Variations in the Prevalence of Childhood Anemia by Ethnicity Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru.

We aimed to determine the variations in the prevalence of childhood anemia according to the ethnic group before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Secondary analysis of the Demographic and Family Health Survey during 2016-2021. The outcome variable was anemia, and the exposure variable was maternal ethnicity. Also, we included sociodemographic and clinical confounding variables. We constructed generalized linear models of the Poisson family with a logarithmic link function. We evaluated 85,905 records; 30.34% had anemia, 50.83% were mestizo, 25.98% were Quechua, and 2% were Aymara. Compared with mestizos, Quechua children (PR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.07-1.15; p < 0.001), Aymara (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.27-1 .44; p < 0.001), natives of the Amazon (PR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.12-1.28; p < 0.001) and those who belonged to other indigenous peoples (PR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.05-1.57; p = 0.013) had a higher prevalence of childhood anemia. On the contrary, compared to mestizos, white children had a lower prevalence of anemia (PR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89-0.99; p = 0.019). During the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to mestizos, only Quechua (PR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.08-1.23; p < 0.001) and Aymara (PR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.23-1.55; p < 0.001) had a higher prevalence of childhood anemia. Except for Afro-descendants, children from 6 to 59 months of age who belong to an ethnic minority had a higher probability of having childhood anemia than mestizos. However, only Quechua and Aymara children had higher odds of anemia during the COVID-19 pandemic than mestizos.

COVID-19 and Cognitive and Mental Health During Post-Infection Phase: A Study Among Middle-Aged and Older Indigenous Adults From Brazilian Amazons.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the rate of self-reported coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and its association with mental and cognitive health during the post-infection phase among middle-aged and older indigenous adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 141 individuals ≥50 and over from an urban indigenous community in Amazonas, Brazil. COVID-19 was deduced from self-reported infections. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Exam, Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB), and language fluency tests. Meanwhile, mental health was assessed through validated scales examining happiness, stress, and depression symptoms. The association between the rate of COVID-19 and cognitive and mental well-being was analyzed using logistic and linear regressions, adjusted for covariates. RESULTS: From March 2020 to February 2022, 65.2% of the urban indigenous group tested positive for COVID-19. Lower functional capacity decreased the odds of contracting COVID-19 (p = .03). Adjusted linear regression models showed that COVID-19 was associated with higher BCSB learning (p = .017) and delayed recall (p = .028). Women, higher age, lower functional capacity, and hospitalization were associated with worse cognitive performance (p < .05). No impact of mental health indicators on past COVID-19 infection was noted. DISCUSSION: COVID-19 was prevalent among urban Indigenous Brazilians. Unexpectedly, it was linked to enhanced learning and memory, not mental health issues. Cognitive performance was lower for men, older individuals, those with less functional ability, and hospitalized patients, indicating that participant characteristics and disease severity affect the COVID-19 and cognition relationship. Longitudinal studies across diverse Indigenous communities are necessary to understand COVID-19's impact on their cognitive and mental health.

The (in)visible Brazilians: A perspective review on the need for brain health and dementia research with Brazilian immigrants in the United States.

Introduction: The Brazilian population in the United States (U.S.), a Latinx subgroup, is rapidly growing and aging but remains underrepresented in U.S. health research. In addition to group-specific genetic and environmental risks, Brazilian immigrants and their offspring in the U.S. likely have cumulative risks for health inequities.It is estimated that 71% of Brazilian immigrants in the U.S. are undocumented, which may limit healthcare access/utilization. Furthermore, mental health is reported as a health priority by Brazilian immigrants in the U.S., and there is a lack of research on Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (AD/ADRD) in this population. Methods: We reviewed the scientific literature using traditional (e.g., PubMed) sources and databases generated by U.S. and Brazilian governments, as well as international organizations, and press articles. Results: This perspective review lists recommendations for researchers, health providers, and policymakers to promote greater inclusion of U.S. Brazilian populations in health research and care. The review identifies research areas in need of attention to address health inequities and promote mental/brain health in Brazilian immigrants and their offspring living in the U.S. These research areas are: 1) epidemiological studies to map the prevalence and incidence of mental/brain health conditions; 2) research on aging and AD/ADRD risk factors among Brazilian populations in the U.S.; and 3) the need for greater representation of U.S-residing Brazilian population in other relevant research areas involving genetics, neuropathology, and clinical trials. Conclusions: The recommendation and research efforts proposed should help to pave the way for the development of community-engagement research and to promote mental/brain health education, improvement of mental/brain health and AD/ADRD services, and the development of culturally-informed intervention to the U.S.-residing Brazilian communities. HIGHLIGHTS: The Brazilian population in the United States is growing but is underrepresented in U.S. health research.Approximately 71% of Brazilian immigrants in the United States are undocumented, with an increased risk for health inequities.Mental health is reported as a central health priority by Brazilian immigrants in the United States.There is a lack of research on Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (ADRD) in Brazilian immigrants in the United States.Epidemiological research is needed to map the prevalence/incidence of mental health conditions and ADRD risk factors among Brazilian immigrants in the United States.

