Exploring undiscovered public knowledge in neuroscience.

In this essay, I argue that the combination of research synthesis and philosophical methods can fill an important methodological gap in neuroscience. While experimental research and formal modelling have seen their methods progressively increase in rigour and sophistication over the years, the task of analysing and synthesizing the vast literature reporting new results and models has lagged behind. The problem is aggravated because neuroscience has grown and expanded into a vast mosaic of related but partially independent subfields, each with their own literatures. This fragmentation not only makes it difficult to see the full picture emerging from neuroscience research but also limits progress in individual subfields. The current neuroscience literature has the perfect conditions to create what the information scientist Don Swanson called "undiscovered public knowledge"-knowledge that exists in the mutual implications of different published pieces of information but that is nonetheless undiscovered because those pieces have not been explicitly connected. Current methods for rigorous research synthesis, such as systematic reviews and meta-analyses, mostly focus on combining similar studies and are not suited for exploring undiscovered public knowledge. To that aim, they need to be adapted and supplemented. I argue that successful exploration of the hidden implications in the neuroscience literature will require the combination of these adapted research synthesis methods with philosophical methods for rigorous (and creative) analysis and synthesis.

What are delusions? Examining the typology problem.

Delusions are a heterogenous transdiagnostic phenomenon with a higher prevalence in schizophrenia. One of the most fundamental debates surrounding the philosophical understanding of delusions concerns the question about the type of mental state in which reports that we label as delusional are grounded, namely, the typology problem. The formulation of potential answers for this problem seems to have important repercussions for experimental research in clinical psychiatry and the development of psychotherapeutic tools for the treatment of delusions in clinical psychology. Problematically, such alternatives are scattered in the literature, making it difficult to follow the current development and state of the target discussion. This paper offers an updated critical examination of the alternatives to the typology problem currently available in the literature. After clarifying the two main philosophical views underlying the dominant formulation of the debate (interpretivism and functionalism), we follow the usual distinction between doxastic (the idea that delusions are a type of belief) and anti-doxastic views. We then introduce two new sub-distinctions; on the doxastic camp, we distinguish between revisionist and non-revisionist proposals; on the anti-doxastic camp, we distinguish between commonsensical and non-commonsensical anti-doxasticisms. After analyzing the main claims of each view, we conclude with some of the most fundamental challenges that remain open within the discussion. This article is categorized under: Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science Philosophy > Consciousness Philosophy > Psychological Capacities Neuroscience > Cognition.

A supposedly objective thing I'll never use again: Word association and the quest for validity and reliability in emotional adjustment research from Carl Jung to Carl Rogers (1898-1927).

As the first two decades of the 20th century unfolded, clinical psychologists, who had until then been mainly associated with intelligence testing, attempted to implement a specific psychological method-Carl Gustav Jung's (1875-1961) word-association "test"-in individual personality assessments. As one of the early clinical psychologists who attempted to use the method, Carl Ransom Rogers (1902-1987) is conspicuously absent from the historiography of clinical psychological testing. In fact, historians have recently suggested that we are lacking narratives about Rogers' early ideas and techniques in the context of both the development of clinical psychology and the emergence of psychological testing as clinicians' foremost scholarly activity. In light of the above, this paper pursues two main goals. First, it attempts to reconstruct Rogers' first original research project on emotional adjustment testing in young children in the broader context of the development of word-association tests as carried out by Jung and Whately Smith (1892-1947). Second, it aims to reconstruct Rogers' earliest theoretical ideas as well as his epistemological assumptions regarding test objectivity, validity and reliability. By drawing on unpublished documents and heretofore overlooked primary sources I show that although Rogers initially drew from Jung and Smith's complex and refined tradition, he ultimately rejected it as well as the tests themselves. At first drawn to Smith's quantitative, empiricist and experimental philosophy of psychology, Rogers was deterred when the data gathered through his own research in 1927 suggested that word association tests had no real, effective clinical value when used in children. By showcasing the complex process of test construction and validation undertaken by 1920s clinical psychologists, Rogers' case illustrates the research practices, the methodological problems and the epistemological dilemmas faced by most if not all of his contemporaries.

