Neonatal overnutritional programming impairs the hypophagia and neuron activation induced by acute lipopolysaccharide in adult male rats.

Nutritional status during critical windows in early development can challenge metabolic functions and physiological responses to immune stress in adulthood, such as the systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effects of post-natal over- and undernutrition on the anorexigenic effect of LPS and its association with neuronal activation in the brainstem and hypothalamus of male rats. Animals were raised in litters of 3 (small - SL), 10 (normal - NL), or 16 (large - LL) pups per dam. On post-natal day 60, male rats were treated with LPS (500 µg/Kg) or vehicle for the evaluation of food intake and c-Fos expression in the area postrema (AP), nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), and paraventricular (PVN), arcuate (ARC), ventromedial (VMH), and dorsomedial (DMH) nuclei of the hypothalamus. SL, NL, and LL animals showed a decreased food consumption after LPS treatment. In under- and normonourished animals, peripheral LPS induced an increase in neuronal activation in the brainstem, PaV, PaMP, and ARC and a decrease in the number of c-Fos-ir neurons in the DMH. Overnourished rats showed a reduced hypophagic response, lower neuron activation in the NTS and PaMP, and no response in the DMH induced by LPS. These results indicate that early nutritional programming displays different responses to LPS, by means of neonatal overnutrition decreasing LPS-mediated anorexigenic effect and neuronal activation in the NTS and hypothalamic nuclei.

Nutritional support in the critical ill patient: Requirements, prescription and adherence.

INTRODUCTION: In critically ill patients, nutritional support is a challenge in terms of both estimating their requirements and ensuring adherence to the prescribed treatment. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between requirements, prescription and adherence to energy and protein supplementation based on the phase of disease in critically ill patients. SAMPLE AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, observational and analytical study in patients aged 0-18 years admitted to the paediatric intensive or intermediate care unit in 2020-2021. We collected data on demographic and anthropometric characteristics and the phase of disease (acute phase [AP] vs. non-acute phase [nAP]), in addition to prescribing (P) (indication of nutritional support), basal metabolic rate (BMR, Schofield equation), adherence to nutritional support (A) and protein requirements (R), and calculated the following ratios: P/BMR, P/R, A/BMR, A/R, and A/P. RESULTS: The sample included 131 participants with a median age of 16 (4.5) months, of who 128 (97.7%) had comorbidities and 13 (9.9%) were in the AP. Comparing the phases of disease (AP vs. nAP), the median values for energy supplementation were P/BMR, 0.5 (IQR, 0.1-1.4) vs. 1.3 (IQR, 0.9-1.8) (P = 0.0054); A/BMR, 0.4 (IQR, 0-0.6) vs. 1.2 (IQR, 0.8-1.7) (P = 0.0005); A/P, 0.7 (IQR, 0-0.9) vs. 1 (IQR, 0.8-1) (P = 0.002), and for protein were P/R, 0.7 (IQR, 0-1.1) vs. 1.2 (0.9-1.6) (P = 0.0009); A/R 0.3 (IQR, 0-0.6) vs. 1.1 (IQR, 0.8-1.5) (P = 0.0002); A/P 0.7 (IQR, 0-1) vs. 1(IQR, 0.8-1) (P = 0.002). We found AP/nAP ratios greater than 110% for energy in the P/BMR (4 patients [30.8%]/72 patients [61%]; P = 0.007), A/BMR (3 [23%]/63 [53.4%]; P = 0.009) and A/P (1 [7%]/3 [2.5%]; P = 0.007). As for protein, more than 1.5 g/kg/day was prescribed in 3 patients (23.1%) in the AP and 71 (60.1%) in the nAP. We found adherence to the prescribed intake in 2 (15.4%) patients in the AP and 66 (56%) in the nAP. We found a correlation coefficient of 0.6 between the energy P/R and the protein P/R. Prescribed support was discontinued in 7 patients (53.8%) in the AP and 31 (26.3%) in the nAP (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of adherence to prescribed nutritional support was high in patients in the nAP of the disease. Overfeeding was frequent, more so in the nAP. We identified difficulties in adhering to prescribed support, chief of which was the discontinuation of feeding.