Frequency of human papilomavirus and associated factors in gypsy and quilombola women : Human papillomavirus in gypsy and quilombola women.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the general population is widely known, however, there are still few studies related to this infection in minority groups, Thus, the objective is to analyze the frequency of human papillomavirus and associated factors in quilombola and gypsy women. METHODS: Cross-sectional research with 145 quilombola and gypsy women from Caxias, Maranhão. Two Pap smear collections were performed and a questionnaire with 46 questions was applied between January, 2020 and March, 2021. Descriptive analysis and Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval were performed. The research was approved by the ethics committee. RESULTS: There were 09 cases of atypia. The frequency of human papillomavirus was 41.37%, with a higher risk in quilombolas 55 (91.70%). Multiple infections were prevalent (53%) with high-risk genotypes 21 (35%). Types 16 and 18 together accounted for 42.85% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of human papillomavirus infection was higher than those recorded in the Northeast and Brazil, and therefore type 16 predominated. Due to limitations, the virus lineages and sublineages were not evaluated. Quilombola women had a higher rate of infection than gypsies.

Entrevista com Ana Paula Cupertino / Interview with Ana Paula Cupertino

Resumo Nesta entrevista à revista Saúde e Sociedade, a Dra. Cupertino faz um relato do seu engajamento para alcançar pessoas em situações desafiadoras como a pandemia de covid-19. O diálogo buscou conhecer experiências exitosas capazes de interromper ou reduzir a perpetuação das disparidades em saúde. Em sua trajetória profissional, perpassou pelo Instituto de Câncer de Wilmot (WIC), onde atua no momento, sempre apoiada em referências brasileiras importantes como Paulo Freire. No seu trabalho, percebe-se a utilização de estratégias que ultrapassam questões acadêmicas e trazem a comunidade para o protagonismo da pesquisa, permitindo que o processo de translação ocorra apropriadamente. Por fim, define as parcerias com países da América Latina como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de ações de saúde direcionadas a imigrantes que vivem nos Estados Unidos, uma vez que a variável relações sociais é determinante para a saúde de uma comunidade. A fala da Dra. Cupertino revela, assim, um olhar distinto sobre realidades distantes, mas que podem contribuir para reflexões importantes em um mundo globalizado, no qual intercâmbios são cada vez mais frequentes.

Abstract In this interview with the journal Saúde e Sociedade, Dr. Cupertino talks about her actions to reach people under challenging situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The dialogue aimed to learn about successful experiences capable of erasing or reducing the perpetuation of health disparities. In her professional career, she worked at the Wilmot Cancer Institute (WIC), her current employer, always supported by important Brazilian references such as Paulo Freire. Her research work uses strategies that go beyond academic issues and bring the community to the forefront, enabling an accurate translation process. Finally, she considers the partnerships with Latin American countries as fundamental for developing health actions towards immigrants living in the United States, since the social relations variable is crucial for community health. Dr. Cupertino's testimony thus reveals a distinct look at distant realities, which can contribute to important reflections in a globalized world where exchanges are increasingly frequent.

Desafios e proposições para a avaliação psicológica com grupos minorizados: (des)alinhamentos sociopolíticos / Challenges and propositions for psychological assessment with minority groups: sociopolitical (mis)alignments / Desafíos y propuestas para la evaluación psicológica con grupos minoritarios: (Des)ajustes sociopolíticos

Este trabalho visa discutir desafios e proposições relacionados à avaliação psicológica e pesquisa com grupos minorizados no Brasil. Para tanto, o conteúdo da seção Participantes de todos os artigos publicados na Revista Avaliação Psicológica entre 2011 e 2021 foi agregado, gerando um corpus analisado pelo software Iramuteq. Os resultados da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente indicaram a existência de quatro classes, que enfatizam informações de gênero e idade (Classe 1), regional e educacional (Classe 2), dados interseccionais (Classe 3) e ênfase nosológica (Classe 4). Foram visibilizados os estudos que apresentaram maior detalhamento nos dados sociodemográficos. Conclui-se que existe a necessidade de ampliar as informações divulgadas de forma a visibilizar grupos minorizados socialmente. Para tanto, são apresentadas propostas que visam contribuir com a visibilização desses grupos, de acordo com a legislação vigente do Conselho Federal de Psicologia, e com o cruzamento de informações relevantes para a construção de um conhecimento interseccional na área. (AU)

