Maternal smoking prevalence in Brazil in 2013 and 2019: not what we expected when they were expecting!

INTRODUCTION: Monitoring tobacco use during pregnancy is critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We examined changes between 2013 and 2019 in the relative differences in smoking prevalence rates between pregnant and non-pregnant women aged 18-49 years. METHODS: We used data from a nationally representative health survey conducted in Brazil in 2013 and 2019. A generalized linear model with binomial family and logarithmic link function was used to estimate, for each year of analysis, the crude and adjusted (by age-group, educational attainment, place of residence, and status of protection from passive smoking at home) relative differences. RESULTS: In 2013,the proportion point estimate of tobacco use among pregnant women was lower than that observed among non-pregnant women (4.7% vs. 9.6%). However, in 2019 proportion point estimates were virtually the same (8.5% vs. 8.4%). After adjustment for selected variables, in 2013, smoking prevalence among pregnant women was 42% (p-value≤0.05) lower than that observed among non-pregnant women. On the other hand, in 2019, maternal smoking prevalence was 13% (p-value>0.05) higher than that found among non-pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing tobacco industry interference and the marketing of tobacco products to vulnerable populations pose serious threats to public health and likely contributed to increasing maternal smoking prevalence. The fact that women smoke in such an important phase of their and their unborn children's lives reinforces the need to strengthen the implementation of concurrent tobacco control actions, including tobacco excise tax policy and pre-natal tobacco prevention and cessation interventions as part of health professionals' routine consultation. IMPLICATIONS: The decline in smoking prevalence among non-pregnant women between 2013 and 2019 was accompanied by an increase in maternal smoking prevalence. Monitoring tobacco use during pregnancy is critical for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Ongoing tobacco industry interference and the marketing of tobacco products to vulnerable populations in Brazil pose serious threats to public health. The fact that women smoke in such an important phase of their and their unborn children's lives reinforces the need to strengthen the implementation of concurrent tobacco control actions, including tobacco excise tax policy and primary healthcare professionals´ tobacco-related assistance during interaction with their patients.

Homozygous deletion of glutathione S-transferase theta 1 and mu 1 increase the risk of non-syndromic oral clefts in a Mexican population.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether null variants of Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) and GST Theta 1 (GSTT1) in infants and mothers, as well as maternal exposures to environmental factors, contribute to the risk of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL/P) in a Mexican population. DESIGN: We performed a matched pair case-control study, including 98 cases and 98 controls and their mothers. Sociodemographic information and environmental exposures were collected by a questionnaire. Null variants of GSTM1 and GSTT1 were assessed by multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Odds ratios (OR) and their 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate risks. The interaction of genetic variables with smoking and adjusted ORs were evaluated by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Homozygous null GSTM1 was associated with the risk of NSCL/P when present in mothers (OR = 2.45, 95 % CI 1.23-4.86) or infants (OR = 2.98, 95 % CI 1.45-6.14). A higher risk was also found when children carried the homozygous null GSTT1 (OR = 4.89, 95 % CI 2.42-9.87). In mothers, this variant showed a crude risk of 9.17 (95 % CI 3.95-21.29), which increased to OR = 13.81 (95 % CI 1.63-117.09) upon interaction with frequent passive smoking (5-7 days/week). Sociodemographic and other environmental exposures were not significantly associated with the risk of NSCL/P. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and infant GSTT1 and GSTM1 homozygous null genotypes were associated with a higher risk of NSCL/P, and the results suggest an interaction of the maternal GSTT1-null/null genotype with frequent passive smoking.

Prevalence and Determinants of Tobacco Smoking Among Low-Income Urban Adolescents.

Background: Tobacco-smoking in children is one of the most crucial public health concerns, which could be highly prevalent in underprivileged populations. Methods: A cross sectional, random sampling survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of current tobacco-smoking and related risk factors among adolescents living in a low-income area of Santiago de Chile. Results: Of the 2,747 adolescents participating in the study, 24.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) 22.3-25.5] were current smokers, with no significant difference between girls and boys. Factors associated with current smoking were as follows: positive attitude to smoking cigarettes offered by peers [odds ratio (OR) 8.0; 95% CI 5.7-11.3, P < 0.001], having smoking best friends (OR 4.0; 95% CI 2.6-6.0, P < 0.001), and passive smoking in the house (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.2-3.1, P = 0.008). A total of 16.8% (95% CI 11.4-18.2) of children had smoked an entire cigarette at the age of ≤12, and 62.3% (95% CI, 60.5-64.1) were passive smokers at home. Regarding nonsmoking children, 52.4% (95% CI 49.74-55.06) were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. Conclusion: The prevalence of current tobacco-smoking in adolescents is high and increasing compared to previous studies undertaken in the selected low-resourced area. Two-thirds of children who started smoking before the age of 12 years were current smokers at the time of the survey, highlighting the prevalence of the powerful addiction generated and the need for better preventive strategies against tobacco-smoking for children living in low-resource communities.

