Seasonal Variation in Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Aniba canelilla (Lauraceae): A Reliable Source of 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane.

Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez essential oil has many biological activities due to its main compound 1-nitro-2-phenylethane (1N2F), followed by methyleugenol, a carcinogenic agent. This study analyzed the influence of seasonality on yields, antioxidant capacity, and 1N2F content of A. canelilla leaf and twig essential oils. Essential oils (EOs) were extracted with hydrodistillation and analyzed with gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and a flame ionization detector. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the free radical scavenging method (DPPH). Chemometric analyses were carried out to verify the influence of climatic factors on the production and composition of EOs. 1-Nitro-2-phenylethane was the major constituent in A. canelilla EOs throughout the seasonal period (68.0-89.9%); methyleugenol was not detected. Essential oil yields and the 1N2F average did not show a statistically significant difference between the dry and rainy seasons in leaves and twigs. Moderate and significant correlations between major compounds and climate factor were observed. The twig oils (36.0 ± 5.9%) a showed greater antioxidant capacity than the leaf oils (20.4 ± 5.0%). The PCA and HCA analyses showed no statistical differences between the oil samples from the dry and rainy seasons. The absence of methyleugenolin in all months of study, described for the first time, makes this specimen a reliable source of 1N2F.

Composition and recycling of smartphones: A mini-review on gaps and opportunities.

After more than a decade since smartphones became consolidated in the market, many recycling solutions have been proposed to deal with them. To continue developing useful solutions and enable adjustment of routes, this mini-review aims to analyse the current research scenario, presenting relevant gaps, trends and opportunities. From a structured searching and screening procedure, a vast source of data was arranged and is available to extract useful information (43 studies on composition and 93 studies on recycling). The study provides discussions about the history of smartphone development, constituent materials and recycling methods for different components, comparisons between feature phones and smartphones and others. Among some conclusions, the authors highlight the lack of studies on pre-extractive methods, green chemistry, recovery of critical and precious metals, determination of priority materials for recovery and solutions for entire devices. In the end, a list containing six research gaps for composition studies and seven research gaps for recycling studies is provided and may be seen as opportunities for future research.

Development of novel sericin and alginate-based biosorbents for precious metal removal from wastewater.

In this study, two novel low water-soluble sericin and alginate-based biosorbents were successfully developed for precious metal removal from wastewater: sericin and alginate particles chemically crosslinked by proantocyanidins (SAPAs) and sericin, alginate and polyvinyl alcohol particles (SAPVA). The proportions of proantocynidins (PAs) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) added to sericin (2.5% w/v) and alginate (2.0% w/v) blend were 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5% w/v. Among these concentrations, particles produced with 0.5% w/v of PVA or 2.5% w/v of PAs presented the lowest water solubility percentages (3.74 ± 0.05 and 3.56 ± 0.21%, respectively) and the following metallic affinity order: AuCl4- > PdCl42- > PtCl62- > Ag+. Then, gold biosorption kinetics by SAPAs was evaluated at three gold initial concentrations (72.88, 187.12, and 273.79 mg/L), and its performance was compared to activated carbon adsorbent uptake. The data modeling revealed that the process follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and is mainly controlled by external diffusion. SAPAs before and after gold biosorption (SAPAs-gold) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy, helium pycnometry, mercury porosimetry, N2 physisorption, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

Assessing population changes of historically overexploited black corals (Order: Antipatharia) in Cozumel, Mexico.

Black corals (Antipatharians) are crucial structural and ecological components of many mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; reefs 30-150 m depth). In Mexico, black corals are harvested for the jewellery industry, which has historically led to population depletion. Harvesting began in the early 1960s and was concentrated around Cozumel Island until 1995. Since then, harvesting permits have been granted only for the mainland coast. Here we compare Cozumel populations between 1998 and 2016 for the two black coral species targeted by the jewellery industry. We found that densities of Plumapathes pennacea in 2016 were substantially lower than in 1998. However, the 2016 P. pennacea population has shifted to be dominated by larger colonies, suggesting disproportionate juvenile mortality or recruitment failure. Low numbers of Antipathes caribbeana were recorded, and no change in population density or colony size was detected between 1998 and 2016. Despite harvesting occurring for almost 70 years in the Mexican Caribbean, no information on reproduction, recruitment and other dynamics of the targeted species is available. We advocate for harvesting permits to be based on scientific evidence, and for implementation of future restrictions to prevent total depletion of black corals in the area.

¿El fin del superciclo del cobre y de las reformas sociales en Chile? / The end of the copper super cycle and the social reforms in Chile?