This work aims to discuss challenges and propositions related to psychological assessment and research with minority groups in Brazil. For this, the content of the Participants section of all articles published in the Revista Avaliação Psicológica between 2011 and 2021 generated a corpus for analysis using the IRaMuTeQ software. Results of the Descending Hierarchical Classification indicated the existence of four classes, which emphasized information on gender and age (Class 1), regional and educational data (Class 2), intersectional data (Class 3) and nosological information (Class 4). Studies that presented more detailed sociodemographic data are discussed. The conclusion highlights the need to expand the information disclosed to make social minority groups visible. Accordingly, proposals are presented that aim to contribute to the visibility of these groups, in accordance with the current legislation of the Conselho Federal de Psicologia. Relevant information for the construction of intersectional knowledge in the area is also presented. (AU)

Este trabajo busca discutir desafíos y propuestas relacionadas con la evaluación psicológica de grupos minoritarios en Brasil. Para ello, se agregó el contenido de la sección Participantes de todos los artículos publicados en la Revista Avaliação Psicológica entre 2011 y 2021, generando un corpus analizado por el software Iramuteq. Los resultados de la Clasificación Jerárquica Descendente indicaron que existen cuatro clases, que enfatizan informaciones de género y edad (Clase 1), de regional y educativa (Clase 2), datos interseccionales (Clase 3) y énfasis nosológico (Clase 4). Se hacen visibles los estudios que presentaron datos sociodemográficos más detallados. Se concluyó que existe la necesidad de ampliar la información divulgada para visibilizar a grupos socialmente minoritarios. Para eso, se presentan propuestas que tienen como objetivo contribuir a la visibilidad de dichos grupos, en consonancia con las reglamentaciones actuales del Consejo Federal de Psicología, y con el cruce de información relevante para la construcción de un saber interseccional en el área de la evaluación psicológica. (AU)

Syndemic aspects between COVID-19 pandemic and social inequalities.

Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reached all over the world population, it has demonstrated a heterogeneous impact on different populations. The most vulnerable communities which coexist daily with the social inequalities like low access to hygiene and personal protection products, crowded residences, and higher levels of chronic diseases have a higher risk of contact and the spread of infection, beyond unfavorable clinical outcomes. The elevation of the risk of infection exposure can be related to gender due to the presence of a larger contingent of women in essential services, as well as frontline and cleaning professionals who regardless of gender have the greatest exposure to the virus. Such exposures can contribute to the development of fear of contaminating themselves or their family members associated also with the work stress, both of which are related to the emergence of mental disturbances in these populations. Furthermore, conditions of unsanitary living and low socioeconomic status, populations at war, pre-existing social barriers, and ethnicity have contributed to more impact of the pandemic both in the exposure to the virus and access to health services, COVID-19 management, and management of other pathologies. At the same time, factors such as the closing of non-essential services, the loss of jobs, and the increase in household spending aggravated the social vulnerabilities and impacted the family economy. Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic contributed still more to the impact on women's health since it propitiated a favorable environment for increasing domestic violence rates, through the segregation of women from social life, and increasing the time of the victims with their aggressors.

The impact of Medicaid funding structures on inequities in health care access for Latinos in New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact of Medicaid funding structures before and after the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on health care access for Latinos in New York (Medicaid expansion), Florida (Medicaid non-expansion), and Puerto Rico (Medicaid block grant). DATA SOURCES: Pooled state-level data for New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico from the 2011-2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and data from the 2011-2019 American Community Survey and Puerto Rico Community Survey. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using probit with predicted margins to separately compare four health care access measures among Latinos in New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico (having health insurance coverage, having a personal doctor, delayed care due to cost, and having a routine checkup). We also used difference-in-differences to measure the probability percent change of having any health insurance and any public health insurance before (2011-2013) and after (2014-2019) the ACA implementation among citizen Latinos in low-income households. DATA COLLECTION: The sample consisted of Latinos aged 18-64 residing in New York, Florida, and Puerto Rico from 2011 to 2019. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Latinos in Florida had the lowest probability of having health care access across all four measures and all time periods compared with those in New York and Puerto Rico. While Latinos in Puerto Rico had greater overall health care access compared with Latinos in both states, health care access in Puerto Rico did not change over time. Among citizen Latinos in low-income households, New York had the greatest post-ACA probability of having any health insurance and any public health insurance, with a growing disparity with Puerto Rico (9.7% any [1.6 SE], 5.2% public [1.8 SE]). CONCLUSIONS: Limited Medicaid eligibility (non-expansion of Florida's Medicaid program) and capped Medicaid funds (Puerto Rico's Medicaid block grant) contributed to reduced health care access over time, particularly for citizen Latinos in low-income households.

Increasing Representation of Epidemiologists From Around the World in the Society for Epidemiologic Research: The Case of Mexico.

