Grain Germination Changes the Profile of Phenolic Compounds and Benzoxazinoids in Wheat: A Study on Hard and Soft Cultivars.

Pre-harvest sprouting is a frequent problem for wheat culture that can be simulated by laboratory-based germination. Despite reducing baking properties, wheat sprouting has been shown to increase the bioavailability of some nutrients. It was investigated whether wheat cultivars bearing distinct grain texture characteristics (BRS Guaraim, soft vs. BRS Marcante, hard texture) would have different behavior in terms of the changes in phytochemical compounds during germination. Using LC-Q-TOF-MS, higher contents of benzoxazinoids and flavonoids were found in the hard cultivar than in the soft one. Free phytochemicals, mainly benzoxazinoids, increased during germination in both cultivars. Before germination, soft and hard cultivars had a similar profile of matrix-bound phytochemicals, but during germination, these compounds have been shown to decrease only in the hard-texture cultivar, due to decreased levels of phenolic acids (trans-ferulic acid) and flavonoids (apigenin) that were bound to the cell wall through ester-type bonds. These findings confirm the hypothesis that hard and soft wheat cultivars have distinct behavior during germination concerning the changes in phytochemical compounds, namely the matrix-bound compounds. In addition, germination has been shown to remarkably increase the content of benzoxazinoids and the antioxidant capacity, which could bring a health-beneficial appeal for pre-harvested sprouted grains.

Pre-harvest Sprouting and Grain Dormancy in Sorghum bicolor: What Have We Learned?

The possibility of obtaining sorghum grains with quality to match the standards for a diversity of end-uses is frequently hampered by the susceptibility to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) displayed by many elite genotypes. For these reasons, obtaining resistance to PHS is considered in sorghum breeding programs, particularly when the crop is expected to approach harvest maturity under rainy or damp conditions prevalence. As in other cereals, the primary cause for sprouting susceptibility is a low dormancy prior to crop harvest; in consequence, most research has focused in understanding the mechanisms through which the duration of dormancy is differentially controlled in genotypes with contrasting sprouting behavior. With this aim two tannin-less, red-grained inbred lines were used as a model system: IS9530 (sprouting resistant) and Redland B2 (sprouting susceptible). Redland B2 grains are able to germinate well before reaching physiological maturity (PM) while IS9530 ones can start to germinate at 40-45 days after pollination, well after PM. Results show that the anticipated dormancy loss displayed by Redland B2 grains is related reduced embryo sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) and increased levels of GA upon imbibition. In turn, transcriptional data showed that ABA signal transduction is impaired in Redland B2, which appears to have an impact on GA catabolism, thus affecting the overall GA/ABA balance that regulates germination. QTL analyses were conducted to test whether previous candidate genes were located in a dormancy QTL, but also to identify new genes involved in dormancy. These analyses yielded several dormancy QTL and one of them located in chromosome 9 (qGI-9) was consistently detected even across environments. Fine mapping is already in progress to narrow down the number of candidate genes in qGI-9.

Tolerância à germinação na espiga em cultivares de trigo colhido na maturação fisiológica / Sprouting tolerance on spikes in wheat cultivars harvested in the physiological ripening

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de tolerância à germinação na pré-colheita em espigas de cultivares de trigo, submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Foram realizados experimentos em duas localidades do Paraná (Palotina e Cascavel) com 12 cultivares. Quando as cultivares atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, as espigas foram colhidas e secadas em temperatura ambiente por um período de 20 dias. Foram analisadas 10 espigas por cultivar e submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Após o período de molhamento, foram realizadas leituras pela escala de notas de 1 a 11. As espigas foram então debulhadas e submetidas à contagem de grãos germinados e não germinados. Esses resultados possibilitaram identificar as cultivares 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' e 'IPR 85' como as de maior nível de tolerância. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, 'Frontana' foi a cultivar com maior potencial de utilização no melhoramento genético. O emprego de notas visuais de germinação na espiga foi vantajoso porque permitiu a realização de avaliações rápidas e precisas em um grande número de cultivares, sem comprometer os resultados de seleção dos genótipos tolerantes.

The objective of the study was to identify the differences in pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat spikes cultivars analyzed in artificial rain. Experiments were carried out in two locations of Paraná, Brazil (Palotina and Cascavel) with 12 cultivars. Spikes from plants in physiological maturation were harvested and dried at room temperature for 20 days. Ten spikes per cultivar were used and subjected to artificial rain. After the wetness duration were recorded notes from scale 1 to 11. In the next step, spikes were threshed and subjected to counting of sprouted and nonsprouted seeds. This results made possible to identify 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' and 'IPR 85' as the cultivars with the best level of tolerance. In general, Frontana was the most promising cultivar to be used in breeding programs. The use of visual grades as criteria of sprouting in the ears permitted a prompt and accurate evaluation of great number of cultivars without affecting the results of tolerant genotypes selection.

