nesta população de condutores de hipertrigliceridemia foi o critério mais frequente entre os que tinham síndrome metabólica, e observou-se uma tendência ao sobrepeso e a obesidade, que determina a importância da geração de programas de informação, educação e comunicação dirigidos a estas populações que promovam a alimentação saudável e a atividade física.

Síndrome metabólica e fatores associados em quilombolas baianos, Brasil / Metabolic syndrome and associated factors in quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities) from Bahia, Brazil

Resumo Este estudo buscou analisar a prevalência de Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e os fatores associados em adultos quilombolas. Estudo de base populacional com amostra de 850 adultos de ambos os sexos. A SM foi determinada pelo critério Joint Interim Statement. A regressão de Poisson foi usada para testar as associações, conforme modelo hierarquizado de análise. A prevalência de SM foi de 25,8% (Intervalo de Confiança de 95%: 22,8:28,7). Na análise múltipla permaneceram associados (p < 0,05) sexo, grupo etário, qualidade do sono, Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e percentual de gordura (%G). Neste sentido, a presença da SM em adultos quilombolas se associa com o sexo feminino, faixa etária > 40 anos, má qualidade do sono, excesso de peso corporal e obesidade.

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of this condition and associated factors in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). In a population-based study with a sample of 850 adults of both sexes, MS was determined using the Joint Interim Statement criteria. Hierarchical Poisson regression modeling was used to test the associations. The prevalence of MS was 25.8% (95%CI: 22.8:28.7). In multiple analysis, gender, age group, sleep quality, body mass index and fat percentage remained significantly associated (p < 0.05). In this respect, the presence of SM in adult quilombolas is associated with female gender, age ≥ 40 years, poor sleep quality, overweight, and obesity.

Indicadores de obesidade: capacidade preditiva para síndrome metabólica em adultos quilombolas / Predictive capacity of obesity indicators for metabolic syndrome in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities)

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a capacidade preditiva da síndrome metabólica (SM) por diferentes indicadores de obesidade (IO) em adultos quilombolas. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 850 adultos (18 à 92 anos de idade) quilombolas residentes na microrregião geográfica de Guanambi/Bahia. Foram construídas curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) entre os IO (percentual de gordura - %G; índice de adiposidade corporal - IAC; índice de massa corporal - IMC) e a SM. O equilíbrio entre sensibilidade e especificidade definiu os melhores pontos de corte preditores da SM pelos IO. Os três IO apresentaram capacidade preditiva para SM (curva ROC significativamente > 0,5). Entre as mulheres, o %G apresentou área sob a curva ROC (0,69 - IC95%: 0,65:0,73) significativamente maior que os demais IO. Entre os homens as áreas do %G e do IMC foram iguais (0,81 - IC95%: 0,76:0,85) e maiores que a do IAC. Os melhores pontos de corte dos IO para identificar a presença da SM respectivamente em mulheres e homens foram: 24,97 e 25,36 kg/m2 para IMC, 34,30 e 26,14% para IAC e 37,7 e 23,8% para %G. Os IO testados são válidos para rastrear a SM em adultos quilombolas a partir da utilização dos pontos de corte específicos para a população estudada.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive capacity of different obesity indicators (OIs) for metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adult quilombolas (inhabitants of black communities). A cross-sectional study involving a representative sample of 850 adult quilombolas (18 to 92 years) living in the geographic micro-region of Guanambi, Bahia, Brazil, was conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed between OI [body fat percentage (BF%), body adiposity index (BAI), and body mass index (BMI)] and MetS. The balance between sensitivity and specificity defined the best predictive cutoff points of OI for MetS. The three OIs were predictors of MetS (significant area under ROC curve > 0.5). Among women, BF% showed a significantly greater area under the ROC curve (0.69, 95% CI: 0.65; 0.73) than the other OIs. Among men, the areas for BF%% and BMI were the same (0.81, 95% CI: 0.76; 0.85) and were greater than that of BAI. The best OI cutoff points to identify the presence of MetS in women and men were, respectively: 24.97 and 25.36 kg/m2 for BMI, 34.30 and 26.14% for BAI, and 37.7 and 23.8% for BF%. The OIs tested are valid tools to screen for MetS in adult quilombolas when specific cutoff points for the population studied are used.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among university students: A systematic review / Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en estudiantes universitarios, una revisión sistemática