Mexico has a population of 129 million and is considered one of the most unequal countries in the world, suffering from widespread health disparities. There is a pressing need to strengthen epidemiologic capacity in Mexico, to help solve the complex health problems the country faces and to reduce health inequities. However, the representation of Mexican epidemiologists in the largest epidemiologic society in North America is low, despite the short distance to the United States. In this commentary, we discuss the barriers to higher representation of Mexican epidemiologists within the Society for Epidemiologic Research (SER), including language barriers, costs, and regional necessities. We also discuss opportunities to expand Mexican SER representation and collaboration. Overall, we hope that this is a call towards expanding SER global participation and starting a conversation on a common agenda for epidemiologic research.

Ações ciberativistas LGBTQIA+ no youtube: identidades e minorias ativas / LGBTQIA+ cyberactivist actions on youtube: active identities and minorities / Acciones ciberactivistas LGBTQIA+ en youtube: identidades activas y minorías

Neste trabalho, objetiva-se compreender o processo de construção de identidades ciberativistas LGBTQIA+ de criadores de conteúdo no YouTube brasileiro, tomando como referência suas concepções de ativismo e de pertencimento grupal. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória, desenvolvida a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas em profundidade com quatro youtubers do segmento LGBTQIA+, sendo duas mulheres lésbicas e cisgênero, uma mulher heterossexual transgênero e um homem gay cisgênero. Para a análise das entrevistas, as transcrições foram inseridas no software Atlas.ti. Os resultados alcançados indicam que as identidades ciberativistas são permeadas pelas noções de ativismo, vivências pessoais como LGBTQIA+, pela consciência de suas pertenças sociais, bem como por estratégias de resistência e de ocupação do lugar de influenciadores sociais. Como conclusão, este trabalho apresenta o ciberativismo LGBTQIA+ no YouTube brasileiro como uma forma de criatividade social, que favorece a positivação dessas identidades sociais a partir das percepções de pertencimento e de significação grupal.(AU)

This work aims to understand the process of building LGBTQIA+ cyberactivist identities of content creators on Brazilian YouTube, taking as a reference their conceptions of activism and group belonging. To that end, a qualitative and exploratory research was carried out based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with four YouTubers from the LGBTQIA+ segment, two lesbian and cisgender women, one transgender heterosexual woman and one cisgender gay man. For the analysis of the interviews, the transcripts were inserted into the Atlas.ti software. The results found indicate that cyberactivist identities are permeated by the notions of activism, personal experiences such as LGBTQIA+, awareness of their social belongings, and strategies of resistance and occupation of the place of social influencers. In conclusion, this work presents the LGBTQIA+ cyberactivism on Brazilian YouTube as a form of social creativity, which favors the positivization of these social identities from the perceptions of belonging and group significance.(AU)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo comprender el proceso de construcción de identidad ciberactivista LGBTQIA+ de creadores de canales en YouTube en Brasil, teniendo como referencia sus concepciones de activismo y de pertenencia grupal. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cualitativo y exploratorio por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas a profundidad a cuatro youtubers del segmento LGBTQIA+, de las cuales son dos mujeres lesbianas y cisgénero, una mujer transgénero heterosexual y un hombre cisgénero gay. Para el análisis de las entrevistas, se utilizó el software Atlas.ti. Los resultados indican que las identidades ciberactivistas están constituidas por nociones de activismo, por experiencias personales como LGBTQIA+, por la conciencia de sus pertenencias sociales, así como por las estrategias de resistencia y ocupación del lugar de los influyentes sociales. Se concluye que el ciberactivismo LGBTQIA+ en YouTube en Brasil presenta una forma de creatividad social, que favorece la afirmación de estas identidades sociales desde las percepciones de pertenencia y significación grupal.(AU)

Un modelo para favorecer la ética y las buenas prácticas en investigación global e intercultural: aplicaciones en méxico y chile / A model to promote ethics and good practices in global and intercultural research: applications in méxico and chile / Um modelo para favorecer a ética e as boas práticas em pesquisa global e intercultural: aplicativos no méxico e no chile

Resumen La investigación intercultural plantea desafíos éticos complejos. Por ello, en el año 2019 se desarrolló un modelo de análisis de conflictos éticos en colaboración con más de 200 investigadores de más de 30 países. Este modelo parece pertinente para América Latina. El modelo propone que los desafíos éticos (y sus soluciones) dependen de cuatro factores presentes durante todo el proceso de investigación: el lugar donde se realiza la investigación, las personas involucradas, los principios éticos relevantes y los precedentes de investigaciones pasadas. En este artículo hacemos un análisis de la aplicabilidad de dicho modelo mediante dos análisis de casos referidos a la investigación con pueblos originarios en Chile y al trabajo con latinos migrantes en la frontera México-Estados Unidos.

Abstract Intercultural research poses critical ethical challenges. In 2019, in collaboration with more than 200 researchers from more than 30 countries, a group of researchers developed an ethical conflict analysis model that seems relevant for Latin America. The model proposes a flexible frame of reference where ethical challenges (and their solutions) depend on four factors present throughout the research process: the place where the research is carried out, the people involved, the relevant ethical principles, and the precedents from previous research. This article discusses the applicability of this model through two case analyses: one study with Indigenous peoples in Chile and the other with Latin-American migrants on the border between Mexico and US.