Citrus aurantium L. and synephrine improve brown adipose tissue function in adolescent mice programmed by early postnatal overfeeding.

Introduction and aims: Obesity is a multifactorial condition with high health risk, associated with important chronic disorders such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular dysfunction. Citrus aurantium L. (C. aurantium) is a medicinal plant, and its active component, synephrine, a ß-3 adrenergic agonist, can be used for weight loss. We investigated the effects of C. aurantium and synephrine in obese adolescent mice programmed by early postnatal overfeeding. Methods: Three days after birth, male Swiss mice were divided into a small litter (SL) group (3 pups) and a normal litter (NL) group (9 pups). At 30 days old, SL and NL mice were treated with C. aurantium standardized to 6% synephrine, C. aurantium with 30% synephrine, isolated synephrine, or vehicle for 19 days. Results: The SL group had a higher body weight than the NL group. Heart rate and blood pressure were not elevated. The SL group had hyperleptinemia and central obesity that were normalized by C. aurantium and synephrine. In brown adipose tissue, the SL group showed a higher lipid droplet sectional area, less nuclei, a reduction in thermogenesis markers related to thermogenesis (UCP-1, PRDM16, PGC-1α and PPARg), and mitochondrial disfunction. C. aurantium and synephrine treatment normalized these parameters. Conclusion: Our data indicates that the treatment with C. aurantium and synephrine could be a promising alternative for the control of some obesity dysfunction, such as improvement of brown adipose tissue dysfunction and leptinemia.

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation During Lactation Programs the Metabolism of Adult Wistar Rats in a Sex-specific Way.

BACKGROUND: The intestinal microbiota is involved in many physiological processes. However, the effects of microbiota in metabolic programming still unknow. We evaluated whether the transplantation of fecal microbiota during early life can program health or disease during adulthood in a model of lean and obese male and female Wistar rats. METHODS: Parental obesity were induced using a small litter (SL, 3 pups/dam) model. At 90 d old, normal litter (NL, 9 pups/dam) and SL males and females (parents) from different litters were mated: NL male vs. NL female; SL male vs. SL female. After birth, male and female offspring rats were also standardized in normal litters or small litters . From the 10th until 25th d of life, the NL and SL male and female offspring received via gavage of a solution containing the diluted feces of the opposite dam (fecal microbiota, M) or saline solution (S). At 90 d of age, biometric and biochemical parameters were assessed. RESULTS: NLM male rats transplanted with obese microbiota showed increased body weight, and fat pad deposition, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. SLM male rats transplanted with lean microbiota had decreased retroperitoneal and mesenteric fat, triglycerides and VLDL levels and improvement of glucose tolerance. Despite SLM female rats showed higher visceral fat, microbiota transplantation in female rats caused no changes in these parameters compared with control groups. CONCLUSION: Fecal microbiota transplantation during lactation induces long-term effects on the metabolism of male Wistar rats. However, female rats were resistant to metabolic alterations caused by the treatment.

Maternal postnatal early overfeeding induces sex-related cardiac dysfunction and alters sexually hormones levels in young offspring.

Postnatal early overfeeding (PO) is a risk factor for cardiometabolic disorders. However, remains unknown the cardiac effects in the second generation from postnatal overfed dams. Our aim was to investigate the effects of maternal PO on cardiac parameters in second generation (F2) offspring. For this, pregnant Wistar rats (F0) were divided into two groups: normal litter (NL, 9 pups) and small litter (SL, 3 pups). At P70, female offspring (F1) of both groups were mated with non-PO male rats. At P21 male and female F2 offspring (NLO and SLO) were weaned, and at P45 they were euthanized to evaluate the cardiac function and sample collection. Male and female SLO showed increased body weight, food intake and adiposity. Blood estradiol levels were increased in the male SLO and decreased in the female SLO. Blood testosterone levels increased in SLO females, but not change in SLO male rats. Although SLO offspring presented cardiac hypertrophy, only males had ex vivo functional impairments, such as reduction of the intraventricular systolic pressure and dP/dt. Male and female SLO had increased interstitial fibrosis; however, only the male SLO had increased perivascular fibrosis. In addition, only male rats from SLO group had decreased AKT and Type 2 Ang-2 receptor, increased catalase and type alpha estrogenic receptor protein levels. Maternal PO leads to obese phenotype and alters sex-steroid levels in both male and female offspring. Although both sexes showed cardiac hypertrophy, only male offspring showed cardiac dysfunction, which may be related with Ang2 and AKT signaling impairments.