DOSE: a lifestyle philosophy for dementia prevention informed by drug development and epidemiology / DOSE: uma filosofia de estilo de vida para a prevenção da demência informada pelo desenvolvimento de medicamentos e pela epidemiologia

ABSTRACT This article aims to bridge the gap between drug development and lifestyle modification strategies for dementia prevention. First, it focuses on three lessons from drug development to inform lifestyle changes: dementia treatment-resistance, the importance of maximizing therapeutic dose, and obtaining actionable feedback from drug trials. Moreover, epidemiology reveals a mismatch between promising associations and later interventions, the specificity of different dementias, and the ethics of health promotion. The article will argue that lifestyle choices for dementia risk should be understood through the lens of a life philosophy rather than a testable scientific hypothesis. This philosophy known by "DOSE" has four components: Diet — Other life priorities — Stimulation — Exercise. Striking the balance between a healthy lifestyle and non-health priorities is a fundamentally personal question and challenge, particularly in resource-limited contexts. Finally, individual behaviors are only the tip of the iceberg of modifiable dementia risk, inviting collective action to ensure equitable prevention.

RESUMO Este artigo visa preencher a lacuna entre o desenvolvimento de medicamentos e as estratégias de modificação do estilo de vida para a prevenção da demência. Em primeiro lugar, ele se concentra em três lições do desenvolvimento de medicamentos para informar as mudanças no estilo de vida: resistência ao tratamento da demência, a importância de maximizar a dose terapêutica e a obtenção de informações acionáveis a partir de testes de medicamentos. Além disso, a epidemiologia revela um desacordo entre associações promissoras e intervenções posteriores, a especificidade de diferentes demências e a ética da promoção da saúde. O artigo argumentará que as escolhas de estilo de vida para o risco de demência devem ser entendidas pelas lentes de uma filosofia de vida em vez de uma hipótese científica testável. Essa filosofia conhecida como "DOSE" tem quatro componentes: Dieta — Outras prioridades da vida — Estimulação — Exercício. Alcançar o equilíbrio entre um estilo de vida saudável e as prioridades não relacionadas à saúde é uma questão e um desafio fundamentalmente pessoais, principalmente em contextos de recursos limitados. Finalmente, os comportamentos individuais são apenas a ponta do iceberg do risco de demência modificável, o que exige uma ação coletiva para garantir uma prevenção equitativa.

Fixação e regressão como conceitos fundamentais da filosofia psicanalítica declinista da história de Freud / Fixation and Regression as fundamental concepts of the declinist psychoanalytic philosophy of Freud's history / Fijación y Regresión como conceptos fundamentales de la filosofía psicoanalítica declinista de la historia de Freud / Fixation et régression comme des concepts fondamentaux de la philosophie psychanalytique décliniste de l'histoire de Freud

Resumo Este artigo reflete sobre a noção antropológica de animatismo, um estádio pré-animista da humanidade, à qual Freud recorreu em Totem e tabu. Com ela, ampliou seu objetivo de revelar a origem da religião e da moralidade, estendendo-o à origem e ao destino da humanidade. Objetivo que também perseguiu em interlocução com as teorias psiquiátricas da hereditariedade e da degeneração dos séculos XVIII e XIX. Teorias concebidas por Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre outros, sumariamente apresentadas neste artigo. Por fim, este artigo também apresenta e põe em discussão algumas obras de Freud, nas quais as teorias da hereditariedade e da degeneração foram ressignificadas sob as de fixação e regressão, ampliando os fundamentos do que seria sua filosofia psicanalítica declinista da história, reveladora de um novo sentido e direção tanto para a origem, quanto para o destino da humanidade.

Abstract This article reflects on the anthropological notion of animatism, a pre-animist stage of humanity, to which Freud resorted in Totem and Taboo. With it he broadened his aim of revealing the origin of religion and morality, extending it to the origin and destiny of humanity. An objective that he also pursued in dialogue with the psychiatric theories of heredity and degeneration of the 18th and 19th centuries. Theories conceived by Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, among others, are briefly presented in this article. Finally, this article also presents and discusses some works by Freud, in which the theories of heredity and degeneration were resignified under those of fixation and regression, expanding the foundations of what would be his declinist psychoanalytic philosophy of history, revealing a new meaning and direction for both the origin and the destiny of humanity.

Resumen Este artículo reflexiona sobre la noción antropológica de animatismo, etapa preanimista de la humanidad, a la que recurrió Freud en Tótem y tabú. Con ella amplió su objetivo de revelar el origen de la religión y la moral, extendiéndolo al origen y destino de la humanidad. Un objetivo que también persiguió en diálogo con las teorías psiquiátricas de la herencia y la degeneración de los siglos XVIII y XIX. En este artículo se presentan brevemente las teorías concebidas por Tissot, Pinel, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre otros. Finalmente, este artículo también presenta y discute algunos trabajos de Freud, en los que las teorías de la herencia y la degeneración fueron resignificadas bajo las de la fijación y la regresión, ampliando los fundamentos de lo que sería su filosofía psicoanalítica declinista de la historia, revelando un nuevo sentido y dirección tanto para el origen como para el destino de la humanidad.