Mucociliary Clearance of Different Respiratory Conditions: A Clinical Study.

Introduction Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is the first line of defense of the pulmonary system. Mucociliary clearance impairment may lead to increased risk of respiratory infections, lung injury, pulmonary repair problems, chronic dysfunctions and progression of respiratory diseases. Objective To characterize the MCC of active and passive smokers and individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and compare the MCC behaviors between men and women of different age groups. Methods Patients with COPD (current smokers and ex-smokers) and apparently healthy individuals (current smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers) were evaluated. All of the subjects underwent lung function and MCC evaluation (saccharin transport test [STT]). Smokers (with or without COPD) were questioned about the smoking history. Results A total of 418 individuals aged 16 to 82 years old, of both genders, were evaluated. The STT values of active and passive smokers were statistically higher than those of the control group ( p < 0.01). Men of the control group had lower values of STT than active smokers (9.7 ± 7.1 and 15.4 ± 10.1 minute, respectively, p < 0.01). In addition, higher MCC velocity was observed in women that are current smokers (11.7 ± 6.8 minute) compared with men (15.4 ± 10.1 minute) in this group ( p = 0.01). Among the younger age groups (< 50 years old), only passive smokers presented higher STT in relation to the control group. Conclusion Passive and active smoking are factors that influence negatively the MCC, and passive smokers may present losses of this mechanism at a younger age. Additionally, male smokers present worse MCC than male nonsmokers.

Mucociliary Clearance of Different Respiratory Conditions: A Clinical Study

Abstract Introduction Mucociliary clearance (MCC) is the first line of defense of the pulmonary system. Mucociliary clearance impairment may lead to increased risk of respiratory infections, lung injury, pulmonary repair problems, chronic dysfunctions and progression of respiratory diseases. Objective To characterize the MCC of active and passive smokers and individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and compare the MCC behaviors between men and women of different age groups. Methods Patients with COPD (current smokers and ex-smokers) and apparently healthy individuals (current smokers, passive smokers and nonsmokers) were evaluated. All of the subjects underwent lung function and MCC evaluation (saccharin transport test [STT]). Smokers (with or without COPD) were questioned about the smoking history. Results A total of 418 individuals aged 16 to 82 years old, of both genders, were evaluated. The STT values of active and passive smokers were statistically higher than those of the control group (p < 0.01). Men of the control group had lower values of STT than active smokers (9.7 ± 7.1 and 15.4 ± 10.1 minute, respectively, p < 0.01). In addition, higher MCC velocity was observed in women that are current smokers (11.7 ± 6.8 minute) compared with men (15.4 ± 10.1 minute) in this group (p = 0.01). Among the younger age groups (< 50 years old), only passive smokers presented higher STT in relation to the control group. Conclusion Passive and active smoking are factors that influence negatively the MCC, and passive smokers may present losses of this mechanism at a younger age. Additionally, male smokers present worse MCC than male nonsmokers.

Night entertainment venues comply poorly with the smoke-free law in Chile.

The initial high level of compliance with the Chilean comprehensive national smoke-free law in 2013 is fading, particularly in the hospitality sector. This paper draws attention to how using a simple and low-cost surveillance inquiry may help focus on the use of scarce inspection resources to improve compliance with the law in the hospitality sector. We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of second-hand smoke exposure in night entertainment venues in Santiago, Chile, by measuring particulate matter of less than 2.5µm (PM2.5). Smoking where prohibited by law was observed in 36% of the venues visited. Venues where smoking was spotted at the time of the observation had a median PM2.5 concentration 13 times higher than background concentration on the street. The study shows that a targeted approach for inspection to find pockets of venues with suboptimal compliance is feasible and affordable.

Prevalence of urinary cotinine levels in children under 5 years of age during consultations for acute respiratory disease at the emergency department of the Universidad de La Sabana clinic.

BACKGROUND: Several environmental factors favour the occurrence of acute respiratory disease, which is the main reason for paediatric consultations in our country (Colombia). Tobacco smoke is considered a significant environmental pollutant with a great impact on health. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of cotinine levels measured in urine, in children between 1 to 60 months of age who attended an emergency department with acute respiratory disease. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted that included children between 1 and 60 months of age with acute respiratory disease who were admitted to the emergency department of the Universidad de La Sabana Clinic between April and July 2016. RESULTS: We included 268 patients and 36% were female. Of the total population examined, 33.96% showed positive results for urinary cotinine, of whom 97.8% had values between 10 and 100 ng/ml, which is considered positive for exposure to second-hand smoke. The principal pathology was recurrent wheezing in 43.96% of these cases. Regarding the presence of smokers at home, it is important to mention that in 54.95% of the children with positive urinary cotinine test was no related with smokers at home. And in 45.05% of positive urinary cotinine was evidence of smokers at home, being associated with the positive result P <  0.001 and smoking within the house P = 0.018; smoking when children were present did not have significant P = 0.105. The activities performed after smoking such as hand washing, change of clothes, eating, brushing teeth, did not influence the test result P = 0.627. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of urinary cotinine was observed, which is associated with the presence of a smoker at home, and this relationship was independent of the activities performed by the smoker after smoking. In addition, a positive test for urinary cotinine was presented in some children without documented exposure to cigarette smoke inside the home, which may be explained by the presence of environmental cotinine. Therefore, it is necessary to perform educational interventions aimed at parents and caregivers who smoke.

