Trastornos del sueño en pacientes con fibrosis quística / Sleep disorders in patients with cystic fibrosis

Los trastornos del sueño son comunes en pacientes con fibrosis quística y afectan significativamente su calidad de vida. Estos pacientes experimentan una reducción en la calidad del sueño, hipoxemia nocturna, alteraciones en la polisomnografía y una alta prevalencia de síndrome de apneahipopnea obstructiva del sueño. Los factores que contribuyen a estas alteraciones incluyen la tos crónica, los síntomas digestivos, las rutinas de tratamiento y, posiblemente, la disfunción del canal CFTR. Sin embargo, el impacto de los moduladores de CFTR en la mejora de los trastornos del sueño aún no está claramente establecido, lo que resalta la necesidad de más estudios para comprender mejor su papel en el manejo del sueño en pacientes con fibrosis quística.

Sleep disorders are common in patients with cystic fibrosis and significantly affect their quality of life. These patients experience reduced sleep quality, nocturnal hypoxemia, polysomnography alterations, and a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Contributing factors include chronic cough, digestive symptoms, treatment routines, and potentially CFTR channel dysfunction. However, the impact of CFTR modulators on improving sleep disorders is not yet clearly established, highlighting the need for further studies to better understand their role in sleep management in cystic fibrosis patients.

Association between sleep bruxism and snoring in adults: An observational study.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the association between sleep bruxism and snoring. Additionally, the associations between sleep bruxism and age, sex, body mass index, sleep structure, sleep quality, and sleepiness were evaluated. METHODS: Adults suspected of having sleep disorders (n = 61) underwent single-night video polysomnography according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria. Validated questionnaires were used to assess sleepiness and sleep quality, and clinical examinations were performed to document weight and height. Jamovi software was used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analyses of the different sleep stages-REM sleep, NREM sleep, and total sleep time-were conducted. RESULTS: No association was found between sleep bruxism and snoring (P > 0.31), with a small effect size (V = 0.171). However, the snore index was found to influence the rhythmic masticatory muscle activity index during REM sleep, with an odds ratio of 1.018 (95 % CI: 1.005 to 1.03; P = 0.05). Moreover, logistic regression showed that the desaturation index presented an odds ratio of 5.01 (95 % CI: 0.96 to 26.13; p = 0.056), with a medium effect size (>3.5). Sleep bruxism was not associated with age, sex, body mass index, or other sleep variables. CONCLUSION: Snoring appears to be associated with bruxism during REM sleep. No associations were found between sleep bruxism and sex, age, or body mass index. This lack of association underscores the complexity of sleep bruxism and snoring and highlights the need for further research. Concerning sleep architecture, only desaturation episodes were associated with bruxism during REM sleep. Neither sleep quality nor sleepiness was associated with sleep bruxism.

Sleep, Sleepiness, and Memory.

Objective To evaluate the relationship between sleep and sleepiness with memory complaints. Materials and Methods Patients who were submitted to polysomnography between May and September of 2022 and answered the prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire and the Epworth sleepiness scale were included, respectively. Data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and converted to a file compatible with the SPSS software. Results The sample consisted of 98 subjects, 62.2% male, mean age of 45.9 years, 73.4% overweight, 54.1% with comorbidities, and 51% with excessive sleepiness. There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency, respiratory disturbance index (RDI), slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep for the group with comorbidities; in latency to sleep and SWS between genders; and in RDI for the body mass index group. No correlation between RDI and memory could be identified, but there were statistically significant correlations between REM and sleep efficiency; RDI and REM sleep; RDI and SWS; SWS and sleep efficiency; and sleep efficiency and latency to sleep onset. Older adults performed better on memory tests when total sleep time (TST) is longer than 5 hours and excessive daytime sleepiness is related to complaints of prospective, retrospective, and total memory. Conclusion Elderly people with TST longer than 5 hours have a better memory. Although a correlation between RDI and memory was not observed, a correlation between excessive daytime sleepiness-one of the main symptoms of patients with sleep disorders-and memory was.

Altered sleep and diurnal consequences in women with dysmenorrhea: study from the EPISONO database.