Resumo A pesquisa intercultural apresenta desafios éticos complexos. Por isso, em 2019, foi desenvolvido um modelo de análise de conflitos éticos em colaboração com mais de 200 pesquisas de mais de 30 países. Esse modelo parece pertinente para a América Latina, pois propõe que os desafios éticos (e suas soluções) dependem de quatro fatores presentes durante todo o processo de pesquisa: o lugar onde a pesquisa é realizada, as pessoas envolvidas, os princípios éticos relevantes e os precedentes de pesquisa passadas. Neste artigo, fazemos uma análise da aplicabilidade desse modelo mediante duas análises de casos referidos à pesquisa com povos originários no Chile e ao trabalho com latinos migrantes na fronteira México-Estados Unidos.

Prostate cancer active surveillance outcomes in a cohort composed primarily of African American and Hispanic American Men.

INTRODUCTION: Active surveillance outcomes in minority patients are poorly characterized, as most surveillance series are comprised primarily of Caucasian men. We aimed to characterize outcomes of African American and Hispanic men undergoing surveillance and to identify factors associated with transition to definitive treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of men undergoing active surveillance at our institution. Reasons for transition to definitive treatment were determined. Cessation of active surveillance was recommended for Gleason upgrading on surveillance biopsy. We characterized treatment-free survival for men on surveillance and compared this by race/ethnicity (as self reported by patients). Demographic and clinical variables associated with active surveillance cessation were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: A total of 141 men were on active surveillance: 84 non-Hispanic Black/African American (59.6%), 32 Hispanic (22.7%), and 25 non-Hispanic White/Caucasian (17.7%). Two-year treatment-free survival for Caucasian, Black and Hispanic patients was 81.2%, 54.4%, and 75.0%, respectively. Pairwise Cox proportional hazards analysis showed significantly decreased treatment-free survival in Black compared to Caucasian men (HR 2.42, 95% CI 1.03-5.68). In African American men, cessation of active surveillance occurred most commonly due to grade reclassification at the time of confirmatory biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our active surveillance cohort composed primarily of racial and ethnic minorities, we identified relatively high rates of progression to definitive treatment. African American race was associated with surveillance cessation on univariate analysis. These findings stress the importance of confirmatory biopsy and strict compliance with surveillance protocols in AA men to ensure timely detection of disease reclassification.

Use of Zip Code Based Aggregate Indicators to Assess Race Disparities in COVID-19.

Objective: In the first six months of the pandemic, information on race and ethnicity was missing for half of the US COVID-19 cases. Combining case ascertainment with census-based zip code indicators may identify COVID-19 race-ethnicity disparities in the absence of individual-level data. Design: Ecological retrospective study for the period March-July 2020. Setting: Population-based investigation, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Participants: All COVID-19 cases, adjusted for zip code area population, in the early period of the pandemic. Main Outcome Measures: Monthly COVID-19 incidence and requests for human services by zip code level indicators of race-ethnicity and poverty. Results: In the early period of the pandemic, COVID-19 incidence was higher in zip codes with a greater proportion of racial and ethnic minorities. Zip codes with the highest quartile of minority residents (>25.1% of population) had a COVID-19 incidence of 60.1 (95% CI: 51.7-68.5) per 10,000 in this period; zip codes with the lowest quartile of minority residents (<6.3%) had an incidence of 31.3 (95% CI: 14.4-48.2). Requests for human services during this period (volume of 211 calls and county services) confirm these disparities. Conclusion: Use of census-defined race-ethnicity proportions by zip code offers a way to identify disparities when individual race-ethnicity data are unavailable.

Learning styles of ethnic minority students: a matched case-control study in a dental school in Latin America / Estilos de aprendizaje en estudiantes de minorías étnicas: un estudio de casos y controles en una facultad de odontología en América Latina / Estilos de aprendizagem de estudantes de minorias étnicas: um estudo caso-controle em uma escola de odontologia da América Latina