Passive Smoking Exacerbates Nicotinamide-Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase Isoform 2-Induced Oxidative Stress and Arterial Dysfunction in Children with Persistent Allergic Rhinitis.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2), oxidative stress, and endothelial function in children with and without allergic rhinitis and to ascertain the effect of passive smoke exposure on these factors, because there is an established association between allergic rhinitis and increased cardiovascular risk in adults. METHODS: We recruited 130 children-65 with persistent allergic rhinitis and 65 healthy controls. A cross-sectional study was performed to compare endothelial function by flow-mediated dilation, blood levels of isoprostanes, serum activity of soluble NOX2-dp (sNOX2-dp), and nitric oxide bioavailability, in these 2 groups of children. Serum cotinine levels were assessed to measure exposure to passive smoking. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, children with persistent allergic rhinitis had significantly higher sNOX2-dp and isoprostanes levels, lower flow-mediated dilation, and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that flow-mediated dilation, isoprostanes, and cotinine were independently associated with sNOX2-dp levels. Of note, sNOX2-dp serum levels were significantly higher in children with allergic rhinitis exposed to smoke, as compared with unexposed children with allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION: NOX2 is activated in children with persistent allergic rhinitis and passive smoke exposure exacerbates this effect. We further demonstrate an association between higher sNOX2-dp and oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.

Avaliação da função pulmonar em crianças e adolescentes pelo sistema de oscilometria de impulso em três situações distintas: obesidade, exposição ao tabagismo passivo e teste de caminhada de seis minutos / Evaluation of pulmonary function in children and adolescents by the impulse oscillometry system in three diferent situations: obesity, exposure to passive smoking and six minute walk test

Introdução: O sistema de oscilometria de impulso (IOS) é uma ferramenta de avaliação da função pulmonar, particularmente da mecânica respiratória. Envolve, em suas mensurações, parâmetros de resistência e reatância das vias aéreas, a partir de múltiplas frequências de 5 a 35 hertz, o que permite a diferenciação do comportamento dos parâmetros nas estruturas do sistema respiratório. Objetivos: Apresentar e discutir três estudos relacionados a função pulmonar avaliada pelo IOS e espirometria, em três situações distintas, em crianças e adolescentes: 1) com obesidade, 2) com exposição passiva ao tabagismo e 3) submetidas ao teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). Método: Os estudos apresentados são de caráter comparativo, observacional, de corte transversal. Verificaram-se variáveis antropométricas (peso e altura) e aplicação do questionário Internacional de Asma e Alergias na Infância (ISAAC). Realizaram-se avaliações da função pulmonar por meio do IOS e da espirometria em crianças e adolescentes nos três estudos, com grupo de indivíduos saudáveis; estudo 1 (com sobrepeso e obesidade); estudo 2 (com relato de exposição passiva ao tabagismo); e estudo 3 (avaliações pré e pós o TC6). Resultados: No estudo 1, sobre obesidade, encontrou-se aumento dos valores dos parâmetros de IOS, representativos de obstrução das vias aéreas, em crianças obesas. O estudo 2, acerca da exposição ao tabagismo passivo, revelou que o IOS foi capaz de identificar mudanças iniciais relacionados à parâmetros da mecânica respiratória, relacionado a indicadores de presença de obstrução periférica e central das vias aéreas. No estudo 3, com o TC6, identificou-se aumento das resistências das vias aéreas (total e central), e diminuição significativa do fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25% e 75% da capacidade vital forçada (FEF25-75%) após o primeiro teste. Conclusões: O IOS demonstrou alterações significativas nas três situações estudadas. Este fato mostra que a busca de instrumentos e de marcadores para avaliar a função pulmonar deve continuar em situações fisiológicas e de doenças do trato respiratório. Esforços nessa área poderão contribuir para melhor esclarecimento e entendimento da deterioração da função pulmonar ao longo da vida de pessoas saudáveis e com doenças pulmonares crônicas.(AU)