PURPOSE: Our study aimed to identify alterations in sleep, inflammatory mediators, fatigue and quality of life in women with dysmenorrhea and compare them to women without dysmenorrhea. METHODS: The sample comprised 328 women from a Brazilian cross-sectional sleep study, EPISONO (2007), who had undergone 1-night polysomnography (PSG) type I and completed questionnaires related to sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Blood samples were used to assess levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and C-reactive protein (CRP). The 2 groups were distributed based on the presence or absence of dysmenorrhea symptoms. RESULTS: Sleep efficiency was significantly lower in the group of women with dysmenorrhea (82.5% ± 13.8) compared to the non-dysmenorrhea group (86.2% ± 10.9). Dysmenorrhea was associated with significantly higher scores of fatigue and worse scores in the physical quality of life. No statistical differences were detected in inflammatory markers between the 2 groups. DISCUSSION: Fatigue and physical quality of life were presented in women with dysmenorrhea, as was reduced sleep efficiency, although no alteration on inflammatory markers were observed. CONCLUSION: These findings show that dysmenorrhea can have a deleterious effect on women's sleep, with repercussions on daily routines and quality of life.

Association between human leukocyte antigen class II-DR-DQ and narcolepsy: a case control study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Narcolepsy is a neurologic disorder characterized by irresistible sleep attacks. Although its etiology is unknown, it is strongly associated with genetic variances in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. We investigated the association of HLA class II-DR-DQ alleles in a sample of patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1; NT1) and patients with narcolepsy without cataplexy (narcolepsy type 2; NT2) with a control group. Additionally, we compared demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of patients with narcolepsy with or without the DQB1*06:02 allele. METHODS: This case control study included 21 patients with NT1 (56.8%), 16 patients with NT2 (43.2%), and 100 controls. Sequence-based typing identified HLA-DRB1 alleles, and HLA-DQB1 typing was done using PCR-Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide. Allele and haplotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting. Nocturnal polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test were performed in all participants. RESULTS: In the NT1 group, only one allele had a significantly higher frequency than in the NT2 group: DQB1*06:02 (61.9% vs. 18.8%;). Compared to controls, DQB1*06:02 (61.9% vs. 18.0% in controls) and DRB1*15:01(47.6% vs. 8.0%), had higher frequencies in patients with NT1. Multiple analyses showed that patients with NT1 had an increased chance of being HLA-DQB1*06:02 positive. HLA-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02 haplotype is associated with NT1 in our Brazilian patients. PSG was identified in DQB1*06:02 positive subgroup REM sleep latency (REML) ≤ 15 minutes, and all patients had two or more sleep-onset REM periods (SOREMPs) at MSLT. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a strong association between HLA DQB1*06:02 and the haplotype HLA-DRB1*15:01-DQA1*01:02-DQB1*06:02 in patients with NT1. Patients with DQB1*0602 allele showed shorter REMLs at PSG. These results reinforce the suggestion of DQB1 genotyping as relevant to narcolepsy screening.

Sleep-related bruxism, microarousals and oxyhaemoglobin desaturations in sleep stages: A cross-sectional study in a large apnoeic population.

BACKGROUND: Sleep-related bruxism (SB) is the habit of grinding or clenching the teeth during sleep, mediated by the non-peripheral central nervous system. PURPOSE: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to evaluate associations between SB, microarousals and oxyhaemoglobin desaturations and to compare the frequency of SB and microarousals in sleep stages, in an apnoeic population. METHODS: Two hundred and forty individuals composed the sample, who underwent a single full-night polysomnography. Self-reports and clinical inspections were not considered for assessing SB. The polysomnographic assessment of SB was performed using electrodes placed on masseter muscles and chin. SB was defined as more than two events of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity per hour of sleep. Microarousals were considered when there were abrupt changes in electroencephalogram frequencies, without complete awakening, lasting from 3 to 15 s. Oxyhaemoglobin desaturations were defined as significant drops (≥3%) in basal oxygen saturations. With these data, SB, microarousals and oxyhaemoglobin desaturations were evaluated and submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were observed between bruxers and non-bruxers when comparing the rates of microarousals (p < .001) and oxyhaemoglobin desaturations (p = .038). There was a higher number of SB and microarousals in NREM (non-rapid eye movement) two sleep stage (p < 0.001). Bruxers had a greater risk of higher numbers of microarousals (OR = 1.023; p = .003), which did not occur for oxyhaemoglobin desaturations (OR = 0.998; p = .741). CONCLUSIONS: A higher number of microarousals presents relationship with SB; associations between SB and oxyhaemoglobin desaturations remained inconclusive; higher frequency of SB and microarousals was observed in NREM 2 sleep stage.