Chile es un país mundialmente conocido por su elevada producción de cobre. También reviste especial importancia el aporte de ingresos que realiza al Estado provenientes de las exportaciones. A partir del año 2003, se inicia el "super ciclo del cobre" como resultado del significativo aumento del precio a nivel internacional. Esta tendencia impactó positivamente en diversos sectores de la sociedad: académicos, empresarios y gobernantes; al punto de impulsar nuevos proyectos y millonarias inversiones. En este periodo, los mayores traspasos al fisco permitieron no solo ahorrar parte de los ingresos fiscales, sino que también financiar gastos estatales y varias reformas sociales comprometidas por los gobiernos de la época. A partir de 2013, se inicia una caída de los precios, incluso dramáticamente en los años siguientes, arrastrando a la industria a una compleja crisis. En los últimos quince años la productividad ha caído permanentemente y la producción se ha visto estancada, cuyo trasfondo son la reducción sostenida de las leyes del mineral y el alza de los costos de producción. Esta severa crisis "económica" que enfrenta el ciclo de explotación capitalista del cobre está en contradicción con la degradación indiscriminada e irreversible del ciclo de vida del metal y los recursos naturales. Esta situación, más el fracaso de la reforma tributaria, ha tenido serias repercusiones para las cuentas fiscales.

Chile is known worldwide for its high copper production. The export income that it generates for the state is also especially important. In 2003, the copper super cycle was unleashed as a result of the significant jump in copper prices. This trend had a positive impact on various sectors of society - academics, businessmen and government - sparking new projects and millions in investments. In this period, large transfers to the treasury not only permitted saving part of this tax revenue, but also financed state expenditures and various social reforms undertaken by governments during this time. In 2013, prices started dropping, even dramatically in the following years, dragging the industry into a complicated crisis. In the last 15 years, productivity has permanently fallen and production has been stagnant, set against the sustained decrease in ore grades and rising production costs. This severe "economic" crisis facing the capitalist copper mining cycle is in contradiction with the indiscriminate and irreversible degradation of the life cycle of metal and natural resources. This situation, combined with the failure of the tax reform, has had serious consequences on tax revenues.

O amor Sidonie: quando a amada precisa se manter inacessível / Sidonie love: when the beloved must remain unattainable

Este artigo foi escrito a partir da biografia Desejos secretos, a história de Sidonie C., a paciente homossexual de Freud (Rieder & Voigt, 2008) e do arranjo colocado em cena pelo Amor Cortês (Capelão, 2000) e pelo movimento As Preciosas. Nossa discussão está norteada por uma particular posição do sujeito em relação ao amor: quando o amor se sustenta somente mediante a segurança de um impedimento, de uma distância que prive e preserve, ao menos em parte, o sujeito do contato com seu amado. A necessidade de um amor inacessível, que visa precisamente à não realização, parece revelar que há algo insuportável em se deixar tomar em um enlace que consiga acolher alguma coisa de real, que implique transitar pelo desejo do Outro e que requeira alguma mudança de posição.

This article has been written from the biography Desejos secretos, a história de Sidonie C., a paciente homossexual de Freud (Rieder & Voigt, 2008) and from the arran gement brought to light by Courtly Love (Capelão, 2000) and by The Precious movement. Our discussion is guided by a particular subject's position in relation to love, when love is sustained only by the security of a constraint, a distance that deprives and preserves, at least in parts, the subject, from contacting the loved one. The need for an unattainable love, which specifically aims its non-achievement, seems to reveal that there is something unbearable in letting oneself engage into a bond which shelters something real, involves transiting through the desire of the Other and which requires some change of position.

O amor Sidonie: quando a amada precisa se manter inacessível / Sidonie love: when the beloved must remain unattainable

Este artigo foi escrito a partir da biografia Desejos secretos, a história de Sidonie C., a paciente homossexual de Freud (Rieder & Voigt, 2008) e do arranjo colocado em cena pelo Amor Cortês (Capelão, 2000) e pelo movimento As Preciosas. Nossa discussão está norteada por uma particular posição do sujeito em relação ao amor: quando o amor se sustenta somente mediante a segurança de um impedimento, de uma distância que prive e preserve, ao menos em parte, o sujeito do contato com seu amado. A necessidade de um amor inacessível, que visa precisamente à não realização, parece revelar que há algo insuportável em se deixar tomar em um enlace que consiga acolher alguma coisa de real, que implique transitar pelo desejo do Outro e que requeira alguma mudança de posição.(AU)

This article has been written from the biography Desejos secretos, a história de Sidonie C., a paciente homossexual de Freud (Rieder & Voigt, 2008) and from the arran gement brought to light by Courtly Love (Capelão, 2000) and by The Precious movement. Our discussion is guided by a particular subject's position in relation to love, when love is sustained only by the security of a constraint, a distance that deprives and preserves, at least in parts, the subject, from contacting the loved one. The need for an unattainable love, which specifically aims its non-achievement, seems to reveal that there is something unbearable in letting oneself engage into a bond which shelters something real, involves transiting through the desire of the Other and which requires some change of position.(AU)