Résumé Cet article reflète sur la notion anthropologique d'animatisme, un stade préanimiste de l'humanité auquel Freud a fait recours dans son texte Totem et Tabu. Avec cette notion, il amplifie son objectif de révéler l'origine de la religion et de la moralité afin d'aussi aborder l'origine et le destin de l'humanité. Cet objectif a été poursuivi dans un dialogue constant avec les théories psychiatriques de l'hérédité et de la dégénérescence du XVIIIe et du XIXe siècle. Les théories conçues par Tissot, Pine, Lucas, Morel, Esquirol, Magnan, Legrain, Charcot, entre autres, seront brièvement présentées dans cet article. Enfin, cet article propose aussi de présenter et mettre en débat quelques travaux de Freud, où les théories de l'hérédité et de la dégénération ont été resignifiées pour ce qui est des concepts de fixation et de régression, élargissant ainsi les fondements de ce qu'on pourrait appeler sa philosophie psychanalytique décliniste de l'histoire, une philosophie révélatrice d'un nouveau sens et d'une nouvelle direction concernant l'origine et le destin de l'humanité.

Resenha do livro "Educação Física Menor" / Review of the book "Minor Physical Education" / Reseña del libro "Educación Física Menor"

O livro "Educação Física Menor" problematiza e propõe alternativas diante do chamado currículo cultural ou pós-crítico de Educação Física. Faz isso, a partir de dois gestos: problematizando algumas acepções culturalistas e almejando a singularização ou a minoração das perspectivas "maiores" do componente, a partir de uma conceitualização das filosofias de pensadores como Foucault, Deleuze e Guattari.

The book "Minor Physical Education" problematizes and proposes alternatives to the so-called cultural or post-critical curriculum of Physical Education. It does this from two gestures: problematizing some culturalist acceptations and aiming at the singularization or the minimization of the "major" perspectives of the component, from a conceptualization of the philosophies of thinkers such as Foucault, Deleuze and Guattari.

El libro "Educación Física Menor" problematiza y propone alternativas al llamado currículo cultural o postcrítico de la Educación Física. Lo hace a través de dos gestos: problematizando algunos conceptos culturalistas y apuntando a singularizar o disminuir las perspectivas "mayores" del componente, a partir de una conceptualización de las filosofías de pensadores como Foucault, Deleuze y Guattari.

A luta pela humanização: algumas referências históricas / The fight for humanization: some historical references / La lucha por la humanización: algunas referencias históricas

A tese principal deste texto é a possibilidade de "ressureição", de tornar viva a força de trabalho, em estado latente, dos que antes de nós lutaram para superar os perversos modos de produção da vida ­ feudal, escravista, capitalista ­ dos quais nos valemos para continuarmos, em nosso tempo, na luta permanente, respondendo aos desafios e contradições da realidade concreta. Este texto evoca, ainda, alguns, mas não todos, os que são referências nas lutas sociais na ciência, nas artes e na filosofia, compondo uma trilha histórica que nos permite reconhecer e utilizar, atualmente, este legado da humanidade que nos humaniza.

The possibility to bring life to the labor force, in its latent state, of those who fought before us in order to overcome the perverse modes of production ­ feudal, enslaving, capitalist ­ of which we use ourselves to continue, in our time, in the permanent struggle, responding to the challenges and contradictions of concrete reality. This text also evokes some, but not all, of those who are references in social struggles in science, arts and philosophy, composing a historical trail that allows us to recognize and use, today, this legacy of humanity that humanizes us.

La tesis principal de este texto es la posibilidad de "resurrección", de hacer viva la fuerza de trabajo, en estado latente, de quienes antes que nosotros lucharon por superar los modos perversos de producción de la vida ­ feudal, esclavista, capitalista­ de que nos utilizamos para continuar, en nuestro tiempo, en la lucha permanente, respondiendo a los desafíos y contradicciones de la realidad concreta. Este texto también evoca a algunos, pero no a todos, de quienes son referentes de las luchas sociales en las ciencias, las artes y la filosofía, componiendo un recorrido histórico que nos permite reconocer y utilizar, hoy, este legado de la humanidad que nos humaniza.