Amyloid profile is associated with sleep quality in preclinical but not in prodromal Alzheimer's disease older adults.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed whether neuropathological markers of AD in the preclinical and prodromal stages are associated with polysomnographic changes and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, case-control study of older adults (≥60 years) without relevant clinical and psychiatric comorbidities selected randomly from a cohort of individuals without dementia in a tertiary university hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. They underwent neuropsychological evaluation for clinical diagnosis and were allocated into two samples: cognitively unimpaired (CU) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Also, they underwent PET-PiB to determine the amyloid profile and all-night in-lab polysomnography. For each sample, we compared polysomnographic parameters according to the amyloid profile (A+ vs A-). RESULTS: We allocated 67 participants (mean age 73 years, SD 10,1), 70 % females, 14 ± 5 years of education, into two samples: CU (n = 28, 42.4 %) and MCI (n = 39, 57.6 %). In the CU sample, the group A+ (n = 9) showed worse sleep parameters than A- (n = 19) (lower total sleep time (p = 0.007), and sleep efficiency (p = 0.005); higher sleep onset latency (p = 0.025), wake time after sleep onset (p = 0.011), and arousal index (AI) (p = 0.007)), and changes in sleep structure: higher %N1 (p = 0.005), and lower %REM (p = 0.006). In the MCI sample, MCI A-had higher AI (p = 0.013), respiratory disturbance index (p = 0.025, controlled for age), and higher rates of severe OSA than A+. DISCUSSION: The amyloid profile was associated with polysomnographic markers of worse sleep quality in individuals with preclinical AD but not with prodromal AD, probably due to the higher frequencies of severe OSA.

Sleep, psychological health, and physical activity level in patients with hypertension.

The aim of this study was to compare sleep, daytime sleepiness, and psychological health in physically active versus inactive patients with hypertension. A cross-sectional design included thirty-seven participants (ACTIVE, n = 15; INACTIVE, n = 22). Sleep was assessed by polysomnography, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a one-week daily sleep diary. The sleepiness was assessed with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the psychological health was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Habitual physical activity was assessed with 7 day-step counts recorded by a pedometer and questionnaire. Significantly lower PSQI score (mean ± S.D.; 7.3 ± 3.4 vs 10.1 ± 3.6) and daytime sleepiness (8.7 ± 4.5 vs. 11.9 ± 4.4) were found in the physically active versus inactive participants, respectively. In addition, higher PSQI-total sleep time (6.9 ± 1.3 vs 5.6 ± 1.1) and vigor/activity (19.7 ± 3.9 vs 16.0 ± 3.9), and lower depressed mood on the POMS scale (8.2 ± 7.9 vs 13.8 ± 10.0) and lower POMS total mood disturbance (21.0 ± 27.0 vs 43.5 ± 32.5) were observed in the active participants compared with the inactive participants. Combining data across both groups, leisure time sport participation correlated negatively with PSQI (r = -0.35; p < 0.05) and BDI (r = -0.42; p < 0.05), and positively with POMS-vigor/activity (r = 0.43; p < 0.05). The results showed regular physical activity was associated with better sleep and psychological health in patients with hypertension.

In-Laboratory Polysomnography Worsens Obstructive Sleep Apnea by Changing Body Position Compared to Home Testing.

(1) Background: Home sleep apnea testing, known as polysomnography type 3 (PSG3), underestimates respiratory events in comparison with in-laboratory polysomnography type 1 (PSG1). Without head electrodes for scoring sleep and arousal, in a home environment, patients feel unfettered and move their bodies more naturally. Adopting a natural position may decrease obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity in PSG3, independently of missing hypopneas associated with arousals. (2) Methods: Patients with suspected OSA performed PSG1 and PSG3 in a randomized sequence. We performed an additional analysis, called reduced polysomnography, in which we blindly reassessed all PSG1 tests to remove electroencephalographic electrodes, electrooculogram, and surface electromyography data to estimate the impact of not scoring sleep and arousal-based hypopneas on the test results. A difference of 15 or more in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) between tests was deemed clinically relevant. We compared the group of patients with and without clinically relevant differences between lab and home tests (3) Results: As expected, by not scoring sleep, there was a decrease in OSA severity in the lab test, similar to the home test results. The group of patients with clinically relevant differences between lab and home tests presented more severe OSA in the lab compared to the other group (mean AHI, 42.5 vs. 20.2 events/h, p = 0.002), and this difference disappeared in the home test. There was no difference between groups in the shift of OSA severity by abolishing sleep scoring in the lab. However, by comparing lab and home tests, there were greater variations in supine AHI and time spent in the supine position in the group with a clinically relevant difference, either with or without scoring sleep, showing an impact of the site of the test on body position during sleep. These variations presented as a marked increase or decrease in supine outcomes according to the site of the test, with no particular trend. (4) Conclusions: In-lab polysomnography may artificially increase OSA severity in a subset of patients by inducing marked changes in body position compared to home tests. The location of the sleep test seems to interfere with the evaluation of patients with more severe OSA.