Biomass production and essential oil yield from leaves, fine stems and resprouts using pruning the crown of Aniba canelilla (H. B. K.) (Lauraceae) in the Central Amazon / Produção de biomassa e rendimento de óleo essencial de folhas, galhos finos e rebrotas utilizando poda da copa de Aniba canelilla (H. B. K. ) (Lauraceae) na Amazônia Central

Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. is a tree species from Amazon that produces essential oil. The oil extraction from its leaves and stems can be an alternative way to avoid the tree cutting for production of essential oil. The aim of this study was to analyse factors that may influence the essential oil production and the biomass of resprouts after pruning the leaves and stems of A. canelilla trees. The tree crowns were pruned in the wet season and after nine months the leaves and stems of the remaining crown and the resprouts were collected, in the dry season. The results showed that the essential oil yield and chemical composition differed among the stems, leaves and resprouts. The stems' essential oil production differed between the seasons and had a higher production in the resprouting stems than the old stems of the remaining crown. The production of essential oil and leaf biomass of resprouts were differently related to the canopy openness, indicating that light increases the production of the essential oil and decreases the biomass of resprouting leaves. This study revealed that plant organs differ in their essential oil production and that the canopy openness must be taken into account when pruning the A. canelilla tree crown in order to achieve higher oil productivity.

Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. é uma espécie arbórea da Amazônia que produz óleo essencial. A extração do óleo de suas folhas e galhos pode ser uma forma alternativa de evitar a derrubada do tronco para sua produção de óleo essencial. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores que podem influenciar a produção de óleo essencial e sua biomassa da rebrota após a poda de folhas e galhos das árvores de A. canelilla. As copas das árvores foram podadas na estação chuvosa e, após nove meses, as folhas e os galhos da copa remanescente e da rebrota foram coletadas na estação seca. Os resultados mostraram que o rendimento e a composição química de óleo essencial diferiram entre os galhos finos, as folhas e as rebrotas. A produção de óleo essencial de galhos diferiu entre as estações e teve maior produção nos galhos da rebrota do que nos galhos velhos da copa remanescente. A produção de óleo essencial e de biomassa das folhas da rebrota foram diferentemente relacionadas com a abertura de dossel, indicando que a luz aumenta a produção de óleo essencial e diminui a de biomassa nas folhas da rebrota. Este estudo revelou que as diferenças entre os órgãos da planta na produção de óleo essencial e a abertura de dossel devem ser levadas em consideração para podar a copa da árvore da A. canelilla e alcançar maior produtividade de óleo.

Biomass production and essential oil yield from leaves, fine stems and resprouts using pruning the crown of Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) (Lauraceae) in the Central Amazon

Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. is a tree species from Amazon that produces essential oil. The oil extraction from its leaves and stems can be an alternative way to avoid the tree cutting for production of essential oil. The aim of this study was to analyse factors that may influence the essential oil production and the biomass of resprouts after pruning the leaves and stems of A. canelilla trees. The tree crowns were pruned in the wet season and after nine months the leaves and stems of the remaining crown and the resprouts were collected, in the dry season. The results showed that the essential oil yield and chemical composition differed among the stems, leaves and resprouts. The stems' essential oil production differed between the seasons and had a higher production in the resprouting stems than the old stems of the remaining crown. The production of essential oil and leaf biomass of resprouts were differently related to the canopy openness, indicating that light increases the production of the essential oil and decreases the biomass of resprouting leaves. This study revealed that plant organs differ in their essential oil production and that the canopy openness must be taken into account when pruning the A. canelilla tree crown in order to achieve higher oil productivity.

Aniba canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. é uma espécie arbórea da Amazônia que produz óleo essencial. A extração do óleo de suas folhas e galhos pode ser uma forma alternativa de evitar a derrubada do tronco para sua produção de óleo essencial. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores que podem influenciar a produção de óleo essencial e sua biomassa da rebrota após a poda de folhas e galhos das árvores de A. canelilla. As copas das árvores foram podadas na estação chuvosa e, após nove meses, as folhas e os galhos da copa remanescente e da rebrota foram coletadas na estação seca. Os resultados mostraram que o rendimento e a composição química de óleo essencial diferiram entre os galhos finos, as folhas e as rebrotas. A produção de óleo essencial de galhos diferiu entre as estações e teve maior produção nos galhos da rebrota do que nos galhos velhos da copa remanescente. A produção de óleo essencial e de biomassa das folhas da rebrota foram diferentemente relacionadas com a abertura de dossel, indicando que a luz aumenta a produção de óleo essencial e diminui a de biomassa nas folhas da rebrota. Este estudo revelou que as diferenças entre os órgãos da planta na produção de óleo essencial e a abertura de dossel devem ser levadas em consideração para podar a copa da árvore da A. canelilla e alcançar maior produtividade de óleo.