Saúde digital à luz da filosofia contemporânea / Salud digital a la luz de la filosofía contemporánea / Digital health in the light of contemporary philosophy

Resumo Objetivo discutir as questões relacionadas ao conceito de saúde digital, e de que modo a área da saúde tem se associado à evolução tecnológica e aos novos paradigmas para o cuidado, à luz de alguns pensadores da Filosofia contemporânea. Método trata-se de um ensaio teórico-filosófico. Resultados Michel Foucault destacou o papel das estruturas de poder na saúde digital, alertando para o potencial de vigilância e do controle social. Por outro lado, Pierre Lévy e Mário Bunge enfatizaram a importância da tecnologia na Enfermagem, ressaltando seus benefícios e desafios na busca por soluções adequadas e éticas. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática a saúde digital emerge como um terreno de conflitos e possibilidades, em que os avanços tecnológicos trazem consigo tanto as potencialidades transformadoras, quanto os riscos à privacidade, à autonomia e à qualidade do cuidado. A abordagem filosófica é essencial para questionar o desenvolvimento tecnológico em saúde, especialmente na Enfermagem, de maneira ética, profunda e consciente.

Resumen Objetivo discutir temas relacionados con el concepto de salud digital, y cómo el área de la salud se ha asociado con la evolución tecnológica y nuevos paradigmas para el cuidado, a la luz de algunos pensadores de la Filosofía contemporánea. Método se trata de un ensayo teórico-filosófico. Resultados Michel Foucault destacó el papel de las estructuras de poder en la salud digital, advirtiendo sobre el potencial de vigilancia y del control social. Por otro lado, Pierre Lévy y Mário Bunge destacaron la importancia de la tecnología en Enfermería, destacando sus beneficios y desafíos en la búsqueda de soluciones apropiadas y éticas. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica la salud digital emerge como una tierra de conflictos y posibilidades, en la que los avances tecnológicos traen consigo tanto las potencialidades transformadoras como riesgos para la privacidad, la autonomía y la calidad de la atención. El enfoque filosófico es fundamental para cuestionar el desarrollo tecnológico en salud, especialmente en Enfermería, de manera ética, profunda y consciente.

Abstract Objective to discuss issues related to the concept of digital health, and how the area of health has been associated with technological evolution and new paradigms for care, in the light of some contemporary philosophical thinkers. Method this is a theoretical-philosophical essay. Results Michel Foucault highlighted the role of power structures in digital health, warning of the potential for surveillance and social control. On the other hand, Pierre Lévy and Mário Bunge emphasize the importance of technology in nursing, highlighting its benefits and challenges in the search for appropriate and ethical solutions. Final considerations and implications for practice digital health emerges as a land of conflicts and possibilities, in which technological advances bring both transformative potential and risks to privacy, autonomy, and quality of care. The philosophical approach is essential to question technological development in health, especially in nursing, in an ethical, profound, and conscious way.

Cuidado de Enfermagem e sexualidade em oncologia para o indivíduo penectomizado / Nursing care and sexuality in Oncology for penectomized individuals / Cuidado de Enfermería y sexualidad en oncología para el individuo que sufrió penectomía

Objetivo: proporcionar reflexões sobre o cuidado de enfermagem com abordagem à sexualidade para a saúde do homem penectomizado por câncer de pênis. Conteúdo: corresponde a estudo reflexivo construído a partir de leituras em produções científicas sobre o cuidado de Enfermagem e a sexualidade para o paciente oncológico penectomizado, à luz dos pensamentos e pressupostos ontológicos e teóricos de Martin Heidegger. Considerações finais: as novas condições impostas pelo adoecimento por câncer de pênis e o tratamento mutilador, a penectomia, exigem uma Enfermagem que aborde a sexualidade, considerando o indivíduo em sua totalidade e com ênfase no cuidado com perspectiva na profundidade e subjetividade existenciais humanas(AU)

Objective: to provide reflections on nursing care with an approach to sexuality for the health of men undergoing penectomy for penile cancer. Content: reflective study developed from readings in scientific productions on Nursing care and sexuality for the penectomized cancer patient, in the light of Martin Heidegger's ontological and theoretical thoughts and assumptions. Final considerations: the new conditions imposed by illness from penile cancer and the mutilating treatment, penectomy, require Nursing that addresses sexuality, considering the individual in its entirety and with an emphasis on care with a perspective on human existential depth and subjectivity(AU)

Objetivo: proporcionar reflexiones sobre el cuidado de Enfermería con abordaje a la sexualidad para la salud del hombre que sufrió penectomía por cáncer de pene. Contenido: corresponde a estudio reflexivo construido a partir de lecturas en producciones científicas sobre el cuidado de Enfermería y la sexualidad para el paciente oncológico que sufrió penectomía, a la luz de los pensamientos y presupuestos ontológicos y teóricos de Martin Heidegger. Consideraciones finales: las nuevas condiciones impuestas por la enfermedad por cáncer de pene y el tratamiento mutilador, la penectomía, exigen una Enfermería que aborde la sexualidad, considerando al individuo en su totalidad y con énfasis en el cuidado con perspectiva en la profundidad y subjetividad existenciales humanas(AU)