Introduction: The impulse oscillometry (IOS) system is a tool to evaluate pulmonary function, particularly respiratory mechanics. It involves, in its measurements, airway resistance and reactance parameters, from multiple frequencies of 5 to 35 hertz, which allows the differentiation of the behavior of the parameters in the structures of the respiratory system. Objectives: To present and discuss three studies related to pulmonary function assessed by IOS and spirometry, in three different situations, in children and adolescents: 1) with obesity, 2) with passive exposure to smoking, and 3) submitted to six-minute walk test (6MWT). Method: The studies presented are comparative, observational, and cross-sectional. There were anthropometric variables (weight and height) and application of the International Questionnaire of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Evaluations of pulmonary function were performed through IOS and spirometry in children and adolescents in the three studies, with a group of healthy subjects; study 1 (overweight and obese); study 2 (with report of passive exposure to smoking); and study 3 (evaluation pre and post 6MWT). Results: In study 1, on obesity, it was found increase in IOS parameters, representative of airway obstruction, in obese children. Study 2, on exposure to passive smoking, revealed that IOS was able to identify initial changes in parameters of respiratory mechanics, and related to indicators of presence of peripheral and central airway obstruction. In the study 3, with 6MWT, identified increase in airway resistance (total and central), and significant decrease of forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%) after the first test. Conclusions: IOS demonstrated significant alterations in the three situations studied. This fact demonstrates that the search for instruments and markers to evaluate pulmonary function should continue in physiological situations and diseases of the respiratory tract. Efforts in this area may contribute to a better enlightenment and understanding of the deterioration of pulmonary function during the life of healthy people with chronic lung diseases.(AU)

The effect of passive exposure to tobacco smoke on perioperative respiratory complications and the duration of recovery / O efeito da exposição passiva à fumaça de tabaco em complicações respiratórias no perioperatório e a duração da recuperação

Abstract Background: The incidence of perioperative respiratory complications and postoperative care unit recovery time investigated in patients with passive tobacco smoke exposure according to the degree of exposure. Methods: Total 270 patients ranging in age from 18 to 60 years with the ASA physical status I or II exposed and not exposed to passive tobacco smoke received general anesthesia for various elective surgical operations evaluated for the study. Patients divided into two groups as exposed and non-exposed to passive tobacco smoke, those exposed to passive smoke are also divided into two groups according to the degree of exposure. Patients taken to the postoperative care unit (PACU) at the end of the operation and monitorized until Modified Aldrete's Scores became 9 and more. Respiratory complications evaluated and recorded in intraoperative and postoperative period. Results: A total of 251 patients were enrolled; 63 (25.1%) patients had airway complications, 11 (4.4%) had complications intraoperatively and 52 (20.7%) patients had complications postoperatively. There has been found significant relation with passive tobacco smoke exposure and high incidences of perioperative and postoperative respiratory complications. The risk of cough, desaturation and hypersecretion complications were found to be increased depending on the degree of exposure. There was significant relation between the degree of passive smoke exposure and the duration of PACU stay. Conclusion: Passive tobacco smoke exposed general anesthesia receiving patients also regarding to the degree of exposure having high rates of perioperative respiratory complications and prolongation of PACU stays when compared with unexposed patients.

Resumo Justificativa: A incidência de complicações respiratórias no perioperatório e o tempo em sala de recuperação pós-anestesia no pós-operatório em pacientes com exposição passiva à fumaça de tabaco foram avaliados de acordo com o grau de exposição. Métodos: Foram avaliados 270 pacientes entre 18-60 anos, estado físico ASA I ou II, passivamente expostos e não expostos à fumaça de tabaco, submetidos à anestesia geral para vários procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: passivamente expostos e não expostos à fumaça de tabaco. Aqueles com exposição passiva à fumaça também foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o grau de exposição. Os pacientes enviados à sala de recuperação pós-anestesia (SRPA) no fim da cirurgia foram monitorados até atingir 9 ou mais no escore modificado de Aldrete. As complicações respiratórias foram avaliadas e registradas nos períodos intraoperatório e pós-operatório. Resultados: Foram incluídos 251 pacientes, dos quais 63 (25,1%) apresentaram complicações respiratórias, 11 (4,4%) complicações no intraoperatório e 52 (20,7%) complicações no pós-operatório. Houve relação significativa entre a exposição passiva à fumaça de tabaco e a alta incidência de complicações respiratórias no perioperatório e pós-operatório. O risco de complicação como tosse, dessaturação e hipersecreção aumentou de acordo com o grau de exposição. Houve relação significativa entre o grau de exposição passiva à fumaça e o tempo de permanência em SRPA. Conclusão: Os pacientes com exposição passiva à fumaça de tabaco apresentaram altas taxas de complicações respiratórias no perioperatório e prolongamento da permanência em SRPA, em comparação com os pacientes não expostos.