Early postnatal overnutrition impairs VO2max gains with moderate exercise and increase post-exercise muscle damage in adult male rats.

Exercise counteracts obesity effects, but information on how early-life obesity may affect long-term adaptation to exercise is lacking. This study investigates the impact of early-life postnatal overfeeding (PO) on animals' adaptation to exercise. Only male Wistar rats were used. On postnatal day (PN) 30, rats from control (NL-9 pups) or PO (SL-3 pups) litters were separated into four groups: NL-sedentary (NL-Se), NL-exercised (NL-Ex), SL-sedentary (SL-Se), and SL-exercised (SL-Ex). Exercised groups performed moderate-intensity exercise, running on a treadmill, from PN30 to PN90. Further experiments were carried out between PN90 and PN92. PO promoted obesity in SL versus NL rats (P < 0.05). Exercise reduced body weight (P < 0.001), body fat (P < 0.01), and improved glucose homeostasis in SL-Ex versus SL-Se. SL-Ex presented lower VO2max (P < 0.01) and higher post-exercise LDH (P < 0.05) compared to NL-Ex rats. Although moderate exercise counteracted obesity in SL rats, early-life overnutrition restricts fitness gains in adulthood, indicating that early obesity may impair animals' adaptation to exercise.

Dietary fatty acids as nutritional modulators of sirtuins: a systematic review.

CONTEXT: The sirtuins (SIRT1 to SIRT7) constitute a family of highly conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent proteins. When activated, sirtuins control essential cellular processes to maintain metabolic homeostasis, while lack of expression of sirtuins has been related to chronic disease. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the role of fat consumption as a modulator of human sirtuins. DATA SOURCES: This review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies were identified by searches of the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials assessing the effect of fatty acid consumption on sirtuin mRNA expression, sirtuin protein expression, or sirtuin protein activity were eligible for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors screened and determined the quality of the studies; disagreements were resolved by the third author. All authors compared the compiled data. RESULTS: Seven clinical studies with 3 different types of interventions involving healthy and nonhealthy participants were selected. Only SIRT1 and SIRT3 were evaluated. Overall, the evidence from clinical studies to date is insufficient to understand how lipid consumption modulates sirtuins in humans. The best-characterized mechanism highlights oleic acid as a natural activator of SIRT1. CONCLUSION: These results draw attention to a new field of interest in nutrition science. The possible activation of sirtuins by dietary fat manipulation may represent an important nutritional strategy for management of chronic and metabolic disease. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number CRD42018114456.

Long-term effects of early overfeeding and food restriction during puberty on cardiac remodeling in adult rats.

Nutritional disorders during the perinatal period cause cardiometabolic dysfunction, which is observable in the early overfeeding (EO) experimental model. Therefore, severe caloric restriction has the potential of affecting homeostasis through the same epigenetic mechanisms, and its effects need elucidation. This work aims to determine the impact of food restriction (FR) during puberty in early overfed obese and non-obese animals in adult life. Three days after delivery (PN3), Wistar rats were separated into two groups: normal litter (NL; 9 pups) and small litter (SL; 3 pups). At PN30, some offspring were subjected to FR (50%) until PN60, or maintained with free access to standard chow. NL and SL animals submitted to food restriction (NLFR and SLFR groups) were kept in recovery with free access to standard chow from PN60 until PN120. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the experimental period. At PN120 cardiovascular parameters were analyzed and the animals were euthanized for sample collection. SLNF and SLFR offspring were overweight and had increased adiposity. Differences in blood pressure were observed only between obese and non-obese animals. Obese and FR animals have cardiac remodeling showing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the presence of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. FR animals also show increased expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors and of total ERK and p-ERK. The present study showed that EO leads to the obese phenotype and cardiovascular disruptions. Interestingly, we demonstrated that severe FR during puberty leads to cardiac remodeling.