Abstract Introduction and objective: Little is known about the learning styles of ethnic minorities in Latin American universities. The objective of this research was to identify the learning styles of the ethnic minorities attending a dental school. Moreover, their grade point averages were explored. Materials and methods: A total of 30 ethnic minority students were matched with 30 non-minority students. All the students took a systematized questionnaire to categorize their learning styles. Results: A strong association between ethnic minority students and low reflector style was observed in the multivariate model after adjusting for age, sex, and the current semester (OR=11; 95% CI=1.2-99; p=0.03). In addition, a relevant association between minority ethnic group and low theorist style was observed in the multivariate model after controlling for the same variables (OR= 4; 95% CI=1.2-11; p=0.02). Finally, a statistically significant difference was observed in the grade point averages of non-minority and minority groups, with the minority group having the lower averages (p=0.014). Conclusions: Ethnic minority students presented lower means for all learning styles compared to the control group. Similarly, their grade point averages were significantly inferior. These findings represent relevant precedents for creating educational strategies to improve the learning of ethnic minority groups in higher education in Latin America.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Poco se sabe sobre los estilos de aprendizaje de las minorías étnicas en las universidades latinoamericanas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar los estilos de aprendizaje en las minorías étnicas de una facultad de odontología. Además, se exploró su promedio de calificaciones. Materiales y métodos: treinta estudiantes de minorías étnicas se parearon con treinta estudiantes de minorías no étnicas. Todos los estudiantes completaron un cuestionario sistematizado para clasificar sus estilos de aprendizaje. Resultados: En el modelo multivariado después de ajustar por las variables edad, sexo y semestre actual, se observó una fuerte asociación entre los estudiantes de minorías étnicas y un nivel bajo en el estilo reflector (OR= 11; 1.2-99, IC 95%; p= 0.03). Igualmente, después de controlar las mismas variables, se encontró una asociación relevante entre el grupo étnico minoritario y un nivel bajo en el estilo teórico (OR= 4; 1.2-11; IC 95%; p = 0.02). Además, se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el promedio de calificaciones entre los grupos, el cual fue menor en el grupo minoritario (p = 0.014). Conclusion: los estudiantes de minorías étnicas presentaron promedios más bajos para todos los estilos de aprendizaje en comparación con el grupo control. Del mismo modo, su promedio de calificaciones fue significativamente inferior. Estos hallazgos representan precedentes relevantes para crear estrategias educativas que favorezcan el aprendizaje de los grupos étnicos minoritarios en la educación superior en América Latina.

Resumo Introdução e objetivo: Pouco se sabe sobre os estilos de aprendizagem das minorias étnicas nas universidades latino-americanas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os estilos de aprendizagem em minorias étnicas de uma faculdade de odontologia. Além disso, sua média de notas foi explorada. Materiais e métodos: Um total de trinta estudantes de minorias étnicas corresponde a trinta estudantes de minorias não étnicas. Todos os alunos preencheram um questionário sistematizado para classificar seus estilos de aprendizagem. Resultados: Observou-se forte associação entre os estudantes de minorias étnicas e o baixo estilo reflexivo no modelo multivariado após o ajuste para as variáveis idade, sexo e semestre atuais (OR = 11; 1,2-99, IC95%; p = 0,03) De maneira comparável, foi observada associação relevante entre o grupo étnico minoritário e o baixo estilo teórico no modelo multivariado, após o controle das mesmas variáveis (OR = 4; 1,2-11; IC95%; p = 0,02). Além disso, foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes nas pontuações médias entre os grupos, sendo menor no grupo minoritário (p = 0,014). Conclusões: os estudantes das minorias étnicas apresentaram médias mais baixas para todos os estilos de aprendizagem em comparação ao grupo controle. Da mesma forma, a média de notas foi significativamente menor. Esses achados representam precedentes relevantes para a criação de estratégias educacionais que favoreçam a aprendizagem de grupos étnicos minoritários no ensino superior na América Latina.

Barriers to Cardiac Rehabilitation in Ethnic Minority Groups: A Scoping Review.

Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is under-utilized by ethnic minorities. This study aimed to identify barriers associated with referral, enrollment, and completion/adherence of CR for cardiac participants from ethnic minorities. Medline, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL, Pubmed and APA PsycInfo were searched from data inception through January 2020. We excluded studies referring to race minorities, considering barriers reported by providers or family members, and those published in languages other than English or Portuguese. Data was extracted in an individual, provider, and system level. Of 1847 initial citations, 20 studies were included, with most being qualitative in design and classified as "good" quality. Overall, 12 multi-level barriers were identified in the three CR participation phases, with language being present in all phases. Barriers reported in ethnic minority groups are multi-level. Although identified, literature did not support recommendations to overcome these barriers and clearly more research in this area is needed.

Socioenvironmental Risk Factors for Adolescent Marijuana Use in a United States-Mexico Border Community.

PURPOSE: We examined how socioenvironmental risk factors unique to the United States-Mexico border, defined as border community and immigration stress, normalization of drug trafficking, and perceived disordered neighborhood stress, contribute to tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among adolescents residing there. DESIGN: Cross-sectional design. SETTING: The study was conducted at a high school on the United States-Mexico border. SUBJECTS: A sample of 445 primarily Hispanic students (ages 14-18). MEASURE: Perceived Disordered Neighborhood Stress Scale, Border Community and Immigration Stress Scale, and Normalization of Drug Trafficking Scale. ANALYSIS: Logistic regression assessed the association between the socioenvironmental risk factors and past 30-day tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. RESULTS: Participants with higher border community and immigration stress scores were significantly more likely to have used tobacco (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.41, P < .01) and alcohol (aOR = 1.31, P < .01) in the past 30 days. Perceived disordered neighborhood stress also was associated with past 30-day alcohol use (aOR = 1.46, P < .00). The normalization of drug trafficking was associated with past 30-day marijuana use (aOR = 1.45, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Public health practitioners, educational institutions, and policy makers should consider the economic and normative environment of the United States-Mexico border for future substance use prevention and risk reduction efforts targeting border adolescents.