Envelhecimento cutâneo: interlocuções entre o cuidado de enfermagem e a corporeidade em Merleau-Ponty / Skin aging: interlocutions between nursing care and corporeity in Merleau-Ponty / Envejecimiento de la piel: interlocuciones entre el cuidado de enfermería y la corporeidad en Merleau-Ponty

Objetivo: refletir acerca das possíveis interlocuções entre o cuidado de enfermagem e a corporeidade no tocante ao envelhecimento cutâneo à luz de Merleau-Ponty. Conteúdo: estudo teórico-reflexivo fundamentado na fenomenologia de Merleau-Ponty, com ênfase na obra Fenomenologia da Percepção e ao cuidado de enfermagem acerca de pessoas idosas que vivenciam o envelhecimento cutâneo. Organiza-se o exposto pelas categorias "O fenômeno da corporeidade na pessoa idosa à luz de Merleau-Ponty" e "Interlocuções entre Merleau-Ponty e o cuidado de enfermagem sobre o processo de envelhecimento cutâneo". Considerações finais: ao conceber as interlocuções, compreende-se que a objetivação do corpo vislumbra a intencionalidade de retorno ao corpo físico jovial e ao considerar o autoconhecimento, valorização do seu corpo e a vivência da corporeidade é possível uma melhor compreensão de si e do outro por meio da intersubjetividade que contribui com o desvelar de modificações no próprio ser(AU)

Objective: to reflect on the possible interlocutions between nursing care and corporeality regarding skin aging in the light of Merleau-Ponty. Content: theoretical-reflective study based on Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology, with emphasis on the work Phenomenology of Perception and nursing care about elderly people who experience skin aging. The above is organized into the categories "The phenomenon of embodiment in the elderly in the light of Merleau-Ponty" and "Interlocutions between Merleau-Ponty and nursing care on the skin aging process". Final considerations: when conceiving the interlocutions, it is understood that the objectification of the body envisions the intentionality of returning to the jovial physical body and when considering self-knowledge, appreciation of your body and the experience of corporeity, a better understanding of yourself and the other is possible through intersubjectivity that contributes to the unveiling of changes in the being itself(AU)

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre las posibles interlocuciones entre el cuidado de enfermería y la corporeidad en relación con el envejecimiento de la piel a la luz de Merleau-Ponty. Contenido: estudio teórico-reflexivo fundamentado en la fenomenología de Merleau-Ponty, con énfasis en la obra Fenomenología de la percepción y del cuidado de enfermería acerca de las personas mayores que experimentan el envejecimiento de la piel. Se organiza el estudio en las categorías "El fenómeno de la corporeidad en el anciano a la luz de Merleau-Ponty" e "Interlocuciones entre Merleau-Ponty y el cuidado de enfermería en el proceso de envejecimiento de la piel". Consideraciones finales: al concebir las interlocuciones se entiende que la objetivación del cuerpo vislumbra la intencionalidad de volver al cuerpo físico jovial y al considerar el autoconocimiento, la apreciación de su cuerpo y la experiencia de la corporeidad, una mejor comprensión de ti mismo y el otro a través de la intersubjetividad que contribuye al desvelamiento de cambios en el propio ser es posible(AU)

La transición de Nana en oncología: Narrativa y análisis de una situación de enfermería desde el sistema conceptual teórico-empírico / Nana's transition in oncology: Narrative and analysis of a nursing

Las relaciones de cuidado que se establecen entre el profesional de enfermería y la persona cuidada se evidencian en la 'situación de enfermería', la cual, puede ser narrada verbalmente para su análisis y reflexión. El objetivo fue describir la construcción y el análisis de una narrativa de una situación de enfermería mediante el sistema conceptual teórico empírico, y nueve patrones de conocimiento de enfermería. Se seleccionó una experiencia significativa de cuidado entre una profesional de enfermería y una mujer con cáncer de mama que experimenta la transición por el tratamiento oncológico. La narrativa de situación de enfermería se construyó a partir de la adaptación de las preguntas guía de Gómez y Gutiérrez, se analizó mediante el sistema conceptual teórico empírico y nueve patrones de conocimiento de enfermería. Como aporte, se presentó el análisis de los elementos Conceptual, Teórico y Empírico y de patrones de conocimiento de enfermería para evidenciar la necesidad de integrar los análisis de narrativas desde el conocimiento del otro y la base epistemológica de la disciplina de enfermería.