The effect of passive exposure to tobacco smoke on perioperative respiratory complications and the duration of recovery.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of perioperative respiratory complications and postoperative care unit recovery time investigated in patients with passive tobacco smoke exposure according to the degree of exposure. METHODS: Total 270 patients ranging in age from 18 to 60 years with the ASA physical status I or II exposed and not exposed to passive tobacco smoke received general anesthesia for various elective surgical operations evaluated for the study. Patients divided into two groups as exposed and non-exposed to passive tobacco smoke, those exposed to passive smoke are also divided into two groups according to the degree of exposure. Patients taken to the postoperative care unit (PACU) at the end of the operation and monitorized until Modified Aldrete's Scores became 9 and more. Respiratory complications evaluated and recorded in intraoperative and postoperative period. RESULTS: A total of 251 patients were enrolled; 63 (25.1%) patients had airway complications, 11 (4.4%) had complications intraoperatively and 52 (20.7%) patients had complications postoperatively. There has been found significant relation with passive tobacco smoke exposure and high incidences of perioperative and postoperative respiratory complications. The risk of cough, desaturation and hypersecretion complications were found to be increased depending on the degree of exposure. There was significant relation between the degree of passive smoke exposure and the duration of PACU stay. CONCLUSION: Passive tobacco smoke exposed general anesthesia receiving patients also regarding to the degree of exposure having high rates of perioperative respiratory complications and prolongation of PACU stays when compared with unexposed patients.

Association of atopic dermatitis with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco exposure might be a modifiable risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD). OBJECTIVE: We examine the association between AD and exposure to tobacco smoke. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies (n = 86) in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library (1823-2015). Quality of evidence was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR). Subset analyses were performed for different ages (children, adult), regions, study designs (cross-sectional, longitudinal), study sizes (<5000, ≥5000), study quality (NOS score <6, ≥6), and amount of smoking (mild, extensive). RESULTS: A diagnosis of AD was associated with higher odds of active smoking (OR 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.32-2.63) and exposure to passive smoke (OR 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.38), but not maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 1.06, 95% confidence interval 0.80-1.40). The association between active smoking and AD remained significant in children and adults, all continents studied, and study sizes, but all were cross-sectional designs and had NOS score 6 or greater. Passive smoke was associated with AD in children and adults, cross-sectional studies, South/Central American and African studies, study size less than 5000, and NOS score less than 6. LIMITATIONS: AD severity and distribution were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS: Active and passive exposure to smoke are associated with increased AD prevalence.

[The effect of passive exposure to tobacco smoke on perioperative respiratory complications and the duration of recovery]. / O efeito da exposição passiva à fumaça de tabaco em complicações respiratórias no perioperatório e a duração da recuperação.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of perioperative respiratory complications and postoperative care unit recovery time investigated in patients with passive tobacco smoke exposure according to the degree of exposure. METHODS: Total 270 patients ranging in age from 18 to 60 years with the ASA physical status I or II exposed and not exposed to passive tobacco smoke received general anesthesia for various elective surgical operations evaluated for the study. Patients divided into two groups as exposed and non-exposed to passive tobacco smoke, those exposed to passive smoke are also divided into two groups according to the degree of exposure. Patients taken to the postoperative care unit (PACU) at the end of the operation and monitorized until Modified Aldrete's Scores became 9 and more. Respiratory complications evaluated and recorded in intraoperative and postoperative period. RESULTS: A total of 251 patients were enrolled; 63 (25.1%) patients had airway complications, 11 (4.4%) had complications intraoperatively and 52 (20.7%) patients had complications postoperatively. There has been found significant relation with passive tobacco smoke exposure and high incidences of perioperative and postoperative respiratory complications. The risk of cough, desaturation and hypersecretion complications were found to be increased depending on the degree of exposure. There was significant relation between the degree of passive smoke exposure and the duration of PACU stay. CONCLUSION: Passive tobacco smoke exposed general anesthesia receiving patients also regarding to the degree of exposure having high rates of perioperative respiratory complications and prolongation of PACU stays when compared with unexposed patients.

Tabaquismo pasivo y recurrencia de crisis en niños asmáticos de edad escolar / Passive smoking and crisis relapsing in asthmatic children in preschool age

Introducción: el humo ambiental del tabaco es un riesgo significativo para la salud de los niños pequeños. Se pretende estudiar el papel del tabaquismo pasivo en el padecimiento de asma en niños. Objetivo: identificar la presencia de tabaquismo pasivo y su asociación con la recurrencia de crisis en niños asmáticos de edad escolar. Métodos: estudio longitudinal de casos y controles (n= 320) en el servicio de Alergología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "William Soler" de La Habana, en el período comprendido entre febrero 2014 y enero 2015. Se aplicó una encuesta de factores ambientales a todos los sujetos participantes. La construcción y validación de la misma se realizó por un grupo de expertos. Se utilizaron medidas de resumen para variables cualitativas (porcentajes). Para valorar la asociación entre factores de riesgo se aplicó la prueba de X2 y razón de momios (Odds Ratio, OR), como medida de la fuerza de esa relación con su estimación puntual y por intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento. Se fijó un nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: la exposición al humo del tabaco estuvo presente en el 75 por ciento de los niños con recurrencia de crisis de asma, con OR de 3,6; de ellos el 72,5 por ciento tenían padres fumadores, con un OR de 4,89. Conclusiones: el tabaquismo pasivo, con especial significación la presencia de padres fumadores, fue el factor de riesgo más importante para la recurrencia de las crisis de asma en el grupo de estudio(AU)