Peer Support Added to Diabetes Education Improves Metabolic Control and Quality of Life in Mayan Adults Living With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Yucatán, located in the southern region of Mexico, is the state with the country's highest prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes. Because of its particular cultural and socioeconomic characteristics, the residents of Yucatán face unique health-care challenges. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of peer support added to a diabetes education program on glycemic control and diabetes-related quality of life when compared with a conventional diabetes education program in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mayan community in Mexico. METHODS: In March 2015, a total of 58 participants with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes who were recruited from community health centres in Komchén were randomly assigned in equal numbers to 1 of 2 groups: 1) a peer support and diabetes self-management education group (PSEG) or 2) a conventional diabetes self-management education-only group. The primary outcomes of interest were glycated hemoglobin (A1C) values and diabetes-related quality of life. The majority of subjects were bilingual (Mayan and Spanish speakers), female and middle aged, and had a low level of formal education and high baseline A1C (mean, 8.7%). RESULTS: Whereas both groups showed significant improvements from baseline to study end in absolute levels of A1C, the PSEG group had a more pronounced clinical improvement, but no statistical improvement, in A1C compared with the conventional diabetes self-management education-only group. PSEG participants exhibited statistically significant improvement in diabetes-related quality of life at 8 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates the benefits of peer-support education above and beyond the impact of diabetes self-management education on diabetes-related quality of life in an underserved Mayan community in Mexico.

A prática de enfermeiros no contexto das comunidades quilombolas / La práctica de enfermeras en el contexto de las comunidades de quilombolas / Nurses' practice in the context of quilombolas communities

Resumo Objetivo Compreender as particularidades de comunidades quilombolas para a construção da prática do enfermeiro na Estratégia Saúde da Família, sob o prisma da Ética Feminista. Método Estudo de caso único integrado qualitativo, sustentado no referencial epistemológico da ética feminista. A coleta ocorreu ente fevereiro-junho/2018 por meio de entrevistas individuais, coletivas e observação, com a participação de 59 quilombolas e 07 enfermeiros da equipe de Estratégia Saúde da Família, na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Dados submetidos à análise de conteúdo com auxílio do software ATLAS.ti 8.0. Resultados As particularidades dos quilombolas são identificadas nos aspectos da afrodescendência, como os vínculos de parentesco e manifestações culturais e religiosas. Viver na comunidade significa compartilhamento e preservação cultural. A prática do enfermeiro, nessas comunidades, é construída por meio do encontro do indivíduo/família/coletividade, do fortalecimento do vínculo e do respeito e valorização da cultura e modos de vida das pessoas. Reitera-se uma prática de compartilhamento de responsabilidade, na dualidade construída entre quilombolas e profissionais. Conclusões e implicações para a prática A prática do enfermeiro em comunidades quilombolas é pautada no reconhecimento de especificidades sociais e culturais de grupos com ancestrais do continente africano e contribui para o fortalecimento da integração do cuidado no encontro indivíduo-profissional, com responsabilidades compartilhadas.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender las particularidades de las comunidades quilombolas para la construcción de la práctica de las enfermeras en la Estrategia de Salud Familiar, desde la perspectiva de la ética feminista. Método Estudio de caso cualitativo integrado único, basado en el marco epistemológico de la ética feminista. La colección se realizó entre febrero y junio de 2018 por medio de entrevistas individuales y colectivas y observación con la participación de 59 quilombolas y 07 enfermeras del equipo de Estrategia de Salud Familiar, en la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Datos enviados al análisis de contenido con la ayuda del software ATLAS.ti 8.0. Resultados Las particularidades de los quilombolas son identificados en los aspectos del afrodescendiente, como los lazos de parentesco y las manifestaciones culturales y religiosas. Vivir en la comunidad significa compartir y la preservación cultural. La práctica de las enfermeras, en estas comunidades, se construye a través del encuentro del individuo/familia/comunidad, el fortalecimiento del vínculo y el respeto y la apreciación de la cultura y las formas de vida de las personas. Se reitera una práctica de compartir la responsabilidad, en la dualidad construida entre quilombolas y profesionales. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica La práctica de las enfermeras en las comunidades de quilombolas se basa en el reconocimiento de las especificidades sociales y culturales de los grupos con antepasados ​​del continente africano y contribuye a fortalecer la integración de la atención en el encuentro individuo-profesional con responsabilidades compartidas.