The care relationships that are damaged between the nursing professional and the cared person are evidenced in the 'nursing situation', which can be verbally narrated for analysis and reflection. The objective was to describe the construction and analysis of a nursing situation narrative through the empirical theoretical conceptual system, and nine patterns of nursing knowledge. A significant care experience was selected between a nursing professional and a woman with breast cancer who is undergoing the transition due to cancer treatment. The nursing situation narrative was built from the adaptation of the guiding questions of Gómez and Gutiérrez, it was analyzed through the empirical theoretical conceptual system and nine patterns of nursing knowledge. As a contribution, the analysis of the Conceptual, Theoretical and Empirical elements and patterns of nursing knowledge was presented to demonstrate the need to integrate the analysis of narratives from the knowledge of the other and the epistemological basis of the nursing discipline.

Ethical guidelines for the allocation of scarce intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic: Discussing a Brazilian proposal.

RATIONALE: In the context of a major health crisis, health professionals must first compare patients' recovery prospects, thus giving priority to the goal of saving the greatest number of lives. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Critically evaluate a protocol for allocation of scarce intensive care units (ICU), which the authors proposed at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and originally published in two Brazilian newspapers; and compare that protocol with similar proposals, particularly with 2 successive protocols issued by the Brazilian Critical Care Association. The main objective is to highlight the advantages of the authors' approach and discuss some criticisms that has been levelled against the proposed protocol after its original publication in 2020. METHOD: Comparative analysis of 3 different protocols (the authors' proposed protocol and 2 successive protocols issued by the Brazilian Critical Care Association) with regard to ethical principles. RESULTS: The main objective of a healthcare system is to ensure a fair patient triage process when it is impossible to grant admission to all patients in need of treatment. Decision-making regarding the impartial prioritization of ICU admissions must be based primarily on clinical criteria. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) is, for ethical and technical reasons, a useful tool for clinical assessments of patients. Based on three ranges of SOFA scores, patients can be classified into a "high", a "medium", and a "low" priority group. In the case of ties, the life cycle principle must be the tiebreaker. If the tie persists, a draw must be used. CONCLUSION: The authors' proposed protocol has advantages over the other two protocols due to its greater practicality and capacity to account for egalitarian and consequentialist principles simultaneously. It aims at saving as many lives as possible within the constraints of fairness. Furthermore, the proposed protocol avoids discrimination against people with disabilities without, at the same time, promoting discrimination against the elderly.

Protein structure prediction from the complementary science perspective.

A comparative analysis between two problems-apparently unrelated-which are solved in a period of ~400 years, viz., the accurate prediction of both the planetary orbits and the protein structures, leads to inferred conjectures that go far beyond the existence of a common path in their resolution, i.e., observation → pattern recognition → modeling. The preliminary results from this analysis indicate that complementary science, together with a new perspective on protein folding, may help us discover common features that could contribute to a more in-depth understanding of still-unsolved problems such as protein folding.

The medicalization of life: An interdisciplinary approach.

In recent years, consumption of antidepressant and psychotropic drugs has skyrocketed and, although contemporary life clearly involves countless conflicts, the same can be said of human beings throughout their respective historical moments. Part of the human condition is recognizing that we are vulnerable and dependent beings, thus philosophical reflection brings us to an important ontological point of consideration. The World Health Organization has expressed its regarding the medicalization of life, as have many renowned psychiatrists who subscribe to the philosophical idea of naturally overcoming life's conflicts through resilience. In this paper, we analyze the anthropological view of the human being as a being in need, the problem of the medicalization of emotional life in contemporary society, and the psychological position of resilience. We conclude that psychology and philosophy hold similar personal development tools for people without significant psychiatric or psychological problems in order to face the problems of human existence with self-government.

A téchne aristotélica e sua implicação para a enfermagem / La técnica aristotélica y su implicación para la enfermería / The aristotelian technique and its implication for nursing

Objetivo: Analisar a téchne aristotélicae sua implicação para o cuidado de enfermagem. Metodologia: Texto reflexivo regido pela questão: como a filosofia aristotélica pode implicar o cuidado de enfermagem? Para resposta estabelecem-se os principais elementos que fundam a filosofia de Aristóteles no livro II da Física e na obra Metafísica; e as noções que essa filosofia projeta sobre a ciência e a arte da enfermagem. Resultados: A arte da profissão se manifesta na prática assistencial, na pesquisa e no ensino pelo cuidado de enfermagem. Conclusão: O cuidado de enfermagem é conjugação entre o saber-pensar, saber-fazer e o saber-conviver expresso na téchne da profissão; engloba habilidades manuais, capacidade de inovação, agir humano perante o paciente, organização, gerenciamento de pessoas e unidades; ele medeia o encontro científico e dialógico, marcado pelo senso estético, com o paciente. No sistema aristotélico, epistéme, práxis e a poiésis estão em relação indissolúvel.