Introduction: environmental tobacco smoke is a significant risk for the health of younger children. We intend to study the role of passive smoking to asthma suffering in children. Objective: to identify the presence of passive smoking and its association with relapsing crisis in asthmatic preschool children. Methods: longitudinal case-control study (n=320) at the Allergology service of William Soler University Pediatric Hospital of Havana, in the time from February 2014 and Janu8ary 2015. We conducted an environmental factors survey to all the participant individuals. Construction and validation of such survey was carried out by a group of experts. We used summarizing measures for qualitative variables (percentages). To assess the association among risk factors we applied the chi-square test and the odds ratio, as to measure the strength of the relation with it score estimate and by confidence intervals at 95 percent. We fixed a significance level of 0.05. Results: exposition to tobacco smoke was present in 75 percent of the children with asthmatic crisis relapsing, with OR of 3.6; out of which 72.5 percent had smoking parents, with OR of 4.89. Conclusions: passive smoking, specially the presence of smoking parents, was the most important risk factor for the relapse of asthmatic crisis in the studied group(AU)

The Influence of Health Messaging Source and Frequency on Maternal Smoking and Child Exposure among Low-Income Mothers.

Addressing maternal smoking and child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) remains a public health priority, particularly in low-income, underserved populations which are known to experience the highest TSE rates and tobacco-related morbidity/mortality. Little is known about the types of TSE messaging received in high-risk populations, and which communication channels are influential in promoting smokers' efforts to protect children from TSE. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between reported sources and frequency of TSE-reduction health messages maternal smokers received and the effects of the messaging on smoking-and TSE-reduction related behaviors. Maternal smokers from low-income communities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who were enrolled at baseline in the Family Rules for Establishing Smokefree Homes (FRESH) trial (N=359) were included in this study. Each participant completed a 60-minute in-home baseline interview, which included questions about their smoking history, current smoking patterns, children's TSE, and the TSE-related health messaging they had received prior to enrollment. Multivariable analyses were conducted to determine the effect of source messaging on mothers' knowledge, behavior, and intention regarding their baby's TSE. Results suggest that different sources of messaging may differentially impact smoking behavior and intention to change. For example, messaging from healthcare and dental providers may influence efforts to protect children from TSE whereas friends and family may influence intention to quit. Future studies could examine the value of multilevel health communication strategies, utilizing advice from healthcare providers that is augmented by family and peers to help promote smoking behavior change in this high-risk group of underserved postpartum smokers.

Effects of passive smoking associated with physical exercise in the skeletal muscles of rats during pregnancy and lactation / Efectos del tabaquismo pasivo asociado con el ejercicio físico en los músculos esqueléticos de ratas durante la gestación y lactancia

The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of passive smoking, in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles associated with physical exercise by swimming during pregnancy and lactation of rats. Twenty-four rats were divided: GF (exposed to cigarette smoke), GC (control), GFN (underwent to the swimming program and exposed to cigarette smoke) and GN (underwent to the swimming program). On the first day of pregnancy procedure of exposure to cigarette smoke began, consisting in 30 minutes twice a day for six weeks. During the same period the swimming program began, which lasted 60 min every day untilthe 21st day of lactation. Soleus and gastrocnemius muscles, were obtained for histological, histochemical, morphometric analysis and fiber profiling. In histology, the groups GF and GFN showed infiltrations, necrotic and phagocytized fibers, centralized nuclei, splittings and coiling; in GN changes were observed due to exercise adaptations, infiltrations, sarcolemal lesion, polymorphic, atrophic and angular fibers. In the histochemical analysis of the groups GF and GFN there was enzymatic activity and amorphous formazan aggregates in subsarcolemmal positions, however in GN the same changes were found in lower frequency and intensity. In regard to the measureof the cross-sectionofmuscle fibers there weren't significant differences among the groups, as well as, in the frequency of types of fibers of the gastrocnemius. It is concluded that aerobic exercise is not enough to impede morphological and histochemical changes caused in an animal model of pregnant and lactating associated with smoking, and the stress not influence the types and size of muscle fibers.