Tolerância à germinação na espiga em cultivares de trigo colhido na maturação fisiológica

The objective of the study was to identify the differences in pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat spikes cultivars analyzed in artificial rain. Experiments were carried out in two locations of Paraná, Brazil (Palotina and Cascavel) with 12 cultivars. Spikes from plants in physiological maturation were harvested and dried at room temperature for 20 days. Ten spikes per cultivar were used and subjected to artificial rain. After the wetness duration were recorded notes from scale 1 to 11. In the next step, spikes were threshed and subjected to counting of sprouted and nonsprouted seeds. This results made possible to identify 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' and 'IPR 85' as the cultivars with the best level of tolerance. In general, Frontana was the most promising cultivar to be used in breeding programs. The use of visual grades as criteria of sprouting in the ears permitted a prompt and accurate evaluation of great number of cultivars without affecting the results of tolerant genotypes selection.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de tolerância à germinação na pré-colheita em espigas de cultivares de trigo, submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Foram realizados experimentos em duas localidades do Paraná (Palotina e Cascavel) com 12 cultivares. Quando as cultivares atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, as espigas foram colhidas e secadas em temperatura ambiente por um período de 20 dias. Foram analisadas 10 espigas por cultivar e submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Após o período de molhamento, foram realizadas leituras pela escala de notas de 1 a 11. As espigas foram então debulhadas e submetidas à contagem de grãos germinados e não germinados. Esses resultados possibilitaram identificar as cultivares 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' e 'IPR 85' como as de maior nível de tolerância. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, 'Frontana' foi a cultivar com maior potencial de utilização no melhoramento genético. O emprego de notas visuais de germinação na espiga foi vantajoso porque permitiu a realização de avaliações rápidas e precisas em um grande número de cultivares, sem comprometer os resultados de seleção dos genótipos tolerantes.

Tolerância à germinação na espiga em cultivares de trigo colhido na maturação fisiológica

The objective of the study was to identify the differences in pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat spikes cultivars analyzed in artificial rain. Experiments were carried out in two locations of Paraná, Brazil (Palotina and Cascavel) with 12 cultivars. Spikes from plants in physiological maturation were harvested and dried at room temperature for 20 days. Ten spikes per cultivar were used and subjected to artificial rain. After the wetness duration were recorded notes from scale 1 to 11. In the next step, spikes were threshed and subjected to counting of sprouted and nonsprouted seeds. This results made possible to identify 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' and 'IPR 85' as the cultivars with the best level of tolerance. In general, Frontana was the most promising cultivar to be used in breeding programs. The use of visual grades as criteria of sprouting in the ears permitted a prompt and accurate evaluation of great number of cultivars without affecting the results of tolerant genotypes selection.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de tolerância à germinação na pré-colheita em espigas de cultivares de trigo, submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Foram realizados experimentos em duas localidades do Paraná (Palotina e Cascavel) com 12 cultivares. Quando as cultivares atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, as espigas foram colhidas e secadas em temperatura ambiente por um período de 20 dias. Foram analisadas 10 espigas por cultivar e submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Após o período de molhamento, foram realizadas leituras pela escala de notas de 1 a 11. As espigas foram então debulhadas e submetidas à contagem de grãos germinados e não germinados. Esses resultados possibilitaram identificar as cultivares 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' e 'IPR 85' como as de maior nível de tolerância. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, 'Frontana' foi a cultivar com maior potencial de utilização no melhoramento genético. O emprego de notas visuais de germinação na espiga foi vantajoso porque permitiu a realização de avaliações rápidas e precisas em um grande número de cultivares, sem comprometer os resultados de seleção dos genótipos tolerantes.

Tolerância à germinação na espiga em cultivares de trigo colhido na maturação fisiológica

The objective of the study was to identify the differences in pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in wheat spikes cultivars analyzed in artificial rain. Experiments were carried out in two locations of Paraná, Brazil (Palotina and Cascavel) with 12 cultivars. Spikes from plants in physiological maturation were harvested and dried at room temperature for 20 days. Ten spikes per cultivar were used and subjected to artificial rain. After the wetness duration were recorded notes from scale 1 to 11. In the next step, spikes were threshed and subjected to counting of sprouted and nonsprouted seeds. This results made possible to identify 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' and 'IPR 85' as the cultivars with the best level of tolerance. In general, Frontana was the most promising cultivar to be used in breeding programs. The use of visual grades as criteria of sprouting in the ears permitted a prompt and accurate evaluation of great number of cultivars without affecting the results of tolerant genotypes selection.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as diferenças de tolerância à germinação na pré-colheita em espigas de cultivares de trigo, submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Foram realizados experimentos em duas localidades do Paraná (Palotina e Cascavel) com 12 cultivares. Quando as cultivares atingiram a maturidade fisiológica, as espigas foram colhidas e secadas em temperatura ambiente por um período de 20 dias. Foram analisadas 10 espigas por cultivar e submetidas a um sistema de chuva artificial. Após o período de molhamento, foram realizadas leituras pela escala de notas de 1 a 11. As espigas foram então debulhadas e submetidas à contagem de grãos germinados e não germinados. Esses resultados possibilitaram identificar as cultivares 'Frontana', 'IAPAR 53', 'ONIX', 'CD 108' e 'IPR 85' como as de maior nível de tolerância. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, 'Frontana' foi a cultivar com maior potencial de utilização no melhoramento genético. O emprego de notas visuais de germinação na espiga foi vantajoso porque permitiu a realização de avaliações rápidas e precisas em um grande número de cultivares, sem comprometer os resultados de seleção dos genótipos tolerantes.