Abstract Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a set of conditions including high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and visceral obesity. In recent years, an increase of obesity in university students has been observed, although the accurate prevalence of MS is unknown. Objective: To determine the prevalence of MS in university students between January 2000 and January 2016. Materials and methods: A systematic review of studies published in the PubMed, LILACS, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, Imbiomed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases was performed. To ensure the highest number of papers, different combinations of words related to MS were used in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Results: A total of16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Students from different health, social and human sciences careers from America, Asia and Europe participated in said studies. The prevalence of MS ranged from 0 to 19.2% according to NCEP-ATP III. Conclusions: The prevalence of MS varies widely across studies. It is important to expand MS research, as this would allow designing specific interventions for high-risk groups in the university context.

Resumen Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) se define por la coexistencia de hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia, intolerancia a la glucosa y obesidad visceral. En años recientes, se ha observado incremento de la obesidad en universitarios, pero no se tiene precisión sobre la prevalencia de SM. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de SM en estudiantes universitarios entre enero de 2000 y enero de 2016. Materiales y métodos. Revisión sistemática de estudios publicados en PubMed, LILACS, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, Imbiomed, SciELO y Google Schoolar. La búsqueda usó diferentes combinaciones de palabras relacionadas con SM en español, inglés y portugués. Resultados. 16 estudios reunieron los criterios de inclusión e incluyeron la participación de estudiantes de distintas carreras de ciencias de la salud, sociales y humanas, además eran provenientes de América, Asía y Europa. La prevalencia de SM observada estuvo entre 0% y 19.2% según los criterios NCEP-ATP III. Conclusiones. La prevalencia de SM varía ampliamente en los diferentes estudios. Es importante extender la investigación del SM, esto permitiría el diseño de intervenciones para grupos de alto riesgo desde el contexto universitario.

Serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in patients with psoriasis: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

Abstract: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed, including 117 psoriatic patients and 117 controls matched for age, gender, and body mass index. Psoriatic patients had higher levels of serum uric acid (6.25 ± 1.62 vs 5.71 ± 1.35 mg/dl; P=0.019) and significantly greater prevalence of hyperuricemia (31.6% vs 16.2%; P=0.009) than individuals without psoriasis. Psoriatic patients had significantly higher serum uric acid than controls in subjects without metabolic syndrome. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that psoriasis can be a strong predictor of hyperuricemia (odds ratio 2.61; 95% confidence interval 1.34-5.00; P=0.004).

Comparison between different criteria for metabolic syndrome in schoolchildren from southern Brazil.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS), although more frequent in adults, is already evident in the infant-juvenile population. On the other hand, there are different criteria for the diagnosis, without a consensus of which is the best to be used in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement between different criteria for diagnosis of MetS in adolescents from southern Brazil. A cross-sectional study consisting of a sample of 1200 subjects, 679 females, aged between 12 and 17 years. MetS was assessed by three different criteria: Cook (2003), Ferranti (2004), and International Diabetes Federation - IDF (2007). The agreement between the criteria was evaluated by the Kappa index. Low prevalence of MetS was found among schoolchildren (1.9% for Cook, 5.0% for Ferranti, and 2.1% for IDF). Regular (Ferranti - IDF: Kappa 0.382; p < 0.001) and moderate (Cook - Ferranti: Kappa 0.542; p < 0.001; Cook - IDF: Kappa 0.532; p < 0.001) agreement was demonstrated between the criteria. Elevated blood pressure was the most frequent condition in all the criteria, and the least frequent condition was in the glycemia (Cook and Ferranti) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: The low prevalence of MetS and the low agreement among the existing criteria suggest the elaboration of new criteria for the diagnosis of MetS in the child and adolescent population. What is Known: • There are different criteria for the diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), without a consensus of which is the best to be used in the infant-juvenile population. What is New: • Low prevalence of MetS identified among schoolchildren and the low agreement among the existing criteria suggest the elaboration of new criteria for the diagnosis of MetS in the child and adolescent population.