Relationship between OSA pathophysiological phenotypes and treatment response to mandibular advancement devices: a pilot study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: We assessed whether critical pathophysiological phenotypes predict treatment response in patients with obstructive sleep apnea using a mandibular advancement device (MAD). METHODS: Thirty-one patients with obstructive sleep apnea were treated with a MAD. Individuals were categorized and graded into 4 pathophysiological phenotypes based on polysomnographic features (anatomical, ventilatory control, arousal threshold, and muscle responsiveness). Morpho-anthropometric data were additionally assessed. Patients were classified as responders or nonresponders. Associations between polysomnographic phenotypes and treatment response were documented, as were morpho-anthropometric data and their impact on therapeutic success. RESULTS: There was a male predominance (64.5%), with a median age of 49 years (25th percentile: 40; 75th percentile: 55), body mass index = 27.4 kg/m2 (25th percentile: 26; 75th percentile: 28.8), and apnea-hypopnea index of 18.2 events/h (25th percentile: 11.7; 75th percentile: 27.6). The majority of patients treated with a MAD (58%) were good responders (68.0% mild and moderate vs 16.7% severe). Treatment response was associated with shorter intermolar and interpremolar distances in the lower arch (P = .0092 and .0129). Rapid eye movement sleep apnea-hypopnea index and MAD-related treatment response were inversely correlated (P = .0013). Favorable anatomical (P = .0339) and low muscle response (P = .0447) phenotypes were correlated with outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: According to our results, a favorable response occurred in a better "anatomical phenotype" and in the worse "muscular responsiveness phenotype" according to polysomnographic data. Furthermore, other favorable predictors, such as a rapid eye movement sleep apnea-hypopnea index < 16 events/h and a smaller distance between lower molars and premolars, were found. These findings indicate that clinical and polysomnographic aspects can discriminate phenotypes that may guide decisions on MAD treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. CITATION: Manetta IP, Duarte BB, Nucci LB, Enes CC. Relationship between OSA pathophysiological phenotypes and treatment response to mandibular advancement devices: a pilot study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(8):1321-1330.

Polysomnographic parameters associated with cognitive function in patients with major depression and insomnia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether objective sleep parameters are associated with cognitive function (CF) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with chronic insomnia (CI) and whether the severity of these disorders is related to CF. METHOD: Thirty patients with MDD with CI attending a tertiary care institution underwent two consecutive nights of polysomnographic (PSG) recording and a battery of neuropsychological tests, which included episodic memory, sustained attention, working memory, and executive function. The severity of MDD and CI was assessed by clinical scales. We examined the relationship between PSG parameters and CF, as well as whether the severity of the disorders is related to CF. RESULTS: Linear regression analysis revealed that total sleep time (TST) was positively associated with higher learning and recall of episodic memory, as well as better attention. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) showed a positive association with better working memory. Furthermore, wake after sleep onset (WASO) was negatively associated with episodic memory and lower attention. No significant relationships were found between the severity of MDD or CI with CF. CONCLUSION: Both sleep duration and depth are positively associated with several aspects of CF in patients with MDD with CI. Conversely, a lack of sleep maintenance is negatively related to CF in these patients. These findings could help identify modifiable therapeutic targets to reduce CF impairment.