Fluoxetine administration in juvenile overfed rats improves hypothalamic mitochondrial respiration and REDOX status and induces mitochondrial biogenesis transcriptional expression.

Nutritional imbalance in early life may disrupt the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis and increase the risk of metabolic disease. The hypothalamic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) system based in the hypothalamus plays an important role in the homeostatic control of energy balance, however the mechanisms underlying the regulation of energy metabolism by 5-HT remain poorly described. Several crucial mitochondrial functions are altered by mitochondrial stress. Adaptations to this stress include changes in mitochondrial multiplication (i.e, mitochondrial biogenesis). Due to the scarcity of evidence regarding the effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) such as fluoxetine (FLX) on mitochondrial function, we sought to investigate the potential contribution of FLX on changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis occurring in overfed rats. Using a neonatal overfeeding model, male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups between 39 and 59 days of age based on nutrition and FLX administration: normofed + vehicle (NV), normofed + FLX (NF), overfed + vehicle (OV) and overfed + FLX (OF). We found that neonatal overfeeding impaired mitochondrial respiration and increased oxidative stress biomarkers in the hypothalamus. FLX administration in overfed rats reestablished mitochondrial oxygen consumption, increased mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2) expression, reduced total reactive species (RS) production and oxidative stress biomarkers, and up-regulated mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes. Taken together our results suggest that FLX administration in overfed rats improves mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and oxidative balance and increases the transcription of genes employed in mitochondrial biogenesis favoring mitochondrial energy efficiency in response to early nutritional imbalance.

Tamarind Trypsin Inhibitor in Chitosan-Whey Protein Nanoparticles Reduces Fasting Blood Glucose Levels without Compromising Insulinemia: A Preclinical Study.

In vivo studies show the benefits of the trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind (Tamarindusindica L.) (TTI) seeds in satiety and obesity. In the present study, TTI nanoencapsulation (ECW) was performed to potentialize the effect of TTI and allow a controlled release in the stomach. The impact on glycemia, insulin, and lipid profile was evaluated in Wistar rats overfed with a high glycemic index diet (HGLI). Characterization of the nanoparticles and in vitro stability in simulated gastrointestinal conditions, monitored by antitrypsin activity and HPLC, was performed. ECW and empty nanoparticles (CW) were administered by gavage, using 12.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively. Both nanoformulations presented a spherical shape and smooth surface, with an average diameter of 117.4 nm (24.1) for ECW and 123.9 nm (11.3) for CW. ECW maintained the antitrypsin activity (95.5%) in the gastric phase, while TTI was completely hydrolyzed. In Wistar rats, the nanoformulations significantly reduced glycemia and HOMA IR, and ECW increased HDL-c compared to CW (p < 0.05).Pancreas histopathology of animals treated with ECW suggested an onset of tissue repair. Thenanoencapsulation provided TTI protection, gradual release in the desired condition, and improvement of biochemical parameters related to carbohydrate metabolism disorders,without compromising insulinemia.

Effect of postnatal overfeeding on the male and female Wistar rat reproductive parameters.

Overweight/obesity has become a worldwide epidemic, and factors such as a sedentary lifestyle and inadequate eating habits directly contribute to the development of this condition. Studies indicate that rapid weight gain at critical development stages, such as the lactation period, is associated with the development of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes in the long term. In addition to metabolic changes during adulthood, overweight/obesity may influence reproductive function of the population. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate postnatal overfeeding effects on male and female Wistar rat reproductive parameters. Postnatal overfeeding was induced by applying the litter reduction method for both sexes. Forty animals were used, divided into four groups: two with normal litters (NL♂ and NL♀) and two with small litters (SL♂ and SL♀). The males were euthanized at 90 days of age, on the same date the females were mated. Females were also euthanized after the 20-day gestation. Metabolic and reproductive variables were analyzed. Regarding males, SL animals showed increased body weight, adiposity, and decreased relative weight of the seminal vesicle, prostate, and epididymis as well as changes in the ITT and OGTT glycemic tests. Concerning females, SL animals presented increased body weight, relative perigonadal fat weight, glucose intolerance as well as modify the vaginal opening and increased weight of female pup. The litter reduction method was efficient in leading to metabolic and reproductive alterations in male and female Wistar rat.