Objective: To analyze the Aristotelian techne and its implications for the nursing care. Methodology: Reflective text governed by the question: how can Aristotelian philosophy imply nursing care? For this answer, the main elements that found Aristotle's philosophy in book II of Physics and in the work Metaphysics; and the notions that this philosophy projects on the science and art of nursing are stablished. Results: The art of the profession is manifested in care practice, research, and teaching for nursing care. Conclusion: Nursing care is a combination of know-think, know-how, and know-coexist expressed in the techne of the profession; this encompasses manual skills, capacity for innovation, human behavior towards the patient, organization, management of people and units; it mediates the scientific and dialogic encounter, marked by the aesthetic sense, with the patient. In the Aristotelian system, episteme, praxis, and poiesis are in an indissoluble relationship.

Objetivo: Analizar la técnica aristotélica y sus implicaciones en la atención de enfermería. Metodología: Texto reflexivo realizado desde la pregunta: ¿Cómo la filosofía aristotélica puede implicar la atención de enfermería? Para responderla, se establecen los principales elementos que fundamentan la filosofía de Aristóteles en el Libro II de la Física y en la obra Metafísica; y las nociones que esta filosofía proyecta sobre la ciencia y el arte de la enfermería. Resultados: El arte de la profesión se manifiesta en la práctica asistencial, en la investigación y en la enseñanza para la atención de enfermería. Conclusión: La atención de enfermería es una combinación de saber pensar, saber hacer y saber convivir que se expresa en la técnica de la profesión; abarca habilidades manuales, capacidad de innovación, acción humana hacia el paciente, organización, gestión de personas y unidades; y media el encuentro científico y dialógico con el paciente marcado por el sentido estético. En el sistema aristotélico, episteme, praxis y poiesis están en una relación indisoluble.

The use of elements of Peirce's philosophy by four well-known psychoanalytic authors.

This article highlights elements of Peirce's philosophy used by four well-known psychoanalytic authors, Ricardo Steiner, André Green, Bjorn Salomonsson and Dominique Scarfone, showing how contributions from Peirce's ideas could clarify psychoanalytic matters. The subject of Steiner's paper is how Peirce's semiotic could help to fulfill a conceptual gap mainly in Kleinian tradition in relation to phenomena that occur between what are called "symbolic equations" (representations lived as facts, by psychotic patients) and symbolization. Green's writings question Lacan's conception that the unconscious is structured like a language, suggesting that Peirce's signs, particularly the icons and indices, would be more appropriate to think about the unconscious than the linguistics used by Lacan. One of the Salomonsson's papers gives a good example of how Peirce's philosophic notions can be enlightening in the clinical area, as they are used to answer the criticism that words could not be understood by a baby in a "mother-infant" treatment; the other uses Peirce's conceptions to give interesting suggestions about Bion's beta-elements. The last paper, from Scarfone, broadly address the constitution of significations in psychoanalysis, but we will limit ourselves to consider how Peirce's concepts are used in the model proposed by Scarfone.

From technique to normativity: the influence of Kant on Georges Canguilhem's philosophy of life.

Many historical studies tend to underline two central Kantian themes frequently emerging in Georges Canguilhem's works: (1) a conception of activity, primarily stemming from the Critique of Pure Reason, as a mental and abstract synthesis of judgment; and (2) a notion of organism, inspired by the Critique of Judgment, as an integral totality of parts. Canguilhem was particularly faithful to the first theme from the 1920s to the first half of the 1930s, whereas the second theme became important in the early 1940s. With this article, I will attempt to show that a third important theme of technique arose in the second half of the 30s also in the wake of Kant's philosophy, especially Sect. 43 of the Critique of Judgment. This section, which states that technical ability is distinguished from a theoretical faculty, led Canguilhem to a more concrete and practical conception of activity. I will then suggest that it was by considering technique that the concept of normativity, which characterizes Georges Canguilhem's philosophy of life, also took shape.

La mujer con cáncer de mama desde la perspectiva fenomenológica de Heidegger / The woman with breast cancer from Heidegger's phenomenological perspective

La filosofía fenomenológica de Martin Heidegger parte de considerar la existencia y la necesidad de un fenómeno desde las cosas mismas y trata de buscar cómo se dan los acontecimientos en el día a día, y se generan nuevos conocimientos a partir de la experiencia vivida y los significados que le otorga cada ser. Las mujeres que padecen cáncer de mama tienen una experiencia única, pues padecen una enfermedad en la que experimentan emociones, así como cambios físicos, de salud y en las relaciones con las personas que las rodean. Por lo tanto, esta es una reflexión basada en una extensa revisión de la literatura científica. El objetivo fue describir el significado de la experiencia vivida para la mujer con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama a partir de la perspectiva fenomenológica de Heidegger. La revisión de la literatura y la comparación con la perspectiva fenomenológica de Heidegger hacen llegar a una reflexión sobre la percepción de la mujer en la experiencia de atravesar por la enfermedad, al tener impactos en la identidad propia, los cuales emergen sobre las dimensiones del ser psicológico, físico, social y espiritual. A partir de la literatura encontrada, una de las dimensiones más afectadas es la dimensión del ser espiritual, debido a su enfoque estrecho con la religiosidad, por lo que esta es un área de oportunidad en enfermería para poder comprender en todos los sentidos a las mujeres que pasan por el proceso de cáncer de mama.