EL objetivo fue analizar los efectos del tabaquismo pasivo sobre los músculos sóleo y gastrocnemio asociado con el entrenamiento corporal de natación durante la preñez y lactancia de ratas. Veinticuatro ratas se dividieron en grupos: GF (expuestos al humo de cigarrillo), GC (control), GFN (sometido al programa de natación y expuesto al humo del cigarrillo) y GN (sometido al programa de natación). El procedimiento de exposición al humo del cigarrillo comenzó primer día de preñez, durante 30 min dos veces al día por seis semanas. Durante el mismo período, comenzó el programa de natación, con una duración de 60 min todos los días hasta el día 21 de lactancia. Se extrajeron los músculos sóleo y gastrocnemio, y se realizó el análisis histológico, morfométrico histoquímico y de perfiles de fibra. En la histología, los grupos GF y GFN mostraron infiltraciones, fibras necróticas y fagocitadas, núcleos centralizados, divisiones y enrollamientos; en GN se observaron cambios debido a las adaptaciones de ejercicio tales como infiltraciones, lesión del sarcolema, y fibras polimórficas, atróficas y angulares. En el análisis histoquímico de los grupos GF y GFN hubo actividad enzimática y se formaron agregados amorfos en posiciones subsarcolemales; en el grupo GN se encontraron los mismos cambios en menor frecuencia e intensidad. No hubo diferencias en las medidas de las secciones transversales de las fibras musculares entre los grupos, así como en la frecuencia de los tipos de fibras del músculo gastrocnemio. Se concluye que el ejercicio aeróbico no es suficiente para impedir los cambios morfológicos e histoquímicos causados en un modelo animal de ratas preñadas en periodo de lactancia asociados con el tabaquismo, y el estrés no influye en el tipo y tamaño de las fibras musculares.

Uso e exposição à fumaça do tabaco no Brasil: resultados da pesquisa nacional de saúde 2013 / Use of tobacco and exposure to tobacco smoke in Brazil: results from the national health survey 2013 / Uso y exposición al humo de tabaco en Brasil: resultados de la encuesta nacional de salud 2013

OBJETIVO: Descrever indicadores relacionados ao uso e exposição à fumaça do tabaco no Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde 2013. RESULTADOS: a prevalência do uso atual do tabaco foi de 15,0 por cento (IC95 por cento 14,4 por cento-15,5 por cento), sendo a maior parte fumado (14,7 por cento; IC95 por cento 14,2 por cento-15,2 por cento); nos 12 meses anteriores à entrevista, 51 por cento (IC95 por cento 49,3 por cento-52,9 por cento) dos fumantes atuais haviam tentado parar de fumar; a prevalência de ex-fumantes foi de 17,5 por cento (IC95 por cento 16,9 por cento-18,0 por cento), de 19,2 por cento (IC95 por cento 18,3 por cento-20,1 por cento) em homens e de 11,2 por cento (IC95 por cento 10,6 por cento-11,8 por cento) em mulheres; a prevalência da exposição à fumaça do tabaco em casa foi de 10,7 por cento (IC95 por cento 10,2 por cento-11,3 por cento) e em locais fechados de trabalho foi de 13,5 por cento (IC95 por cento 12,6 por cento-14,4 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: na comparação com outros países, a prevalência do consumo do tabaco no Brasil foi baixa, assim como a exposição à fumaça do tabaco; todavia, cerca de um sexto da população consumia algum produto do tabaco.

OBJETIVO: Describir indicadores relacionados al uso y exposición al humo de tabaco en Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2013. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia puntual de consumo de tabaco fue 15,0 por ciento (IC95 por ciento; 14,4 por ciento-15,5 por ciento), siendo la mayor parte del consumo (14,7 por ciento; IC95 por ciento 14,2 por ciento-15,2 por ciento); en los 12 meses anteriores a la encuesta, 51 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 49,3 por ciento-52,9 por ciento) de los fumadores había intentado dejar de fumar; la prevalencia de ex-fumadores fue de 17,5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 16,9 por ciento-18,0 por ciento), 19,2 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 18,3 por ciento-20,1 por ciento) eran hombres y 11,2 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 10,6 por ciento-11,8 por ciento) mujeres; la exposición al humo de tabaco en casa fue de 10,7 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 10,2 por ciento-11,3 por ciento) y 13,5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento 12,6 por iento-14,4 por ciento) en lugares de trabajo cerrados. CONCLUSIÓN: comparado con otros países, el consumo y exposición al humo de tabaco fueron bajas; una sexta parte de la población consume productos de tabaco.

OBJECTIVE: To describe indicators related to tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke in Brazil. METHODS : this was a descriptive study using National Health Survey 2013 data. RESULTS: prevalence of current tobacco use was 15.0 per cent (95 per cent CI 14.4 per cent-15.5 per cent), mainly via smoking (14.7 per cent; 95 per cent CI 14.2 per cent-15.2 per cent); in the 12 months preceding the interview, 51 per cent (95 per cent CI 49.3 per cent - 52.9 per cent) of current smokers had tried to quit smoking; the prevalence of former smokers was 17.5 per cent (95 per cent CI 16.9 per cent -18.0 per cent), 19.2 per cent (95 per cent CI 18.3 per cent-20.1 per cent) in males and 11.2 per cent (95 per cent CI 10.6 per cent -11.8 per cent) in females; prevalence of exposure to tobacco smoke at home was 10.7 per cent (95 per cent CI 10.2 per cent -11.3 per cent) whilst in enclosed work places it was 13.5 per cent (95 per cent CI 12.6 per cent -14.4 per cent). CONCLUSION: in comparison with other countries, the prevalence of tobacco consumption in Brazil was low, as was exposure to tobacco smoke; nevertheless, around one-sixth of the population consumed some kind of tobacco product.