Postnatal early overfeeding induces cardiovascular dysfunction by oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats.

AIMS: Obesity is associated with innumerous comorbidities, including cardiovascular diseases, that occur by various mechanisms, including hyperactivation of the renin angiotensin system, oxidative stress and cardiovascular overload. Postnatal early overfeeding (PO) leads to metabolic imprinting that induces weight gain throughout life, and in this paper, we aimed to evaluate cardiovascular parameters and cardiac molecular changes due to obesity induced early in life by PO. MAIN METHODS: Male Wistar rats (120-days-old), raised in normal (NL) or small litters (SL), were submitted to cardiac assessment by transthoracic echocardiography and blood pressure evaluation. Thereafter, the hearts and aorta rings from these animals were submitted to ex-vivo isolated assays. Still, cardiac morphological and molecular analyses were performed. KEY FINDINGS: PO induced ventricular hypertrophy, raised blood pressure, increased fibrosis, and ex-vivo cardiac dysfunction in the SL group. Furthermore, SL animals presented impaired vascular relaxation and increased vascular constriction responses. Besides functional alterations, SL animals presented augmented RAB-1b and SOD-1, despite no changes in RAS receptors expression or Akt/eNOS pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: Taken together, our results consolidate the knowledge that the PO during lactation is critical for cardiometabolic programming, leading to oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling in later stages of life.

Overfeeding a High-Fat Diet Promotes Sex-Specific Alterations on the Gut Microbiota of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Diet modulates the gut microbiota and is one of the main factors promoting obesity and overweight. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the gut microbiota of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were separated into three groups and fed in different regimes: low fat, high fat, and high fat overfed; the experiments were performed on males and females separately. We analyzed more than 2.6 million sequences of variable region V3 of the 16S rRNA gene generated by the Illumina Miniseq platform, clustered to 97% similarity with vsearch and classified with the EzBioCloud database. The weight gain, condition factor (K), and body mass index were calculated as indicators of obesity. Multivariate analysis (PERMANOVA and ANOSIM) and diversity indices (Shannon and Dominance) revealed that overfeeding a HFD disturbs the gut microbiota differently in males and females suggesting that sex is a significant factor (p < 0.05) for the composition of the gut microbiota of zebrafish. The results also indicate that a HFD provided in a basal caloric regime does not promote obesity or alterations in the gut microbiota.

Amount, Preparation and Type of Formula Consumed and Its Association with Weight Gain in Infants Participating in the WIC Program in Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

The aim of this study was to assess the association between amount (below or above recommendations), preparation (liquid vs. powder), and type (regular vs. hydrolysate) of infant formula consumed and weight in infants participating in the Women, Infant and Children (WIC) Program in Hawaii (HI) and Puerto Rico (PR). This was a secondary analysis of 162 caregivers with healthy term 0⁻2-month-old infants. Socio-demographics, infant food frequency questionnaires, and weight and length were assessed at baseline and after four months. Infant feeding practices were associated with weight-for-length z-scores using multivariable logistic regression. In total, 37.7% were exclusively breastfed and 27.2% were exclusively formula-fed. Among formula users, regular (63.6%) and powder (87.0%) formula were the most common; 43.2% consumed formula above recommendations. Most infants had rapid weight gain (61.1%). Infants fed regular formula had higher odds of overweight after four months (adjusted OR = 8.77, 95% CI: 1.81⁻42.6) and higher odds of rapid weight gain (adjusted OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.12, 8.61). Those exclusively formula fed had higher odds of slow weight gain (adjusted OR = 4.07, 95% CI: 1.17⁻14.2). Formula preparation and amount of formula were not associated with weight. These results could inform the WIC program's nutrition education messages on infant feeding. Studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm these results.

Mitochondrial impairment following neonatal overfeeding: A comparison between normal and ischemic-reperfused hearts.