Validation of a sleep staging classification model for healthy adults based on two combinations of a single-channel EEG headband and wrist actigraphy.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a sleep staging classification model capable of accurately performing on different wearable devices. METHODS: Twenty-three healthy participants underwent a full-night type I polysomnography and used two device combinations: (A) flexible single-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) headband + actigraphy (n = 12) and (B) rigid single-channel EEG headband + actigraphy (n = 11). The signals were segmented into 30-second epochs according to polysomnographic stages (scored by a board-certified sleep technologist; model ground truth) and 18 frequency and time features were extracted. The model consisted of an ensemble of bagged decision trees. Bagging refers to bootstrap aggregation to reduce overfitting and improve generalization. To evaluate the model, a training dataset under 5-fold cross-validation and an 80-20% dataset split was used. The headbands were also evaluated without the actigraphy feature. Participants also completed a usability evaluation (comfort, pain while sleeping, and sleep disturbance). RESULTS: Combination A had an F1-score of 98.4% and the flexible headband alone of 97.7% (error rate for N1: combination A = 9.8%; flexible headband alone = 15.7%). Combination B had an F1-score of 96.9% and the rigid headband alone of 95.3% (error rate for N1: combination B = 17.0%; rigid headband alone = 27.7%); in both, N1 was more confounded with N2. CONCLUSIONS: We developed an accurate sleep classification model based on a single-channel EEG device, and actigraphy was not an important feature of the model. Both headbands were found to be useful, with the rigid one being more disruptive to sleep. Future research can improve our results by applying the developed model in a population with sleep disorders. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Actigraphy, Wearable EEG Band and Smartphone for Sleep Staging; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04943562; Identifier: NCT04943562. CITATION: Melo MC, Vallim JRS, Garbuio S, et al. Validation of a sleep staging classification model for healthy adults based on 2 combinations of a single-channel EEG headband and wrist actigraphy. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(6):983-990.

Pharmacological treatment for obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Summarize the evidence on drug therapies for obstructive sleep apnea. METHODS: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched on February 17th, 2023. A search strategy retrieved randomized clinical trials comparing the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) in pharmacotherapies. Studies were selected and data was extracted by two authors independently. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. RevMan 5.4. was used for data synthesis. RESULTS: 4930 articles were obtained, 68 met inclusion criteria, and 29 studies (involving 11 drugs) were combined in a meta-analysis. Atomoxetine plus oxybutynin vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -7.71 (-10.59, -4.83) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 50 %, overall effect: Z = 5.25, p < 0.001]. Donepezil vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -8.56 (-15.78, -1.33) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 21 %, overall effect: Z = 2.32, p = 0.02]. Sodium oxybate vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -5.50 (-9.28, -1.73) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 32 %, overall effect: Z = 2.86, p = 0.004]. Trazodone vs placebo in AHI mean difference of -12.75 (-21.30, -4.19) [Fixed, 95 % CI, I2 = 0 %, overall effect: Z = 2.92, p = 0.003]. CONCLUSION: The combination of noradrenergic and antimuscarinic drugs shows promising results. Identifying endotypes may be the key to future drug therapies for obstructive sleep apnea. Moreover, studies with longer follow-up assessing the safety and sustained effects of these treatments are needed. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022362639.

Inequalities in the access to diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in Brazil: a cross-sectional study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent, and positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the primary treatment. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic and PAP treatment resources for OSA within Brazil's Unified Health System and to identify potential inequalities and gaps. METHODS: A structured survey was sent to members of the Brazilian Sleep Association and the Brazilian Association of Sleep Medicine to identify sleep laboratories providing OSA diagnosis and/or treatment within Brazil's Unified Health System. The numbers of centers, care team structure, sleep studies availability, PAP accessibility, and follow-up services were characterized in all 5 Brazilian regions. RESULTS: Forty-seven centers were identified: Midwest (n = 4), Northeast (n = 10), North (n = 3), Southeast (n = 22), and South (n = 8). Most centers (70%) provided both OSA diagnosis and treatment, mainly in capitals and/or metropolises (87%). Ten out of 27 Brazilian Federal Units lacked sleep services for OSA management, with the North having the highest proportion of states without a sleep service (71%). The annual number of diagnostic exams for OSA was 14,932, with significant heterogeneity across regions (Midwest: 240; North: 400; Northeast: 3,564; South: 4,380; Southeast: 6,348). Mean waiting times for diagnosis and treatment were 11 and 8 months, respectively. Only 46% of PAP treatments were publicly funded, making legal injunctions and out-of-pocket expenditure common practices. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed significant disparities in OSA diagnosis and treatment resources across Brazil, with the North region being particularly underserved. The findings underscore an urgent need for strategies to improve sleep care nationwide. CITATION: Drager LF, Santos RB, Pachito D, Albertini CS, Sert Kuniyoshi FH, Eckeli AL. Inequalities in the access to diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in Brazil: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(5):735-742.