Prevalencia del tabaquismo en España: el papel de la legislación / Smoking prevalence in Spain: the role of legislation

A lo largo de este artículo presentaremos datos que muestran los cambios ocurridos en la prevalencia de tabaquismo activo y pasivo en España como consecuencia de la implantación de las dos normativas nacionales que se han aprobado en nuestro país entre los 2006 y el 2011. Los datos hablan de una importante reducción en la prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo tanto a nivel global ( que se redujo desde 49,5 por ciento en el año 2005 hasta un 21 por ciento en el 2011) como en los distintos ambientes ( laboral, escolar, hogares, bares y restaurantes).El artículo, también, muestra algunos datos que relacionan la disminución de la morbilidad por infarto agudo de miocardio y otras formas de cardiopatía isquémica, así como en el asma, con la disminución de la prevalencia de tabaquismo pasivo...

Throughout this article, we present data showing changes in the prevalence of active and passive smoking in Spain as a result of the implementation of the two national standards that have been adopted in our country between 2006 and 2011. The figures show a significant reduction in the prevalence of passive smoking both globally (down from 49 percent in 2005 to 21 percent in 2011) and in individual (work, school, homes, bars environments and restaurants).The article also shows some evidence linking the reduction of morbidity from acute myocardial infarction and other forms of ischemic heart disease, stroke and asthma, with decreasing prevalence of passive smoking...

Smoking trend indicators in Brazilian capitals, 2006-2013 / Tendências de indicadores de tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras, 2006 a 2013

This study aims to analyze the trend of indicators related to smoking in the capitals of Brazil from 2006 to 2013. Information on smoking trends extracted from the survey of risk and protective factors for chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are analyzed through telephone interviews - VIGITEL conducted from 2006-2013 for the adult population in Brazilian capitals. To estimate the trend, the simple linear regression model was used. The prevalence of smokers in Brazil showed a relative reduction of 0.62% for each year of the survey, ranging from 15.6% in 2006 to 11.3% in 2013. A decrease was observed in both sexes in all age ranges except between 55 and 64 years in all education levels and regions. The total population of former smokers remained stable, with a reduction for men. Smoking 20 or more cigarettes per day decreased from 4.6% (2006) to 3.4% (2013), or 0.162 percentage points per year. Passive smoking at home decreased among women 13.4% (2009) to 10.7% (2013), a reduction of 0.72% per annum. Passive smoking at work has remained stable over the period. The smoking trend reduced in the period in most indicators, reflecting the importance of the tobacco control actions in the country.

Este estudo analisa a tendência de indicadores relacionados ao tabagismo nas capitais brasileiras extraídas de inquérito telefônico, Vigitel, entre 2006 a 2013, na população adulta. Para estimar a tendência temporal foi utilizado modelo de regressão linear simples. A prevalência de fumantes no Brasil apresentou redução de 0,62% a cada ano do inquérito, variando de 15,6% em 2006 à 11,3% em 2013. Ocorreu redução em ambos os sexos, na maioria das faixas de idade, em todas as faixas de escolaridade e Regiões. Fumar 20 cigarros ou mais por dia reduziu de 4,6% (2006) para 3,4% (2013), redução média anual de 0,162%. O fumo passivo no domicílio reduziu entre mulheres 0,72% ao ano, passando de 13,4% (2009) para 10,7% (2013). O fumo passivo no trabalho se manteve estável no período. A tendência do tabagismo é de redução no período na maioria dos indicadores, o que reflete a importância das ações para o seu controle no país.

Exposure to cigarette smoke causes DNA damage in oropharyngeal tissue in dogs.

More than 40 mutagenic and carcinogenic agents present in cigarette smoke have been identified as causative factors of human cancer, but no relation has been clearly documented in companion animals. In dogs, in addition to smoke inhalation and transdermic absorption, exposure to smoke includes oral ingestion of particles adhered to the animal's fur. This study evaluates the presence and type of histological alterations and DNA integrity in oropharyngeal tissue in dogs exposed and non-exposed to household cigarette smoke by means of histopathology and comet assay studies on biopsy and swab samples. A non-probabilistic convenience sample of 12 dogs were selected and classified in two groups: exposed and non-exposed to cigarette smoke. Non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was carried out on biopsy and swab data and a Chi(2) test was performed on the information obtained by histopathology. A significance level was set at P<0.05. Statistically significant differences were found between groups in comet assays carried out on biopsy samples. No differences (P>0.05) were found between groups based on comet assays swab samples and histopathology assessment. In conclusion, exposure to cigarette smoke causes DNA damage in dog oropharyngeal tissue. The use of dogs as sentinels for early DNA damage caused by exposure to environmental genotoxic agents like cigarette smoke is reported for the first time.