Overweight and obesity are established factors underpin several metabolic impairments, including the cardiovascular. Although the diversity of factors involved in overweight/obesity-induced cardiovascular diseases, mitochondria has been highlighted due to its role in cardiac metabolism. As obesity can be originated in early postnatal life, the current study evaluates the effects of neonatal overfeeding on the cardiac mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative balance in rats that underwent an ischemia-reperfusion insult. Seventy-two hours after delivery, Wistar rat litters were randomly assigned into the control (C; nine pups per mother) and the Overfed (OF; three pups per mother) groups throughout the lactation period. At weaning, male offspring were fed with laboratory chow ad libitum until sacrifice at 30 and 60 days of life. Mitochondrial heart bioenergetics and oxidative balance showed to be deeply affected by neonatal overfeeding at both ages. Interestingly, after ischemia-reperfusion insult I/R (Langendorff or mineral oil incubation), most parameters evaluated in OF animals were not influenced by additional ischemic-reperfusion injury. Our findings demonstrated that suckling overfeeding deregulates cardiac mitochondrial alike to ischemia-reperfusion insult by disengaging electrical mitochondrial coupling and potentiate oxidative stress, wherein the neonatal overfeeding shows to be so detrimental as I/R. Our findings support the concept that nutritional insults in the critical development periods increase the risk for cardiovascular disease and mitochondria impairments throughout life while oxidative damage change between molecular targets.

Maternal low-protein diet during lactation combined with early overfeeding impair male offspring's long-term glucose homeostasis.

PURPOSE: The early-life nutritional environment affects long-term glucose homeostasis, we investigated the effects of maternal low-protein diet combined with postnatal early overfeeding on the male offspring's glucose homeostasis in adulthood. METHODS: Only male rats were used, and their delivery was considered postnatal-day 0 (PN0). Wistar rats' dams were divided into control (NP) or low-protein diet (LP). LP dams remained on the diet until PN14, after which all animals were supplied with the control diet. At PN2, litters were adjusted to 9 (control-NL) or 3 (postnatal-overfeeding-PO) pups, resulting in four experimental groups: NP-NL, NP-PO, LP-NL, and LP-PO. Litters were weaned on PN21. At PN80, a batch of animals from all experimental groups underwent surgery for cannula implantation, followed by intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT), but the insulinogenic index (ISI) was calculated. At PN81, animals were euthanized and tissues were collected. RESULTS: LP-diet and early postnatal-overfeeding were effective in promoting the expected biometric outcomes at PN21 and PN81, but the LP-PO animals present a biometric profile similar to the control (NP-NL) group. Postnatal-overfeeding increased fasting glycemia in LP-PO animals (p < 0.01). In the ivGTT, postnatal-overfeeding elevated the glycemia (p < 0.0001), exacerbated in LP-PO animals (p < 0.0001). Insulinemia was reduced by both, maternal LP-diet and postnatal-overfeeding, with a higher degree of reduction in LP-PO animals (p < 0.0001). Maternal LP-diet and postnatal-overfeeding reduced the ISI (p < 0.0001). Factors interaction lead the LP-PO to a lower ISI compared to all other groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of low-protein diet in breastfeeding dams with postnatal overfeeding disturbed the offspring's glucose metabolism in adulthood.

The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fatty liver and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in overfed landes geese

Goose fatty liver is a delicious food product and the overfeeding will cause the abnormal physiology of the geese. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on the fatty liver, ileal and cecal microbiota of Landes geese during overfeeding. Sixty 70-day-old Landes geese (body weight= 3.0 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, two of which were overfed with whole corn supplemented with or without HSCAS for 20 days when the fatty liver reaches to the maximum size and the negative control group was ad libitum access to the corn basal diet. The intestinal contents of the ileum and cecum from three geese per group were used for high-throughput sequencing. As a result of this study, the HSCAS-treatment led to an increase in relative liver weight (p 0.05) of geese compared with the overfeeding control group. The richness and diversity of the bacterial communities decreased in the ileum and ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, especially Lactobacillus, in ileal samples. HSCAS supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacillus in the ileum and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichi, Bacteroides and Escherichia in the ceca. Bacterial richness indicators were also increased in samples from ileum and ceca after HSCAS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary HSCAS supplementation promoted liver performance in overfed Landes geese. HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota composition in geese during the overfeeding.(AU)