Características de los componentes del síndrome metabólico en pacientes con glucosa normal y disglicemia en ayunas / Characteristics of the components of the metabolic syndrome in patients with normal glucose and fasting disglicemia

Objetivos: Investigar las características de los componentes del Síndrome Metabólico (SM) entre pacientes con glucosa normal y disglicemia en ayunas en la población adulta de Trujillo. Material y métodos: Estudio de análisis secundario tipo descriptivo, comparativo, relacional. Se analizó base de datos, de un estudio previo sobre SM en adultos de 20-79 años en Trujillo entre los años 2010 al 2014, desarrollado a través de campañas médicas de despistaje de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. El grupo 1: incluyó 127 adultos con SM y glucosa normal en ayunas (NG). El grupo 2: incluyó 110 adultos con SM y disglicemia en ayunas (DG). Se usó la prueba t de Student para comparación de medias y la prueba Z para comparación de proporciones, con un nivel de significancia de 0,05 e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Los niveles séricos de triglicéridos en ayunas (TG) fueron 219,09 ±101,83 mg/dl en NG y 192,3 ± 103,17 mg/dl en DG (p= 0,004) y la frecuencia de hipertrigliceridemia fue 85,04% en NG y 63,64% en DG (p=0,000) y de HDL colesterol bajo 71,65% en NG y 51,81% en DG (p=0,002). Conclusiones: Existe mayor nivel sérico de TG y mayor frecuencia de hipertrigliceridemia y HDL colesterol bajo en el grupo NG. (AU)

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics of the components of metabolic syndrome (MS) among patients with normal glucose and fasting dysglycemia in the adult population of Trujillo. Methods: Secondary analysis of descriptive, comparative and relational type. Database was analyzed of MS previous study in adults of 20-79 years in Trujillo between 2010 to 2014, developed through medical screening campaigns cardiovascular risk factors. Group 1: MS included 127 adults with normal fasting glucose (NG). The group 2 included 110 adults with MS and dysglycemia fasting (DG). Student t test was used to compare means and the Z test to compare proportions, with a significance level of 0.05 and confidence intervals of 95%. Results: Serum levels of fasting triglyceride (TG) were (219.09 ± 101.83 mg/dl and 192.3 ± NG 103.17 mg/dl in DG, p= 0.004) and frequency of hypertriglyceridemia was (85.04% and 63.64% in NG in DG with p =0.000) and low HDL cholesterol (71.65% and 51.81% in NG in DG, p=0.002). Conclusions: Higher level of TG and increased frequency of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol in the NG group. (AU)

Metabolic Syndrome and Neuroprotection.

Introduction: Over the years the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has drastically increased in developing countries as a major byproduct of industrialization. Many factors, such as the consumption of high-calorie diets and a sedentary lifestyle, bolster the spread of this disorder. Undoubtedly, the massive and still increasing incidence of MetS places this epidemic as an important public health issue. Hereon we revisit another outlook of MetS beyond its classical association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2), for MetS also poses a risk factor for the nervous tissue and threatens neuronal function. First, we revise a few essential concepts of MetS pathophysiology. Second, we explore some neuroprotective approaches in MetS pertaining brain hypoxia. The articles chosen for this review range from the years 1989 until 2017; the selection criteria was based on those providing data and exploratory information on MetS as well as those that studied innovative therapeutic approaches. Pathophysiology: The characteristically impaired metabolic pathways of MetS lead to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance (IR), inflammation, and hypoxia, all closely associated with an overall pro-oxidative status. Oxidative stress is well-known to cause the wreckage of cellular structures and tissue architecture. Alteration of the redox homeostasis and oxidative stress alter the macromolecular array of DNA, lipids, and proteins, in turn disrupting the biochemical pathways necessary for normal cell function. Neuroprotection: Different neuroprotective strategies are discussed involving lifestyle changes, medication aimed to mitigate MetS cardinal symptoms, and treatments targeted toward reducing oxidative stress. It is well-known that the routine practice of physical exercise, aerobic activity in particular, and a complete and well-balanced nutrition are key factors to prevent MetS. Nevertheless, pharmacological control of MetS as a whole and pertaining hypertension, dyslipidemia, and endothelial injury contribute to neuronal health improvement. Conclusion: The development of MetS has risen as a risk factor for neurological disorders. The therapeutic strategies include multidisciplinary approaches directed to address different pathological pathways all in concert.