Martin Heidegger's phenomenological philosophy starts from considering the existence and necessity of a phenomenon from the things themselves, trying to find how events occur in everyday life, generating new knowledge from the lived experience and the meanings given by each being. Women suffering from breast cancer have a unique experience, since they are coping with a disease and they are experiencing emotions, physical and health changes, as well as modifications in the relationships with people surrounding them. Therefore, this is a reflection based on an extensive review of the scientific literature. The aim of this paper was to describe the meaning of the lived experience for women diagnosed with breast cancer based on Heidegger's phenomenological perspective. The review of the literature and the comparison with Heidegger's phenomenological perspective leads to a reflection on the perception of women in the experience of going through the disease, having impacts on self-identity, emerging these on the dimensions of the psychological, physical, social and spiritual being. Based on the literature we found, one of the most affected dimensions is the spiritual being dimension, due to its close approach with religiosity, being this an area of opportunity in nursing to understand in all senses all women who go through the process of breast cancer.

Filosofia e processo de enfermagem: uma reflexão das bases teórico filosóficas / Na prática clínica de enfermagem philosophy in the nursing process: an reflection of theoretical philosophical bases in the clinical nursing practice / Filosofía en el proceso de enfermería: una reflexión de las bases teórico filosóficas na práctica clínica de enfermería

Objetivo: refletir sobre a aproximação e influência de pressupostos filosóficos na aplicação do processo de enfermagem na prática clínica. Métodos: trata-se de uma reflexão teórico crítica, para a qual serviram de base produções científicas sobre Filosofia e processo de enfermagem publicadas em periódicos nacionais e internacionais. Resultados: a partir da análise das produções científicas identificou-se as contribuições dos pressupostos filosóficos e do pensamento crítico para a qualidade do processo de Enfermagem; e a aplicação prática da filosofia no processo de enfermagem e desafios a serem enfrentados. Conclusão: os pressupostos filosóficos alicerçam as práticas em enfermagem e saúde denotando a qualidade e a sensibilidade necessárias nos cuidados de enfermagem prestados aos indivíduos. o pensamento filosófico é um dos caminhos que possibilita a compreensão da totalidade das diferentes realidades concretas e que no processo de enfermagem traz reflexões importantes para a qualidade do cuidado prestado aos usuários dos diferentes serviços de saúde. (AU)

Objective: reflect on the approach and influence of philosophical assumptions in the application of the nursing process in clinical practice. Methods: it is an article of theoretical reflection, for which scientific productions on Philosophy and nursing process published in national and international journals were used as basis. Results: from the analysis of scientific productions, the contributions of philosophical assumptions and critical thinking to the quality of the nursing process were identified; and the practical application of philosophy in the nursing process and challenges to be faced. Conclusion: the philosophical assumptions underpin nursing and health practices, denoting the necessary quality and sensitivity in caring of nursing for individuals. philosophical thinking is one of the ways that enables the comprehension of all the different concrete realities and that in the nursing process brings important reflections for the quality of care provided to users of different health services. (AU)

Objetivo: reflexionar sobre el abordaje e influencia de los supuestos filosóficos en la aplicación del proceso de enfermería en la práctica clínica. Métodos: se trata de un artículo de reflexión teórica, para lo cual se basaron las producciones científicas sobre Filosofía y procesos de enfermería publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: a partir del análisis de las producciones científicas, se identificaron los aportes de los supuestos filosóficos y el pensamiento crítico a la calidad del proceso de enfermería; y la aplicación práctica de la filosofía en el proceso de enfermería y desafíos a enfrentar. Conclusion: los supuestos filosóficos sustentan las prácticas de enfermería y salud, denotando la calidad y sensibilidad necesarias en el cuidado de enfermería prestado a las personas. El pensamiento filosófico es una de las vías que posibilita la comprensión de todas las diferentes realidades concretas y que en el proceso de enfermería trae importantes reflexiones sobre la calidad de la atención brindada a los usuarios de los diferentes servicios de salud. (AU)