The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fatty liver and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in overfed landes geese

Goose fatty liver is a delicious food product and the overfeeding will cause the abnormal physiology of the geese. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on the fatty liver, ileal and cecal microbiota of Landes geese during overfeeding. Sixty 70-day-old Landes geese (body weight= 3.0 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, two of which were overfed with whole corn supplemented with or without HSCAS for 20 days when the fatty liver reaches to the maximum size and the negative control group was ad libitum access to the corn basal diet. The intestinal contents of the ileum and cecum from three geese per group were used for high-throughput sequencing. As a result of this study, the HSCAS-treatment led to an increase in relative liver weight (p 0.05) of geese compared with the overfeeding control group. The richness and diversity of the bacterial communities decreased in the ileum and ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, especially Lactobacillus, in ileal samples. HSCAS supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacillus in the ileum and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichi, Bacteroides and Escherichia in the ceca. Bacterial richness indicators were also increased in samples from ileum and ceca after HSCAS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary HSCAS supplementation promoted liver performance in overfed Landes geese. HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota composition in geese during the overfeeding.

Neonatal overfeeding impairs differentiation potential of mice subcutaneous adipose mesenchymal stem cells.

Nutritional changes in the development (intrauterine life and postnatal period) may trigger long-term pathophysiological complications such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. Metabolic programming leads to organs and tissues modifications, including adipose tissue, with increased lipogenesis, production of inflammatory cytokines, and decreased glucose uptake. However, stem cells participation in adipose tissue dysfunctions triggered by overfeeding during lactation has not been elucidated. Therefore, this study was the first to evaluate the effect of metabolic programming on adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASC) from mice submitted to overfeeding during lactation, using the litter reduction model. Cells were evaluated for proliferation capacity, viability, immunophenotyping, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The content of UCP-2 and PGC1-α was determined by Western Blot. ASC differentiation potential in adipogenic and osteogenic environments was also evaluated, as well the markers of adipogenic differentiation (PPAR-γ and FAB4) and osteogenic differentiation (osteocalcin) by RT-qPCR. Results indicated that neonatal overfeeding does not affect ASC proliferation, ROS production, and viability. However, differentiation potential and proteins related to metabolism were altered. ASC from overfed group presented increased adipogenic differentiation, decreased osteogenic differentiation, and also showed increased PGC1-α protein content and reduced UCP-2 expression. Thus, ASC may be involved with the increased adiposity observed in neonatal overfeeding, and its therapeutic potential may be affected.

An Experimental Approach to Study Individual Differences in Infants' Intake and Satiation Behaviors during Bottle-Feeding.

BACKGROUND: As a group, bottle-fed infants are at higher risk for rapid weight gain compared with breast-fed infants. However, little is known about individual differences in feeding behaviors of bottle-feeding infants, as well as maternal and infant characteristics associated with bottle-feeding outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a 2-day, within-subject study of 21 formula-feeding dyads; the within-subject factor was feeding condition: mother-led (ML; mothers were given the instruction to feed their infants as they typically would) vs. infant-led (IL; the experimenter ensured feeding began when infants signaled hunger and ended when they rejected the bottle on three consecutive occasions). Intake was determined by bottle weight; feedings were video-recorded and later analyzed to determine feeding duration and types of satiation behaviors displayed. Percent difference scores were calculated for each outcome as [((ML - IL)/IL) × 100] to standardize differences among dyads. Mothers completed questionnaires of feeding styles and infant temperament. RESULTS: On average, infants consumed ∼42% more formula during the ML- than IL-condition (p = 0.03). However, notable variation existed in difference scores for intake (range = -52.8% to 268.9%; higher scores reflect greater intake during ML than IL). Stepwise regression illustrated that greater intakes during the ML-condition were predicted by the combination of: (1) higher infant age; (2) lower levels of infant rhythmicity and adaptability; (3) higher levels of infant positive mood; and (4) lower levels of maternal restrictive and responsive feeding styles. CONCLUSIONS: This objective, experimental approach illustrated that variation in bottle-feeding outcomes is associated with characteristics of both members of the dyad.