Cheeks appearance as a novel predictor of obstructive sleep apnea: the CASA score study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Four well-established predictors of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk are body mass index, age, sex, and neck circumference. We have previously reported cheeks appearance as an OSA predictor, which may represent a combination of such predictors in a single, readily available feature. This study sought to answer the question: Is cheeks appearance an OSA risk predictor? METHODS: This was a prospective cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study based on STARD (standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies). Patients undergoing polysomnography to investigate sleep complaints at a sleep clinic affiliated with a university hospital were assessed using cheeks appearance scored 0-3 for volume and 0-3 for flaccidity to create the Cheeks Appearance for Sleep Apnea (CASA) score ranging from 0 to 6. Appearance was judged by 3 blinded and independent evaluators. RESULTS: Among 265 patients evaluated, 248 were included. Fifty-seven patients had a CASA score of 0 and 191 had a CASA score between 1 and 6. Polysomnography diagnosed 177 of the individuals with OSA; of these, 167 had an altered CASA score. Sensitivity was 87%, specificity was 82%, positive-predictive value was 94%, negative-predictive value was 66%, and accuracy was 86%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that combining volume and flaccidity of cheeks appearance in a single index may constitute a reliable OSA predictor. CASA score is a novel predictor of OSA with internal validity in a sleep laboratory adult population. Our findings support further studies to confirm the external validity of this practical diagnostic tool. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Cheeks Appearance as a Novel Predictor of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: The CASA Score Study (CASA); URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04980586; Identifier: NCT04980586. CITATION: Prikladnicki A, Gomes E, Sousa LCCR, Gonçalves SC, Martinez D. Cheeks appearance as a novel predictor of obstructive sleep apnea: the CASA score study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(6):879-885.

Accessibility to manage the obstructive sleep apnea within the Brazilian Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the average time for the diagnosis and for the therapeutic prescription of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) at a hospital in Botucatu Medical School - State University São Paulo, UNESP. METHOD: A retrospective observational study was carried out by collecting data from the electronic medical records of patients over 18-years of age, who had a diagnostic polysomnography testing scheduled between January and December 2017. RESULT: Of the 347 patients eligible for the study, 94 (27.1%) missed follow-up and 103 (29.7%) had a referral for CPAP use. Until February 2021, only 37 (35.9%) of these patients had already acquired and were using the device, the remaining 66 (64.1%) were waiting or gave up the therapy. The mean value of the waiting time interval between the referral of the diagnostic test and its performance was equivalent to 197 days (6.5 months). The mean time between diagnostic polysomnography and CPAP prescription was 440-days (14.5-months), with a total mean time of 624 days (21-months). CONCLUSION: As in other services, the diagnostic-therapeutic flow proved to be highly inefficient, with a long waiting period, difficult access to treatment and a high dropout rate. These findings highlight the need to establish new patient-centered strategies with measures that speed up the flow and facilitate access to CPAP, in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this condition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3 - Non-randomized controlled cohort/follow-up study Recommendation B.

The role of upper airway and facial skeleton anatomy in the evolution of obstructive sleep apnea: an 8-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of anatomic alterations of the upper airway and facial skeleton in the evolution of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in a prospective population-based study with an 8-year follow-up. METHODS: This was a population-based, longitudinal, prospective study, which took place from 2007 to 2015 at the Instituto do Sono, Sao Paulo, Brazil. In 2007, type I polysomnography (PSG), otorhinolaryngological examination, and collection of anthropometric measurements of all volunteers were performed. Volunteers were classified according to their anatomical features of the upper airway and facial skeleton. After 8 years, volunteers were invited for reevaluation. The relationship between anatomical characteristics and polysomnographic evolution was evaluated. RESULTS: The study included 554 patients. After 8 years of follow-up, there was an increase in neck circumference and body mass index of the participants. There was a worsening in all polysomnographic parameters analyzed, with an increase in the apnea-hypopnea index, a decrease in minimum saturation values, and an increase in the percentage of sleep time with peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation <90%. There was no statistical relationship between the anatomical findings considered unfavorable and the worsening of polysomnographic parameters. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of the general population, after 8 years, we did not find any relationship between upper airway and facial skeleton characteristics and the progression of OSA.

Correlations between sleep architecture and sleep-related masseter muscle activity in children with sleep bruxism.