Abstract Objective To understand the particularities of quilombola communities for the construction of the nurses´ practice in the Family Health Strategy, from the perspective of Feminist Ethics. Method Qualitative single integrated case study, based on the epistemological framework of feminist ethics. The collection took place between 2018 February-June by means of individual, collective interviews and observation with the participation of 59 quilombolas and 07 nurses from the Family Health Strategy team, in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte. Data submitted to content analysis with the aid of ATLAS.ti 8.0 software. Results The particularities of quilombolas are identified in the aspects of afrodescendence such as kinship ties, and cultural and religious manifestations. Living in the community means sharing, and cultural preservation. The nurses´ practice is built, in these communities, by means of the individual/family/community, by strengthening of interpersonal relationships and of the respect and appreciation of people's culture and ways of life. A practice of sharing responsibility is reiterated, in the duality built between quilombolas and professionals. Conclusions and implications for practice The practice of nurses in quilombola communities is based on the recognition of social and cultural specificities of groups with ancestors from the African continent and contributes to strengthening the integration of care in the individual-professional meeting with shared responsibilities.

Community Education for a Dignified Last Phase of Life for Migrants: A Community Engagement, Mixed Methods Study among Moroccan, Surinamese and Turkish Migrants.

Community engagement and -education are proposed to foster equity in access to care and to ensure dignity of migrant patients in the last phase of life, but evidence is lacking. We evaluated nine community educational interactive meetings about palliative care (136 participants totally)- co-created with educators from our target groups of Moroccan, Surinamese and Turkish migrants-with a mixed methods approach, including 114 questionnaires, nine observations, nine interviews with educators, and 18 pre- and post- group- and individual interviews with participants. Descriptive and thematic analysis was used. 88% of the participants experienced the meetings as good or excellent. Educators bridged an initial resistance toward talking about this sensitive topic with vivid real-life situations. The added value of the educational meetings were: (1) increased knowledge and awareness about palliative care and its services (2) increased comprehensiveness of participant's wishes and needs regarding dignity in the last phase; (3) sharing experiences for relief and becoming aware of real-life situations. Community engagement and -education about palliative care for migrants effectively increases knowledge about palliative care and is a first step towards improved access to palliative care services, capacity building and a dignified last phase of life among migrants.

Escalas de aculturación para minorias étnicas: una revisión de literatura / Scales of acculturation for ethnic minorities: a literature review

La aculturación proceso multidimensional que afecta a grupos étnicos que se enfrentan a una cultura distinta a la originaria, ha sido estudiada en su relación con la salud, encontrándose inconsistencia en diversos estudios, pudiendo deberse a los distintos instrumentos utilizados para medir este proceso. El objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es analizar las características y propiedades psicométricas de los instrumentos que miden la aculturaciónen minorías étnicas en ciertos procesos de salud. Revisión bibliográfica narrativa, cuyo propósito fue revisar investigaciones relacionadas a la medición de aculturación asociada a la salud en grupos étnicos, en las bases de datos de CINAHAL y PubMed, seleccionándolos de acuerdo al cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión y exclusión en los últimos 10 años. Son 13 los instrumentos de aculturación encontrados en la revisión, respecto a las características de los instrumentos de aculturación el 77% de ellos tiene un enfoque bidimensional, la medición del lenguaje y/o idioma es el dominio más utilizado,el 38% de estos instrumentospresentan un nivel de fiabilidad sobre lo aceptable (0,7). Las dimensiones consideradas en los instrumentos de aculturación son distintas entre un instrumento y otro, o no consideran todas las dimensiones involucradas en el proceso de aculturación. La fiabilidad y validez no es conocida en todos los instrumentos de aculturación utilizados pudiendo afectar la correcta comprensión e interpretación de los resultados obtenidos en estudio realizados en grupo étnicos.

The multidimensional acculturation process that affects ethnic groups that face a culture different from their original has been studied in their relationship with health, finding inconsistency in various studies. These inconsistencies may be due to the different instruments used to measure this process. The objective of this literature review is to analyze the characteristics and psychometric properties of the instruments that measure acculturation in ethnic minorities in particular health processes. Narrative bibliographic review, whose purpose was to review research related to the measurement of acculturation associated with health in ethnic groups, in the CINAHAL and PubMed databases, selecting them according to compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria in the last 10 years. There are 13 acculturation instruments found in the review, regarding the characteristics of acculturation instruments 77% of them have a two-dimensional approach, the measurement of language or dialect is the most used domain, 38% of these instruments have a level of reliability over the acceptable (0.7). Acculturation instruments do not consider all the dimensions involved in the acculturation process, being also different between one instrument and another. Reliability and validity are not known in all acculturation instruments used and may affect the correct understanding and interpretation of the results obtained in ethnic group studies