BACKGROUND: Sleep bruxism (SB) occurring during No-REM (nREM) sleep and increase in microarousals per hour have been described in adults, but not in children. OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation between sleep architecture and masseter muscle activity related to sleep bruxism (SB/MMA) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three children aged 7-12 years (mean age: 9.4 ± 1.3) with confirmed SB underwent a two-night polysomnographic (PSG) study in a sleep laboratory, for accommodation (first night) and data collection (second night). Data on sleep architecture (total sleep duration (TSD), sleep efficiency (SE), sleep onset latency (SOL), REM and nREM sleep duration and proportion and microarousals/hour during REM and nREM sleep) and episodes/hour of SB/MMA were recorded. Single and multiple-variable linear regression analyses were performed to assess the correlation between data on sleep architecture (predictors) and SB/MMA (dependent variable). RESULTS: Shorter TSD, REM and nREM stage 1 sleep duration, longer SOL and more microarousals/hour during REM and nREM sleep were found to be positive predictors of SB/MMA in children in the multiple-variable regression analysis (R2  = 0.511). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that SB/MMA is correlated with altered sleep architecture in children (shorter total sleep duration (TSD), shorter nREM and REM sleep and higher microarousals during REM and nREM sleep). Nevertheless, the clinical significance of these findings need to be demonstrated in future studies.

Sleep bruxism and associated physiological events in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a polysomnographic study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological events associated with sleep bruxism (Sleep Bruxism [SB]; presence of mandibular movement activity) and the control window (4 minutes prior to SB event, where no mandibular movement activity was detected) in a polysomnography study in children with mild sleep apnea. METHODS: Polysomnography data from children aged 4 to 9 years old diagnosed with mild sleep apnea were analyzed by 2 trained examiners. The mandibular movement activity (bruxism event; SB) was classified into phasic and tonic. The control window was selected 4 minutes prior to the SB event. All physiological events were recorded in both bruxism and control windows, including sleep phase (N1, N2, N3, and rapid eye movement), arousal, leg movements, tachycardia, bradycardia, oxygen desaturation, and number of obstructive and central sleep apnea events. The moment in which those phenomena occurred when associated with SB was also analyzed (before/after). Data were analyzed using 95% confidence intervals (α = 5%). RESULTS: A total of 661 mandibular movements were analyzed and classified as tonic (n = 372) or phasic (n = 289). The mean apnea-hypopnea index was 1.99 (SD = 1.27) events/h. The frequency of leg movements, microarousal, and tachycardia was increased in SB events when compared with the control window (P < .05). There was an increase in bradycardia frequency in the control window when compared with SB (in both tonic and phasic events). The frequency of obstructive and central apnea during SB was lower when compared with the other physiological phenomena. CONCLUSIONS: There is a difference in the physiological parameters evaluated in children with mild sleep apnea when comparing the 2 windows (SB and control). Sleep bruxism is associated with other physiological phenomena, such as leg movements, tachycardia, and microarousal. The use of a control window (where no mandibular activity was detected) was representative since it did not show activation of the sympathetic nervous system. CITATION: Bonacina CF, Soster LMSFA, Bueno C, et al. Sleep bruxism and associated physiological events in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a polysomnographic study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(4):565-573.

Network analysis of sleep bruxism in the EPISONO adult general population.

Sleep bruxism (SB) has been associated with biological and psychosocial factors. The assessment of SB includes self-report, clinical evaluation, and polysomnography. This study aimed to investigate the associations of self-reported SB with other sleep disorders and demographic, psychological, and lifestyle factors in the adult general population, and to investigate whether self-reported SB and polysomnographically (PSG) confirmed SB provide similar outcomes in terms of their associated factors. We recruited 915 adults from the general population in Sao Paulo, Brazil. All participants underwent a one-night PSG recording and answered questions about sex, age, BMI, insomnia, OSA risk, anxiety, depression, average caffeine consumption, smoking frequency, and alcohol consumption frequency. We investigated the link between SB and the other variables in univariate, multivariate, and network models, and we repeated each model once with self-reported SB and once with PSG-confirmed SB. Self-reported SB was only significantly associated with sex (p = 0.042), anxiety (p = 0.002), and depression (p = 0.03) in the univariate analysis, and was associated with insomnia in the univariate (p < 0.001) and multivariate (ß = 1.054, 95%CI 1.018-1.092, p = 0.003) analyses. Network analysis showed that self-reported SB had a direct positive edge to insomnia, while PSG-confirmed SB was not significantly associated with any of the other variables. Thus, sleep bruxism was positively associated with insomnia only when self-reported, while PSG-confirmed SB was not associated with any of the included factors.